Suchergebnisse

The meaning of race in the antebellum southern United States was anchored in the racial exclusivity of slavery (coded as black) and full citizenship (coded as white as well as male). These traditional definitions of race were radically disrupted after emancipation, when citizenship was granted to all persons born in the United States and suffrage was extended to all men. Hannah Rosen persuasively argues that in this critical moment of Reconstruction, contests over the future meaning of race were often fought on the terrain of gender. Sexual violence--specifically, white-on-black rape--emerged as

Part 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere -- SDG1 in Europe: Micro-grants, poverty, and the big-picture future of sustainable development in a post-pandemic world -- Part 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture -- Geography: Origin of the complexity of the food system -- Part 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages -- Exploring health and well-being in a European context -- Part 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all -- New horizons for quality education within the framework of the 2030 agenda -- Part 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls -- Recent demographic trends in Spanish rural areas: Poverty and inequality with gender perspective (1999-2020) -- Part 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all -- Sustainable solution for clean water (SDG6) implemented in Ethiopia to remove fluoride from drinking water using natural zeolites from Europe -- Part 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all -- Improving eco-social literacy using Spanish media coverage of the EU's clean energy strategy -- Part 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all -- "Economics for Future" from different perspectives – Critical reflections on SDG 8 with a special focus on economic growth and some suggestions for alternatives pathways -- Part 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation -- Perceived benefits and barriers to cooperation between small farms and clusters – A case study of Poland -- Part 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries -- Spatial disparities: An approach to reveal "hidden areas" to territorial development in the Marrakech-Safi region -Morocco -- Part 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable -- Sustainable cities, urban indicators and planning for the new urban agenda. Sustainable developments goals and the rights to the city -- Part 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns -- Towards a new sustainable production and responsible consumer in the food sectors: Sustainable aquaculture -- Part 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts -- 1975-2018: 43 years of glacial retreat in the Incachiriasca glacier (Nevado Salcantay, Vilcabamba Range, Peru) -- Part 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development -- Jellyfish distribution and abundance on the southern coast of the Iberian Peninsula -- Part 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss -- Using the European CORINE land cover database: A review a 2011-2021 specific review -- Part 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels -- Achieving a sustainable future: The geographical centrality of UN SDG-16, peace, justice and strong institutions -- Part 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development -- Revitalizing the global alliances for sustainable development; analysing the viability of SDG 17 using marine conservation case studies in Europe.

Introduction -- Navigating the global-urban : Lancione and McFarlane -- Rethinking global urbanisms -- Thinking urban grammars : an interview with Ash Amin -- Decentering global urbanism : an interview with Ananya Roy -- Hinterlands of the Capitalocene / Neil Brenner and Nikos Katsikis -- Making space for queer desire in global urbanism / Gavin Brown and Dhiren Borisa -- Seeing like an Italian city : questioning global urbanism from an "in-between space" in Turin / Francesca Governa -- Theorising from where? reflections on de-centring global (Southern) Urbanism / Hyun Bang Shin -- Postsocialist cities : a comparative urbanism research agenda / Liviu Chelcea, Slavomíra Ferenčuhová and Gruia Bădescu -- Beyond the noosphere? Northern England's 'left behind' urbanism / John Flint and Ryan Powell -- Footnote urbanism : the missing East in (not so) global urbanism / Martin Müller -- Comparative urbanism and global urban studies : theorising the urban / Jennifer Robinson -- Everyday global urbanisms -- Global urbanism inside/out : thinking through Jakarta / Helga Leitner and Eric Sheppard -- Tiwa's morning grace / Adeniyi-Ogunyankin and Linda Peake -- "Out there, over the hills, on the other side of the tracks": a horizon of the global urban / AbdouMaliq Simone -- Constructing the Southeast Asian ascent : global vertical urbanisms of brick and sand / William Jamieson, Katherine Brickell, Nithya Natarajan and Laurie Parsons -- Nairobi city, streets and stories : young lives stay in place while going global through digital stages / Tatiana Thieme -- Rethinking global urbanism from a 'fripe' marketplace in Tunis / Katharina Grüneisl -- Liminal spaces and resistance in Mexico City : towards an everyday global urbanism / Alicia Lindón -- Death and the city. Necrological notes from Kinshasa / Filip De Boeck -- Pathways toward a dialectical urbanism : thinking with the contingencies of crisis, care and capitalism / Suraya Scheba -- Global self-urbanism : self-organisation amidst the regulatory crisis and uneven urban citizenship / Francesco Chiodelli and Margherita Grazioli -- Governing global urbanisms -- Unlocking political potentialities / Edgar Pieterse -- Climate Changed Urbanism? / Harriet Bulkeley, Laura Tozer and Emma Lecavalier -- The global urban condition and politics of thermal metabolics : the chilling prospect of killer heat / Simon Marvin -- On the deployment of scientific knowledge for the new urbanism of the Anthropocene / Vanesa Castán Broto -- Global cities and bioeconomy of health innovation / Donald McNeill -- Hacking the urban code : notes on durational imagination in city-making / Swati Chattopadhyay -- Global Urbanism : urban governance innovation in/for a world of cities / Pauline McGuirk -- Corridor urbanism / Jonathan Silver -- Beyond-the-network urbanism : everyday infrastructures in states of Mutation / Yaffa Truelove -- Still construction and already ruin / Mariana Cavalcanti -- The migration of spaces : monumental urbanism beyond materiality / Morten Nielsen -- Land as situated spatio-histories : a dialogue with global urbanism / Wing Shing Tang and Solomon Benjamin -- Contesting global urbanism -- Women organising, advocacy and Indian cities in-between informal dwelling and informal economies : and interview with SEWA's Renana Jhabvala -- From a Neapolitan perspective, reaching out beyond prevailing cultural models : an interview with Emma Ferulano -- Urban struggles and theorising from Eastern European cities : a collective interview with Ana Vilenica, Ioana Florea, Veda Popocivi and Zsuzsi Pósfai -- Planning, community spaces and youth urban futures : from Accra, in conversation with Victoria Okoye and Yussif Larry Aminu -- A counter-dominant global urbanism? Experiments from Lebanon / Mona Harb -- Living in the city beyond housing : urbanism of the commons / Belen Desmaison.

Questões relacionadas ao gênero, especificamente, sobre o fator maternidade, têm sido documentadas como desafios importantes para serem superados no ambiente acadêmico e, portanto, demandam investigações para garantia de ações que gerem apoios e condições favoráveis para o desenvolvimento da formação acadêmica com condições com maior equidade. O trabalho traz uma reflexão sobre o espaço de mães em uma universidade pública brasileira, enquanto protagonistas do seu processo educacional, possibilitando assim, a construção de possíveis fatores de proteção que garantam a em equidade aos demais estudantes. Participaram do estudo nove mães acadêmicas que responderam a um questionário e/ou uma entrevista semiestruturada. Os resultados foram analisados em quatro temas disparadores acerca (1) da caracterização das mães participantes, por meio da rotina pessoal e organização familiar e socioeconômica, (2) situação acadêmica por meio da análise do histórico acadêmico, (3) rede de apoio social e histórico de saúde, (4) permanência universidade e os desafios relacionoados à maternidade e universidade. De maneira geral, os dados identificaram a ocorrência de múltiplas atribuições das mães universitárias, que se somam às atividades acadêmicas: a maternidade, as atividades domésticas e trabalho extra universidade. Espera-se que os achados contribuam para a construção de um ambiente mais inclusivo, que respeite a maternidade e contribua para mais investigações e reflexões. O acesso da mãe brasileira à universidade é um tema relevante a ser investigado na realidade atual para garantir apoios que favoreçam a permanência, conclusão dos estudos e sucesso acadêmico e profissional das mulheres universitárias.
Palavras-chave: Maternidade. Educação Superior. Inclusão. Gênero.
AbstractGender-related issues, specifically about the maternity factor, have been documented as important challenges to be overcome in the academic environment and, therefore, demand investigations to guarantee actions that generate support and favorable conditions for the development of academic training with conditions with greater equity. The work brings a reflection on the space of mothers in a Brazilian public university, as protagonists of their educational process, thus enabling the construction of possible protective factors that guarantee equality to other students. Nine academic mothers who answered a questionnaire and/or a semi-structured interview participated in the study. The results were analyzed in four trigger themes about (1) the characterization of the participating mothers, through personal routine and family and socioeconomic organization, (2) academic situation through analysis of academic history, (3) social support network and health history, (4) university permanence and challenges related to motherhood and university. In general, the data identified the occurrence of multiple attributions of university mothers, which are added to academic activities: motherhood, domestic activities and extra-university work. It is hoped that the findings contribute to the construction of a more inclusive environment, which respects motherhood and contributes to further investigations and reflections. The access of the Brazilian mother to the university is a relevant topic to be investigated in the current reality to guarantee support that favors the permanence, completion of studies and academic and professional success of university women.
Keywords: Maternity. College Education. Inclusion. Gender.

Ever consider that the US birthrate is dropping precipitously since it's a rather s--tty place to live? Like most developed countries, the United States is experiencing cratering birth rates. If the replacement rate is 2.1 birth per woman, its current reported rate of 1.6 is well below that. In other words, depopulation will set in for America just as it has for the likes of Japan and others if births continue to crater and anti-immigrant sentiment scares off would-be migrants. Fewer birth and nobody being welcomed inevitably spells depopulation. Although the United States likes to portray itself in all sorts of self-aggrandizing ways--the promised land, shining city upon a hill, and all that jazz--the truth is that its livability is rather worse than any number of other places.A Bloomberg interview with demographer Lyman Stone has some interesting things to say on the matter. First, flexible work may not be the solution: I think policymakers still have this delusion that the path to
high fertility is everybody having an awesome job with great benefits
allowing them to be "flexible" for their family, but this just isn't
reality. As jobs, even "family-friendly" jobs, turn into careers, and
careers turn into essentially religious or spiritual vocations, family
is deprioritized and birth rates decline. In empirical studies of
surveys across nearly 100 countries, a co-author and I found that this
effect was actually as strong for men as for women, so this isn't just
about breadwinners. The boss in the movie "Elf" is the bad guy because as far as a child is concerned, a parent's work is always the biggest competition for that parent's mental and emotional energy.Another observation is that Trumpian racists tend to gain favor as birth rates fall, which obviously has ominous portents: But as birthrates fall, far-right anti-immigration parties tend to do better,
not worse. So if a traditional value of being welcoming to immigrants
is something important to Americans, again, low fertility is a problem,
because it threatens the viability of political coalitions that support
an attitude of welcome and hospitality. And of course, in a more literal
sense, the absorptive capacity of a society with regard to immigrants
is related to population size: 1 million immigrants has a very different
social significance to a society with 100,000 births than a society
with 1 million or 10 million. Completing this downward spiral of falling birth rates mobilizing far-right ultra-racist groups is that low birth rates tends to quash innovation, too: Another thing we appear to value is something like, "Having a
dynamic economy with lots of innovation and entrepreneurship, without
inherited wealth that dominates the economic landscape." But I've shown
in extensive work that low birth rates directly predict less
innovation, lower entrepreneurship and a higher salience for inherited
wealth.America with all its problems has too far to go in fixing its broken society. It won't become much more livable anytime soon, so expect its birth rates to continue stagnating. 

14/191) and University of Auckland Faculty Research Development Fund. The Cambridge Weight Plan© donated all products for the 8-weeks LED period. The Danish Agriculture & Food Council. The Danish Meat and Research Institute. National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR BRC) (UK). Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) (UK). Nutritics (Dublin) donated all dietary analyses software used by UNOTT. Juho Vainio Foundation (FIN), Academy of Finland (grant numbers: 272376, 314383, 266286, 314135), Finnish Medical Foundation, Gyllenberg Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation, University of Helsinki, Government Research Funds for Helsinki University Hospital (FIN), Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation (FIN), Emil Aaltonen Foundation (FIN). China Scholarship .The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. ; Background: Previous studies have shown an increase in hunger during weight-loss maintenance (WLM) after diet-induced weight loss. Whether a combination of a higher protein, lower glycemic index (GI) diet and physical activity (PA) can counteract this change remains unclear. Aim: To compare the long-term effects of two diets [high protein (HP)-low GI vs. moderate protein (MP)-moderate GI] and two PA programs [high intensity (HI) vs. moderate intensity (MI)] on subjective appetite sensations during WLM after ≥8% weight loss (WL). Methods: Data derived from the 3-years PREVIEW randomized intervention study. An 8-weeks WL phase using a low-energy diet was followed by a 148-weeks randomized WLM phase. For the WLM phase, participants were assigned to one of the four groups: HP-MI, HP-HI, MP-MI, and MP-HI. Available data from 2,223 participants with overweight or obesity (68% women; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Appetite sensations including satiety, hunger, desire to eat, and desire to eat something sweet during the two phases (at 0, 8 weeks and 26, 52, 104, and 156 weeks) were assessed based on the recall of feelings during the previous week using visual analogue scales. Differences in changes in appetite sensations from baseline between the groups were determined using linear mixed models with repeated measures. Results: There was no significant diet × PA interaction. From 52 weeks onwards, decreases in hunger were significantly greater in HP-low GI than MP-moderate GI (Ptime × diet = 0.018, Pdietgroup = 0.021). Although there was no difference in weight regain between the diet groups (Ptime × diet = 0.630), hunger and satiety ratings correlated with changes in body weight at most timepoints. There were no significant differences in appetite sensations between the two PA groups. Decreases in hunger ratings were greater at 52 and 104 weeks in HP-HI vs. MP-HI, and greater at 104 and 156 weeks in HP-HI vs. MP-MI. Conclusions: This is the first long-term, large-scale randomized intervention to report that a HP-low GI diet was superior in preventing an increase in hunger, but not weight regain, during 3-years WLM compared with a MP-moderate GI diet. Similarly, HP-HI outperformed MP-HI in suppressing hunger. The role of exercise intensity requires further investigation. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01777893. ; publishersversion ; published

[ES] a participación constituye un fin en sí mismo que redunda en la autonomía individual y empoderamiento colectivo, a la vez que es también un medio que fortalece la calidad democrática de nuestras sociedades. Reconocida como derecho universal humano (1948), el derecho a participar queda protegido para la ciudadanía infantil en la legislación internacional de mediados y último tercio del siglo XX que asume la infancia como sujeto de derechos. Los estudios acerca de la participación de este colectivo se apoyan en dicho reconocimiento jurídico para aproximarse a la realidad desde un enfoque de derechos donde niños, niñas y adolescentes constituyen actores sociales. Este artículo se propuso realizar un ejercicio de análisis teórico acerca de la participación en general y de la participación infantil y adolescente en particular, a la luz de otros enfoques que consideramos complementarios al enfoque de derechos, pero escasamente explotados: el enfoque de capacidades, el enfoque feminista y el enfoque intercultural desde una lectura socio-crítica. Los resultados del análisis teórico-conceptual permitieron vincular el concepto de participación con los de agencia y autonomía, así como evidenciar las inercias y barreras sociales, culturales e institucionales que limitan los procesos participativos en la ciudadanía, con especial incidencia en las experiencias y vivencias de la infancia y la adolescencia. Se concluye que la participación de niños, niñas y adolescentes hace referencia a una capacidad individual, colectiva y territorial, expuesta y limitada por estereotipos binarios o patriarcales y adultocéntricos. Los tres enfoques planteados nos invitan, en definitiva, a repensar la participación infantil y adolescente desde los valores de autonomía, responsabilidad, igualdad y diversidad. [EN] Participation in itself promotes individual autonomy and collective empower-ment, and strengthens democracy in our societies. Recognised as a universal human right (1948), the right to participate is protected for child citizenship by international legislation introduced in the middle and last third of the twentieth century, which identifies children as subjects of rights. Studies on child and adolescent participation are based on the child rights-based approach, which recognises that children and adolescents are subjects of rights and social actors. This article set out to carry out a theoretical systematisation exercise on par-ticipation in general, focusing on child participation in particular, in light of other approaches considered complementary to the rights-based approach, but which have scarcely been used: the capabilities approach, the feminist approach and the intercultural approach based on a socio-critical reading. The results of the theoretical-conceptual analysis made it possible to link the concept of participation to those of agency and autonomy, as well as to highlight the inertia and cultural and institutional barriers that limit citizen participation processes, with special emphasis on the citizenship of women, children and adolescents. It is concluded that the participation of children refers to participation in an individual, collective and national capacity, presented and limited by binary or patriarchal and adult-centric stereotypes. These three approaches invite us, in short, to rethink child and adolescent participation and partic-ipatory practices in childhood based on the values of autonomy, responsibility, equality and diversity.

Various research convincingly demonstrated positive influence of certain sports and physical exercises on brain and brain functions in general, and on cognitive functions in particular. As it has been demonstrated, efficient and well-developed cognitive functions enhance all human activities and are of crucial importance for learning. In particular, this paper focuses on the positive correlation between certain sports and language learning and its relevance to the Second Language Acquisition studies (SLA). In SLA, students' ability to process input strongly depends on their cognitive abilities, namely, their abilities to process audio and visual input. As various researchers demonstrated, some sports enhance sportsmen's abilities of audio and visual perception; these developed cognitive abilities may, in turn, enhance SLA process. The paper analyses some data collected during the experiments with three groups of students, age 20-23: basketball players, judo wrestlers and control group whose members practiced sports only 2h/week. Three groups were exposed to three types of stimuli: (reverse chess pattern, tone click, flash of light); their brain activity was monitored by EEG. The obtained results demonstrated that basketball players manifested better-developed cognitive abilities responsible for the perception of audio and video stimuli. They were also faster in making decisions on the basis of the video/audio stimuli perceived. Similar results were obtained by American psychologists (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign). Their study involved 87 Brazilian volleyball players and 67 persons who don't practice sports. The results were published in Frontiers in Psychology. Experiments have shown that athletes are usually better in controlling their reactions and are able to slow down their reactions, if necessary. According to the professor of Psychology Arthur Kramer, one of the authors of the research, "Athletes can perceive information faster and switch quicker between different tasks than those who don't practice sports." During the experiment, all the participants were asked to perform tasks to test their cognitive abilities (information perception, memory, reactions). The most interesting discovery was that the athletes had significant cognitive advantages over women and men who had not practiced sports. Volleyball players were faster in reactions, in noticing differences in the pictures, in identifying the missing details in puzzles. The process of auditory and visual perception and processing involves many neural structures: from primary units of signal processing sensors to higher levels of processing, responsible for stimuli recognition and decision-making. As it is known, individual waves of cognitive evoked potentials reflect the involvement of certain neural mechanisms of visual and auditory systems in processing and recognition of stimuli of corresponding modality. Wave characteristics can indirectly indicate working speed of specific units of the neural circuit and the number of neurons involved; it may allow measuring the influence of various sports training loads on the development of neural chains involved in audio/video stimuli perception, processing and decision-making. These aspects are also considered important for input processing in SLA. The paper analyses positive contribution of certain sports to learning in general, and Second Language Acquisition in particular, using neuroscience, psychological and socio-cultural approaches.

Background: Agriculture is among the relevant factors for the formation of cities and it has been an integral part of city life throughout history. Despite the increase in population growth, urban agriculture can offer a unique opportunity for improving the livelihood of individuals through the practice of growing food in urban green spaces. Nevertheless, maintaining urban green spaces as part of the urban fabric presents a unique challenge in an environment where there is a shortage of housing and urban space is limited for development. Allotment gardens might be seen as compensation for the lack of green space and private gardens in cities, especially in dense urban areas. However, due to the long waiting list for renting out, not everyone can get access to growing locally cultivated food and other benefits, especially people who are less privileged and cannot afford private gardens. Objective: The aim of this thesis, therefore, was to design a proposal for urban green space, Ekebydalen, to show how to integrate allotment gardening with other social activities. Also, as an input to the proposal, the history of allotment gardens and the theory of sustainable wellbeing was reviewed, and local public participation was investigated. Method: Literature was extensively reviewed in an attempt to identify relevant studies and better understand the context and characteristics of allotment gardens from a social and environmental context, the change in its land use, and accessibility; all in the perspective of the general development of urban agriculture and specifically in allotment movement through history in Sweden. Moreover, Site observation was conducted in a purposely selected allotment garden, Ekebydalen, Uppsala city. Also, an online and paper-based self-administered cross-sectional survey was done among 40 participants. Result: 6 different allotment gardens were observed and characterized. Based on the case study (observation), the Ekebydalen allotment garden was chosen as the main site for further pro-posal development. (60%) of the respondents in the survey were middle-aged (30 -50 years old) women (77.5%), most of them with university education (88%) and Swedish background (90%). Despite the participants has reported living in close proximity to the gardens, around a fourth of them reported having waited for more than six months. Gardening and nature interest (100%), socializing (15%), food complement (62%), and maintaining wellbeing (65%) are the motivation for renting allotment gardens. Conclusion: This thesis argues that the economic and wellbeing values of allotment gardens are perceived as highly significant compared to the social benefit that is allegedly seen less. Nevertheless, the social value can be seen as equally important if integrated as an activity with other social activities in a city, especially in urban communities that don't have enough space for gardening and are caught in their busy lives. Moreover, a design strategy was proposed to show how the allotment garden can be integrated as an activity for cultivation and recreation use (Cultivation park). This thesis has also implied that policy support, institutional recognition, and strong political will from policymakers and planners are required to bring urban agriculture into city planning for improving the quality of life for the people living and working in cities.

To contribute to contemporary rural development debates, the present thesis conducts a contextual analysis of rural development using Kenya as a case study from the colonial era to today. To perform the analysis, two critical trends in rural Africa are focused on: socioeconomic differentiation and rural income diversification, with a particular focus on large-scale farm employment. By pointing to these processes, the overarching aim of the thesis is to nuance conventional rural development theories. This is achieved by relating empirical livelihood changes to theories of agrarian change. Three main conclusions can be drawn from the findings. First, the poverty/wealth outcome of rural households' income diversification is shaped by socioeconomic and historical structures, which govern households' access to farmand off-farm incomes and, more crucially, their ability to successfully combine the two. Second, gender, conceptualised as the sex of the household head, does not necessarily affect the poverty/wealth outcome of income diversification. Against conventional theories, this thesis finds that social cleavages aside from gender affectdiversification patterns and rural incomes. It follows that conventional literature, which has largely studied smallholderdifferentiation through the lens of gender, will require revisions that allow such studies to more effectively incorporate other social cleavages. Third, after having elucidated processes of income diversification and differentiation, a few tentative rural development trajectories can be described. Despite the conventional belief in African historiography, the diversification toward rural wage labour in settler economies does not appear to have caused widespread rural poverty during the colonial era. Contrarily, regions that supplied the bulk of agricultural wage labour also had rising rural incomes and high uptake rates of cash crops. Since the post-liberalisation era, households have continued to derive a high share of income from off-farm activities;however, the associated rural change is ambivalent. Off-farm activities have low returns; furthermore, the majority ofhouseholds that have become highly dependent on access to off-farm income appear to be on a path similar to the'de-agrarianisation' thesis laid out by Deborah Bryceson and her co-authors, where diversification away from the farm is associated with high poverty rates. Yet, a minority of households (including women-headed ones) have been able to follow a more successful agricultural-based path where off-farm incomes are combined with commercial agriculture. This minority have followed a path of intensification (i.e., by applying more fertiliser and labour to small farms) and are thus less threatened by declining farm sizes.In sum, post-independence income diversification and differentiation in Kenya do not seem to correlate with dynamicrural development. Profit possibilities in agriculture are low, as evidenced by a decline in real farm incomes among all income classes, including richer farmers. Instead of accumulation through farming, richer households have increased their income diversification towards better-paid off-farm activities. Consequently, the richer-income classes do not seem capable of driving future rural development. Instead, differentiation among smallholder farmers appears to mainly result in the impoverishment of a large proportion of households without a parallel expansion of commercially oriented and dynamic middle and rich classes emerging from the smallholder sector.

Context: the transformations taking place as part of the update of the Cuban Social and Economic Model evidence the need to systematize the economic ideas and the work of Fidel Castro, in relation to the transformations made by Cuban agriculture during the first six years (1959-1965). Aim: to systematize the economic ideas and work of Fidel Castro Ruz, in relation to the transformations made in Cuban agriculture during the first six years of the revolution. Methods: Overall, fifty speeches of Fidel Castro delivered in the 1959-1965 period were compiled, as part of the review performed; the documents with a contribution to this topic were chosen. The historic-logical method, and analysis and synthesis made systematization possible. Results: The article selection process allowed the authors to work on fourteen speeches, where the universal thoughts of Fidel Castro were confirmed, along with the significance of his studies as referent to social and economic progress of many underdeveloped locations through a strong political will. Conclusions: The greatest transformation was centered on the eradication of monopolist landowning following the implementation of the agrarian reform, and its repercussion on the elimination of unemployment, a depressed domestic market, and poor industrial development of the country, together with a pressing need to train skilled personnel, invest in technology for agriculture, and lay the foundations for scientific research. Economically-driven agricultural planning has a particular significance, with the inclusion of incentives, and the labor of women in the fields. ; Contexto: las transformaciones que se desarrollan como parte de la actualización del modelo económico y social cubano evidencian la necesidad de sistematizar el pensamiento económico y la obra de Fidel Castro Ruz relacionado con las transformaciones realizadas en la agricultura cubana, durante el primer sexenio de la 1959-1965. Objetivo: sistematizar el pensamiento económico de Fidel Castro Ruz relacionado con las transformaciones realizadas en la agricultura cubana al, durante los seis primeros años de la Revolución. Métodos: el corpus documental lo integran cincuenta discursos de Fidel Castro el período 1959-1965 como parte de la revisión de los mismos, fueron seleccionados los que aportaron información relacionada con el tema, la aplicación de los métodos histórico y lógico, así como el análisis y la síntesis posibilitaron el proceso de sistematización. Resultados: el proceso de selección de los artículos permitió trabajar con catorce discursos en los que se confirma la universalidad del pensamiento económico de Fidel Castro y la importancia de su estudio como referente para el progreso socio-económico de distintos territorios, especialmente subdesarrollados, sostenido por la voluntad política. Conclusiones: La mayor transformación está centrada en la liquidación del latifundio tras la aplicación de la reforma agraria, y su repercusión en la disolución del desempleo, el deprimido mercado interno y el desarrollo industrial del país, unido a la urgente preparación de personal calificado, la tecnificación de la actividad agropecuaria y sentar las bases de las investigaciones científicas. Resalta la importancia de la planificación agrícola con criterio económico, la utilización de estímulos materiales y la fuerza laboral femenina en las actividades agrarias.

ABSTRAKKematian Ibu Hamil dan Bayi Baru Lahir yang kita kenal dengan istilah AKI/AKB di Indonesia hingga kini masih menjadi persoalan yang sangat luar biasa, kendati berbagai upaya yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah belum berhasil menekan AKI/AKB. Selama ini persoalan AKI/AKB masih dianggap persoalan pemerintah yang digulirkan juga terlalu banyak melibatkan unsur pemerintah baik dari tingkat pusat sampai daerah peran unsur birokrat sangat dominan, sehingga kenyataan di lapangan program tersebut terkesan hanya papan nama dan retorika seremonial, yang hampir setiap perancangan menghabiskan biaya yang cukup besar. Sementara realitas public dimasyarakat sama sekali kurang di sentuh dan diperhatikan. Inilah yang kemudian menjadi penyebab AKI/AKB di Indonesia semakin bertambah. Pengalaman adalah guru yang baik, belajarlah dari pengalaman orang lain dan bertanyalah pada orang yang belajar dari realita. Mungkin kata-kata tersebut ada benarnya, artinya kalau program harus berhasil maka belajarlah dari keberhasilan penggalangan masyarakat desa melalui Gerakan Partisipatif Masyarakat dengan proyek percontohan Desa Siaga dan Kampung Siaga dengan mengembangkan Sistem Warga Siaga. Program Desa Siaga dan Kampung Siaga di Kota Cirebon Jawa Barat menjadi alternative rujukan berbagai dinas dan instansi dalam mengembangkan program Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak. Sehingga tidak mengherankan hingga hari Kota Cirebon sering dijadikan daerah kunjungan studi banding program KIA dari berbagai Propinsi, Kabupaten Kota dan Lembaga Asing lainnya. Kata Kunci: AKI dan AKB, Desa Siaga, dan Kampung Siaga; Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak; Gerakan Partisipatif ABSTRACTDeaths of Pregnant Women and Newborn Babies, which we know as AKI / AKB in Indonesia, is still a very extraordinary problem, despite various efforts made by the government that have not succeeded in suppressing AKI / AKB. So far, the issue of AKI / AKB is still considered a government issue which is also rolled out to involve too many elements of the government from the central level to the dominant role of bureaucrat elements, so that the reality on the program's field seems to be just a nameplate and ceremonial rhetoric, which almost every time costs which is quite large. While the public reality in the community is not at all touched and noticed. This is what later became the cause of AKI/AKB in Indonesia.Experience is a good teacher, learn from other people's experiences and ask people who learn from reality. Maybe the words have a point, meaning that if the program has to be successful, learn from the success of raising the village community through the Participatory Movement of the Community with the Desa Siaga and Siaga Village pilot projects by developing the Alert Residents System. The Alert Village and Alert Village program in the City of Cirebon in West Java is an alternative reference for various agencies and agencies in developing the Maternal and Child Health program. So it is not surprising that Cirebon City is often used as a visiting area for comparative study of MCH programs from various provinces, city districts and other foreign institutions. Keywords: AKI and AKB Alert Village, and Alert Village; Maternal and Child Health; Participatory Movement

Die vorliegende Dissertation setzt sich aus drei Aufsätzen zusammen: zwei im Bereich der Arbeitsmarktökonomie und einer im Bereich der politischen Ökonomie. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht die Rolle der zunehmenden Firmenheterogenität für die Stagnation des Gender Wage Gaps auf dem westdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt in den 1990er und 2000er Jahren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die steigende Firmenheterogenität während dieses Zeitraums einen Rückgang des Gender Wage Gaps um 15% bzw. 3,6 Log-Prozentpunkte verhindert hat. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Analysen, dass eine zunehmende Lohnflexibilisierung, bedingt durch einen Rückgang der Tarifbindung und wachsende Dezentralisierungs- und Flexibilisierungstendenzen innerhalb der vorhandenen Tarifbindungsregime, den Anstieg der Lohnungleichheit zwischen Betrieben und folglich die Lohnungleichheit zwischen Männern und Frauen verstärkt hat. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht die Auswirkungen des Anfang der 1990er Jahre von Flüchtlingsmigranten verursachten, plötzlichen Anstiegs des Arbeitskräfteangebots auf Löhne und Beschäftigung der einheimischen Arbeitnehmer. Die empirischen Analysen zeigen, dass ein 1%iger Zuwachs in der Beschäftigung von Migranten mit einer Reduzierung des lokalen Lohn- und Beschäftigungswachstums in den betroffenen Regionen um durchschnittlich etwa 0,68 bzw. 1,13% einhergeht; auf längere Sicht zeigen sich indes keine negativen Auswirkungen. Zwei Drittel des lokalen Beschäftigungsrückgangs werden durch entsprechende Beschäftigungsgewinne in solchen Regionen kompensiert, die von der Flüchtlingszuwanderung nicht betroffen sind. Die Unterschiede zwischen kurz- und langfristigen Konsequenzen sowie die Umverteilung der Beschäftigung zwischen Regionen sind für die politische Evaluation der Vor- und Nachteile von Migration von Bedeutung. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht, ob die Parteienlandschaft im Gemeinderat einen Effekt auf die Struktur von Gemeindezusammenlegungen hat, indem sie die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Wiederwahl und folglich des Machterhalts der im Amt befindlichen politischen Entscheidungsträger beeinflusst. Die empirischen Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Parteienstruktur für die Realisierung von Gemeindezusammenlegungen von Bedeutung ist. ; This dissertation is composed of three essays: two in the field of labour economics and one in political economics. The first essay studies the role of growing workplace heterogeneity for the stagnation of the gender pay gap on the West German labour market during the 1990s and 2000s. The analysis shows that the expansion of workplace-specific wage premiums over that time period prevented the gender wage gap from narrowing by around 15% or 3.6 log points. This effect is not driven by a relocation of men and women across high and low wage firms, but is entirely attributable to a widening in the distribution of wage premiums. The study further shows that rising wage flexibilisation, facilitated by deunionisation and decentralisation tendencies within unions, has led to higher rent-sharing elasticities, and thereby catalysed the role of workplace heterogeneity for overall inequality and the wage gap between genders. The second essay investigates the impact of a refugee-driven labour supply shock on native wages and employment. By exploiting a large and unexpected refugee wave hitting the West German labour market between 1988 and 1993, the analysis shows that an increase in local immigrant employment by 1% reduces native wages and employment by about 0.68 and 1.13%, respectively; in the longer perspective, however, these negative effects disappear. The study also shows that about two-thirds of the local employment decline is compensated by corresponding employment gains in regions not affected by immigration. Both findings—the difference between short and long run effects and the redistribution of native employment across regions — are important for the political evaluation of immigration. The third essay investigates the political determinants of municipality amalgamations. By exploiting a boundary reform in the state of Brandenburg, which reduced the number of municipalities by about 70%, the study asks whether party representation in the town council influences the structure of municipality mergers by affecting the political decision makers' probability to remain in power. The empirical estimates suggest that political representation matters for the structure of mergers that materialise.

This study aims to examine the empowerment of local communities as tourism operators, as well as to analyze their perceptions of the economic impacts on Pulau Perhentian. The study used quantitative method involving 150 respondents comprising local communities working as tour operators. The respondents were recruited using purposive sampling and snowball technique. The findings reveal that the majority of tourism operators are male, aged between 25 to 44, with secondary level of education and married. Most of the operators have been managing their business for 16 to 20 years and have earned an estimated monthly income of RM1001.00 to RM2000.00. The study concludes that the tourism sector has contributed to: a) reducing unemployment rate, b) providing employment opportunities for women and single mothers, c) encouraging the involvement of local communities in the field of tourism entrepreneurial, e) generating income to communities, f) attracting foreign investors to invest, and g) reducing poverty rate. However, local communities are also affected by the negative impacts of the tourism sector such as: a) rising prices for goods and services, b) rising cost of living, and c) increasing the value of real estate and rental rates. This study is hoped to provide useful insights into the tourism entrepreneurship at Pulau Perhentian so that the government can take necessary actions in improving the sector.Keywords: Community empowerment, community involvement, island tourism entrepreneurial, entrepreneurial characteristics, economic impactCite as: Md Sharif, N. & Tuan Lonik, K.A. (2018). Penglibatan komuniti tempatan dalam keusahawanan pelancongan: Kajian kes Pulau Perhentian, Malaysia [Engagement of local community in tourism entrepreneurship: A case study of Perhentian Island, Malaysia]. Journalof Nusantara Studies, 3(1),103-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol3iss1pp103-119 AbstrakKajian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pemerkasaan komuniti tempatan sebagai pengusaha pelancongan, serta menganalisa persepsi mereka terhadap impak ekonomi di Pulau Perhentian. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif yang melibatkan 150 orang responden yang terdiri daripada komuniti tempatan yang terlibat sebagai pengusaha pelancongan dengan menggunakan prosedur persampelan jenis bertujuan dan bola salji. Hasil kajian mendapati majoriti pengusaha pelancongan tempatan adalah terdiri daripada lelaki, berumur 25 hingga 44 tahun, menerima pendidikan sehingga sekolah menengah dan berstatus berkahwin. Kebanyakan pengusaha menjalankan perniagaan selama 16 hingga 20 tahun dan memperoleh anggaran pendapatan bulanan RM1001 hingga RM2000. Kajian ini mendapati pembangunan sektor pelancongan di Pulau Perhentian berupaya: a) mengurangkan kadar pengangguran, b) memberi peluang pekerjaan kepada kaum wanita serta ibu tunggal, c) menyumbang kepada penglibatan komuniti tempatan dalam bidang keusahawanan pelancongan, d) menawarkan peluang pekerjaan kepada penduduk, e) menyumbang kepada pendapatan penduduk, f) menarik minat pelabur asing untuk melabur, dan g) mengurangkan kadar kemiskinan. Namun, komuniti turut terkesan oleh impak negatif daripada sektor pelancongan seperti: a) peningkatan harga barangan dan perkhidmatan, b) peningkatan kos sara hidup, dan c) peningkatan nilai hartanah dan kadar sewa tanah. Dalam masa yang sama, pengusaha terlibat mengharapkan kerjasama daripada pihak kerajaan dalam memainkan peranan dalam memajukan industri pelancongan pulau tersebut.Kata kunci: Pemerkasaan komuniti, penglibatan komuniti, keusahawanan pelancongan pulau, ciri keusahawanan, impak ekonomi

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine wage differences between part- and full-time workers distinguishing by gender by using a large Spanish matched employer-employee data set and an econometric decomposition that permits to decompose wage differences by quantiles of the wage distribution. Design/methodology/approach: The research is based on cross-section matched employer-employee microdata from a large representative survey (the Encuesta de Estructura Salarial) which is carried out with a harmonised methodology common to all European Union member countries and that has been designed specifically to provide reliable evidence about characteristics of the wage distribution such us wage differentials associated with the type of working time. From a methodological point of view, the econometric decomposition technique proposed recently by Fortin et al. (2011) to decompose wage differences between part-time and full-time workers by quantiles of the wage distribution is applied. This methodology has the advantage over similar techniques that provides a detailed decomposition of wage differentials and has not been used before to examine the wage impact of part-time jobs. Findings: The results show that the significant raw wage gap that part-time workers experience in Spain differs substantially along the wage distribution. In the case of part-time females, the wage disadvantage is mostly explained by their relative endowments of characteristics (and particularly by their lower endowments of human capital and their segregation into low-wage sectors) but a significant wage penalty still persists, increasing along the wage distribution. In the case of males the wage disadvantage is only found in the lower part of the distribution and it is due both to their worst endowments of characteristics and a significant wage penalty. Research limitations/implications: The evidence for Spain shows that the part-time work tends to affect differently to the wages of males and females, with a higher part-time penalty for males, as predicted by the "flexibility stigma" hypothesis, and penalising low-qualified men in the lower part of the wage distribution and high-qualified women in the upper part of the distribution the most. Originality/value: The analysis contributes to the literature by examining wage differences along the wage distribution for both genders using econometric decomposition methods, an aspect that to the authors' knowledge has been examined only scarcely in the international literature with non-conclusive evidence and has not been examined in previous studies for the Spanish case. In this vein, Spain is a particularly interesting analysis case from an international perspective of the wage consequences of part-time jobs, given that in contrast with most other advanced countries a majority of part-time employment in this country is involuntary and this phenomenon is especially affecting disadvantaged groups. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under Grants ECO2013-41022-R, ECO2013-41310-R, 2014 SGR-420 and CSO2014-55780-C3-2-P (National R&D&I Plan).