Suchergebnisse

Human security basically refers to the obligations that governments have for guaranteeing survival, the means of life and the dignity of their citizens. The solution of the problems that affect the population is function of the States, especially those connected with the utilities that permit improvement of life quality. The meager access to drinkable water has become the second cause of children mortality in the planet. Current studies show that 1.8 million children die every year as consequence of the vast health problems that arise from the consumption of unfit to drink water. The purpose of this paper is to delineate the concept of human security, describing the problems related to the use and supply of water in the world and finally bring up the Colombia situation as a hydric power, and its management of water resources such as moors and rivers, as well as the provision of potable water services. ; La seguridad humana se refiere fundamentalmente a la obligación que los gobiernos tienen de asegurar la supervivencia, los medios de vida y la dignidad de sus ciudadanos. La solución de problemas que afectan la población es función de los Estados, en especial los relacionados con servicios públicos que permitan mejorar la calidad de vida. El acceso deficiente al agua potable se ha convertido en la segunda causa de muerte infantil del planeta. Estudios actuales muestran que 1,8 millones de niños mueren al año como consecuencia de graves problemas de salud derivados del consumo de agua insalubre. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo delimitar los alcances del concepto de seguridad humana, avanzando hacia la problemática en cuanto al uso y abastecimiento del agua en el mundo, y la situación que enfrenta Colombia como potencia hídrica de cara la conservación de los páramos y otras fuentes de recursos hídricos, como también en la prestación del servicio de agua potable. ; A segurança humana refere-se, essencialmente, à obrigação dos governos de garantir a sobrevivência, subsistência e a dignidade dos seus cidadãos. A solução dos problemas que afetam a população é uma função dos Estados, particularmente os que estão relacionados com os serviços públicos que possibilitam melhorar a qualidade de vida. O escasso acesso à água potável tornou-se a segunda maior causa de mortalidade infantil no mundo. Estudos atuais mostram que 1,8 milhões de crianças morrem a cada ano como consequência de sérios problemas de saúde por consumir água contaminada. O objetivo deste artigo é o de definir o alcance do conceito de segurança humana, direcionando-o para o problema do uso e fornecimento de água no mundo e a situação que enfrenta a Colômbia como potência hídrica com vistas à conservação da Região dos Páramos e de outras fontes de recursos hídricos, bem como o fornecimento de água potável.

Perhaps the most destructive aspects of African governance are found in economic mismanagement. African states' interventions in the preadjustment era turned out to be terribly bad both in agriculture and in industry. This is in stark contrast with the extraordinary success of the 'developmental' states of East and Southeast Asia. While the latter pursued a political strategy of rising living standards, achieved through prioritizing growth, productivity, competitiveness and human capital investment, the former sought to manage political competition through distribution of state consumption. Available literature, notwithstanding, no systematic attempt has been made to investigate how the Asian 'developmental' states can reasonably factor into the solution to Africa's 'development woes'. Based upon review of published literature, reports and articles, this article argues, amongst others, that lack of strong bureaucracy is responsible for Africa's 'dysfunctional' state. As a result, it has been difficult for the continent to transit to a 'developmental' state. ; Afrikalı hükümetlerin en yıkıcı yönleri belki de ekonominin kötü yönetiminde bulunmaktadır. Afrikalı devletlerin uyum öncesi dönemdeki müdahaleleri, tarım ve sanayide oldukça olumsuz sonuçlar vermiştir. Bu, Doğu ve Güney-doğu Asya'daki gelişmekte olan devletlerin olağanüstü başarısıyla tam bir tezat oluşturmaktadır. Asya'daki devletler, büyüme, üretim, rekabet ve insan sermayesine yatırım yoluyla yaşam standartlarını yükseltme politikası izlerken, Afrika'dakiler, devlet tüketimini dağıtma yoluyla politik rekabeti yönetmeye çalışmışlardır. Varolan literatürde, Asyalı devletlerin, Afrika'nın 'gelişim ıstırabına' ne şekilde bir çözüm bunabileceğine dair sistematik bir inceleme bulunmamaktadır. Bu konudaki literatür, raporlar ve makaleler ışığında, makale, Afrika'nın 'işlevsiz' devletinden, güçlü bir bürokrasinin olmayışını sorumlu tutmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, kıta için 'gelişmekte olan' devlete geçiş, oldukça zor görünmektedir.

Although microfinance institutions across the world are moving from group lending towards individual lending, this strategic shift is not substantiated by sufficient empirical evidence on the impact of both types of lending on borrowers. We present such evidence from a randomised field experiment in rural Mongolia. We find a positive impact of access to group loans on food consumption and entrepreneurship. Among households that were offered group loans the likelihood of owning an enterprise increases by 10 per cent more than in control villages. Enterprise profits increase over time as well, particularly for the less-educated. For individual lending on the other hand, we detect no significant increase in consumption or enterprise ownership. These results are in line with theories that stress the disciplining effect of group lending: joint liability may deter borrowers from using loans for non-investment purposes. Our results on informal transfers are consistent with this hypothesis. Borrowers in group-lending villages are less likely to make informal transfers to families and friends while borrowers in individual-lending villages are more likely to do so. We find no significant difference in repayment rates between the two lending programmes, neither of which entailed weekly repayment meetings. (author's abstract)

For decades, NGOs targeting world hunger focused on ensuring that adequate quantities of food were being sent to those in need. In the 1990s, the international food policy community turned its focus to the "hidden hunger" of micronutrient deficiencies, a problem that resulted in two scientific solutions: fortification, the addition of nutrients to processed foods, and biofortification, the modification of crops to produce more nutritious yields. This hidden hunger was presented as a scientific problem to be solved by "experts" and scientifically engineered smart foods rather than through local knowledge, which was deemed unscientific and, hence, irrelevant. In Hidden Hunger, Aya Hirata Kimura explores this recent emphasis on micronutrients and smart foods within the international development community and, in particular, how the voices of women were silenced despite their expertise in food purchasing and preparation.