This report deals with the scope recognised by the case-law of Article 23 of the Belgian Constitution, which enshrines 'the right to the protection of a healthy environment'. The Court of Arbitration, the Council of State and the courts and tribunals of the judiciary have, for over 10 years now, regularly been confronted with multiple questions relating to the scope of this constitutional protection. I shall examine in turn the answers or elements of the reply given to them. It should be noted that, contrary to the process of adoption of the French Constitutional Law of 1 March 2005, the constitutional revision which, in Belgium, led to the inclusion of the right to the protection of a healthy environment was a much more comprehensive revision, even more extensive than the inclusion in the Constitution of only economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to the environment. ; Le présent rapport porte sur la portée reconnue par la jurisprudence de l'article 23 de la Constitution belge qui consacre « le droit à la protection d'un environnement sain ». La Cour d'arbitrage, le Conseil d'Etat et les cours et tribunaux de l'ordre judiciaire sont, depuis maintenant plus de 10 ans, régulièrement confrontés à de multiples questions liées à la portée de cette protection constitutionnelle. Nous examinerons successivement les réponses ou éléments de réponse qui y sont apportés. On notera que, contrairement au processus d'adoption de la loi constitutionnelle française du 1er mars 2005, la révision constitutionnelle qui, en Belgique, a abouti à l'inscription du droit à la protection d'un environnement sain était une révision beaucoup plus globale, plus large même que l'inscription dans la Constitution des seuls droits économiques, sociaux et culturels dont le droit à l'environnement.
The Purpose of the Article. Taking into account the growing practical and scientific interest in the current situation in the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economic activity, especially the state agrarian policy and its history, the author of this publication outlines the purpose of its writing, which arises from the need to form conceptual ideas about radical and tragic break in the first the five years of the Stalinist dictatorship of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian peasantry with its cultural and economic outlook, and is defined by a new approach to the assessment of the theoretical and political foundations of the social development of the Ukrainian countryside at the turn of the 1920s – 1930s. The Research Methodology. Principles of science, objectivity, historicism, determinism and a systematic approach. The Research Novelty. This article is the first in the Ukrainian historiography that examines a set of basic problems of the history of the total governmentalization of the Ukrainian village during 1929 – 1934 and its results. The Conclusions. Completely studying the theoretical aspects of the issue "Destruction of the fundamental foundations of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian countryside during the years of its total governmentalization (the end of the 20-ies – the first half of the 30-ies of the XXth century)" the author of this publication concluded that socio-political development (socio-economic, socio-political, class, socio-psychological and domestic processes and phenomena) of the Ukrainian countryside under the conditions of a severe command-repressive regime led to the destruction of the natural conditions of a rural life, a break in thoughts and views of a relatively conservative peasantry foundations of a social justice and the formation of entirely new trends in the socio-psychological image of the peasant. As for the mechanisms and principles of the destruction of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian peasantry during the historical period, they included an extremely wide range of methods, means of influence and pressure that combined both cultural, educational and purely violent approaches. ; The Purpose of the Article. Taking into account the growing practical and scientific interest in the current situation in the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economic activity, especially the state agrarian policy and its history, the author of this publication outlines the purpose of its writing, which arises from the need to form conceptual ideas about radical and tragic break in the first the five years of the Stalinist dictatorship of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian peasantry with its cultural and economic outlook, and is defined by a new approach to the assessment of the theoretical and political foundations of the social development of the Ukrainian countryside at the turn of the 1920s – 1930s. The Research Methodology. Principles of science, objectivity, historicism, determinism and a systematic approach. The Research Novelty. This article is the first in the Ukrainian historiography that examines a set of basic problems of the history of the total governmentalization of the Ukrainian village during 1929 – 1934 and its results. The Conclusions. Completely studying the theoretical aspects of the issue "Destruction of the fundamental foundations of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian countryside during the years of its total governmentalization (the end of the 20-ies – the first half of the 30-ies of the XXth century)" the author of this publication concluded that socio-political development (socio-economic, socio-political, class, socio-psychological and domestic processes and phenomena) of the Ukrainian countryside under the conditions of a severe command-repressive regime led to the destruction of the natural conditions of a rural life, a break in thoughts and views of a relatively conservative peasantry foundations of a social justice and the formation of entirely new trends in the socio-psychological image of the peasant. As for the mechanisms and principles of the destruction of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian peasantry during the historical period, they included an extremely wide range of methods, means of influence and pressure that combined both cultural, educational and purely violent approaches.
The Purpose of the Article. Taking into account the growing practical and scientific interest in the current situation in the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economic activity, especially the state agrarian policy and its history, the author of this publication outlines the purpose of its writing, which arises from the need to form conceptual ideas about radical and tragic break in the first the five years of the Stalinist dictatorship of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian peasantry with its cultural and economic outlook, and is defined by a new approach to the assessment of the theoretical and political foundations of the social development of the Ukrainian countryside at the turn of the 1920s – 1930s. The Research Methodology. Principles of science, objectivity, historicism, determinism and a systematic approach. The Research Novelty. This article is the first in the Ukrainian historiography that examines a set of basic problems of the history of the total governmentalization of the Ukrainian village during 1929 – 1934 and its results. The Conclusions. Completely studying the theoretical aspects of the issue "Destruction of the fundamental foundations of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian countryside during the years of its total governmentalization (the end of the 20-ies – the first half of the 30-ies of the XXth century)" the author of this publication concluded that socio-political development (socio-economic, socio-political, class, socio-psychological and domestic processes and phenomena) of the Ukrainian countryside under the conditions of a severe command-repressive regime led to the destruction of the natural conditions of a rural life, a break in thoughts and views of a relatively conservative peasantry foundations of a social justice and the formation of entirely new trends in the socio-psychological image of the peasant. As for the mechanisms and principles of the destruction of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian peasantry during the historical period, they included an extremely wide range of methods, means of influence and pressure that combined both cultural, educational and purely violent approaches. ; The Purpose of the Article. Taking into account the growing practical and scientific interest in the current situation in the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economic activity, especially the state agrarian policy and its history, the author of this publication outlines the purpose of its writing, which arises from the need to form conceptual ideas about radical and tragic break in the first the five years of the Stalinist dictatorship of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian peasantry with its cultural and economic outlook, and is defined by a new approach to the assessment of the theoretical and political foundations of the social development of the Ukrainian countryside at the turn of the 1920s – 1930s. The Research Methodology. Principles of science, objectivity, historicism, determinism and a systematic approach. The Research Novelty. This article is the first in the Ukrainian historiography that examines a set of basic problems of the history of the total governmentalization of the Ukrainian village during 1929 – 1934 and its results. The Conclusions. Completely studying the theoretical aspects of the issue "Destruction of the fundamental foundations of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian countryside during the years of its total governmentalization (the end of the 20-ies – the first half of the 30-ies of the XXth century)" the author of this publication concluded that socio-political development (socio-economic, socio-political, class, socio-psychological and domestic processes and phenomena) of the Ukrainian countryside under the conditions of a severe command-repressive regime led to the destruction of the natural conditions of a rural life, a break in thoughts and views of a relatively conservative peasantry foundations of a social justice and the formation of entirely new trends in the socio-psychological image of the peasant. As for the mechanisms and principles of the destruction of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian peasantry during the historical period, they included an extremely wide range of methods, means of influence and pressure that combined both cultural, educational and purely violent approaches.
The Purpose of the Article. Taking into account the growing practical and scientific interest in the current situation in the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economic activity, especially the state agrarian policy and its history, the author of this publication outlines the purpose of its writing, which arises from the need to form conceptual ideas about radical and tragic break in the first the five years of the Stalinist dictatorship of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian peasantry with its cultural and economic outlook, and is defined by a new approach to the assessment of the theoretical and political foundations of the social development of the Ukrainian countryside at the turn of the 1920s – 1930s. The Research Methodology. Principles of science, objectivity, historicism, determinism and a systematic approach. The Research Novelty. This article is the first in the Ukrainian historiography that examines a set of basic problems of the history of the total governmentalization of the Ukrainian village during 1929 – 1934 and its results. The Conclusions. Completely studying the theoretical aspects of the issue "Destruction of the fundamental foundations of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian countryside during the years of its total governmentalization (the end of the 20-ies – the first half of the 30-ies of the XXth century)" the author of this publication concluded that socio-political development (socio-economic, socio-political, class, socio-psychological and domestic processes and phenomena) of the Ukrainian countryside under the conditions of a severe command-repressive regime led to the destruction of the natural conditions of a rural life, a break in thoughts and views of a relatively conservative peasantry foundations of a social justice and the formation of entirely new trends in the socio-psychological image of the peasant. As for the mechanisms and principles of the destruction of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian peasantry during the historical period, they included an extremely wide range of methods, means of influence and pressure that combined both cultural, educational and purely violent approaches. ; The Purpose of the Article. Taking into account the growing practical and scientific interest in the current situation in the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economic activity, especially the state agrarian policy and its history, the author of this publication outlines the purpose of its writing, which arises from the need to form conceptual ideas about radical and tragic break in the first the five years of the Stalinist dictatorship of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian peasantry with its cultural and economic outlook, and is defined by a new approach to the assessment of the theoretical and political foundations of the social development of the Ukrainian countryside at the turn of the 1920s – 1930s. The Research Methodology. Principles of science, objectivity, historicism, determinism and a systematic approach. The Research Novelty. This article is the first in the Ukrainian historiography that examines a set of basic problems of the history of the total governmentalization of the Ukrainian village during 1929 – 1934 and its results. The Conclusions. Completely studying the theoretical aspects of the issue "Destruction of the fundamental foundations of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian countryside during the years of its total governmentalization (the end of the 20-ies – the first half of the 30-ies of the XXth century)" the author of this publication concluded that socio-political development (socio-economic, socio-political, class, socio-psychological and domestic processes and phenomena) of the Ukrainian countryside under the conditions of a severe command-repressive regime led to the destruction of the natural conditions of a rural life, a break in thoughts and views of a relatively conservative peasantry foundations of a social justice and the formation of entirely new trends in the socio-psychological image of the peasant. As for the mechanisms and principles of the destruction of the traditional way of life of the Ukrainian peasantry during the historical period, they included an extremely wide range of methods, means of influence and pressure that combined both cultural, educational and purely violent approaches.
"This book introduces the prominent role that fundamentalists play in religious, cultural, and political arenas. It begins by investigating religious fundamentalist groups and their psychological motivations for this counter-cultural adherence. Subsequent chapters explore how fundamentalisms meet universal psychological needs for meaning, identity, agency, and self-esteem. Moving from individual psychology to social context, the latter half of the book explores how fundamentalist movements derive and exercise their authority and how leaders may strategise to appeal to external societies. The closing chapters seek to place the growth of fundamentalisms and their continued popularity in the social context of modernity and populism. With engaging discussion questions and suggestions for further reading, this book is ideal for students of social science and religion, as well as readers interested in the psychological roots of fundamentalism"--
A scholar from Nahdlatul Ulama by the name of Imaduddin Utsman has recently challenged the long-accepted claim that the Ba'Alawi - Muslims of Hadhrami descent also known in Indonesia as habaib - are descendants of Prophet Muhammad. The challenge arose out of his critical examination of available records on the Prophet's lineage from the fifth century to the tenth century of Islam.His unprecedented challenge courted controversy in Indonesia. It was even more surprising that it came from a religious scholar with a traditionalist background.The debate that ensued was inevitable as the habaib community had to defend their ancestry, and joining them in their defence were some Javanese Muslim scholars. However, Imaduddin actively rebutted their responses, alongside several other like-minded non-Arab scholars.This article examines the debate where both sides presented documents and theories about the (dis)connection of the Ba'Alawi lineage to Prophet Muhammad. We argue that while Imaduddin's research does not fully invalidate the Ba'Alawi lineage, the habaib have not been entirely convincing - from Imaduddin's perspective - about their genealogy.Nevertheless, the authority of the habaib remains intact despite the challenge to their lineage. This is because they can derive their authority from other factors apart from their lineage.
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Few sociological subjects excite so much passion – and fantasies – as prostitution. Relying on a thirty year-long study of the French case, Lilian Mathieu offers an objective and comprehensive account of prostitution realities, first by analyzing the sex market as a social world with its own rules, hierarchies, and vulnerabilities, but also by stressing how prostitutes' practice and living conditions are framed and shaped by moral campaigns, public controversies, and state policies. By doing so, the book offers a new understanding of how the "deviant" and "normal" worlds interact and transform sexual norms
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