Suchergebnisse

A review essay on a book by Susan Sontag, AIDS and Its Metaphors (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1989 [see listing in IRPS No. 53]). This work is an attempt to change the status of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) from a mythical (the plague of modern society) to a biological status, ie, recognition of the disease according to its technical aspects. Sontag sees society as giving meanings to diseases that often further the suffering of those afflicted. In the case of AIDS, a disease with a death sentence, the victim is seen as unclean, a threat to society, & a scapegoat for an impending doom, & is treated accordingly. Transforming this view will be difficult, since society has always used illness as an ideological metaphor. A. Cole

Die medizinisch bislang nicht beherrschbare Infektionskrankheit der erworbenen Immunschwäche (AIDS) ist Gegenstand überdurchschnittlich hoher öffentlicher Aufmerksamkeit sowie starker Ängste und Hoffnungen. Die Ängste beziehen sich auf die weitere Ausbreitung innerhalb und außerhalb der zuerst sichtbar gewordenen Betroffenen- Gruppen (homosexuelle Männer, i.v. Drogenbenutzer, Prostituierte), die Hoffnungen richten sich auf die industrielle Entwicklung wirksamer Impfstoffe und Therapeutika. Der vorliegende Beitrag beleuchtet die bislang weitgehend ungenutzten Möglichkeiten der Krankheitsverhütung, vor allem im Bereich der nichtmedizinischen Prävention: - Die Dynamik industrieller Immunisierungs- und Therapie-Forschung führt zu einer Untergewichtung gerade jener Forschungsfelder und -fragen, die wichtige Aufschlüsse für die primäre Prävention (Verhütung von Übertragungssituationen) und die sekundäre Prävention (Verhütung der Manifestation der Krankheit nach Virus-Kontakt) erbringen könnten. - Die Aufklärungskampagnen sind hinsichtlich der Zielgruppen zu eng und hinsichtlich der Risikosituationen zu breit angelegt: Erforderlich ist die gezielte und öffentliche Aufklärung der gesamten nicht-monogam lebenden Bevölkerung über einen präzisen und scharf konturierten Risiko-Katalog, der gegenüber heutigen Ansätzen erheblich reduziert werden kann. - Aufklärung und Prävention gewinnen an Wirksamkeit, wenn sie teilgruppenspezifisch von dezentralen und nicht-staatlichen Akteuren (z.B. AIDS-Hilfen) betrieben werden. - Effizienz und Effektivität solcher Strategien erfordern die Schaffung bzw. Einhaltung einer Reihe von materiellen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen durch staatliche Stellen und das Medizinsystem. - Eine wesentliche Bedingung wirksamer Prävention ist die Reduktion des Virus-Antikörper-Tests auf die ihm medizinisch zukommenden Funktionen der Sicherung von Blutkonserven und Transplantaten, des gezielten Einsatzes in der Diagnostik und der professionellen Verwendung in ausgewiesener epidemiologischer Forschung. Der Test ist kein Instrument der Prävention; durch seinen Einsatz im Screening werden vielmehr überwiegend krankheitsstiftende und präventionsstörende Effekte erzielt. Die Durchsetzungsprobleme einer auf Prävention zielenden AIDS-Politik werden vor dem Hintergrund der brisanten sozialpsychologischen Einbettung dieser Krankheit diskutiert. Der vorliegende Text faßt Ergebnisse eines Buches zusammen, das der Autor im Oktober 1986 unter dem Titel: AIDS kann schneller besiegt werden - Gesundheitspolitik am Beispiel einer Infektionskrankheit (VSA-Verlag, Hamburg) veröffentlich hat.

A medical anthropologist in Morocco : social and cultural factors and HIV/AIDS -- Addressing a global cause in local contexts : country case study of HIV/AIDS in Brazil -- Mexicom designs a national public health HIV/AIDS campaign -- Ross IVD : global marketing issues for HIV testing products and services -- Protectom : selling condoms, a complex business -- Global pricing and ethics of marketing HIV/AIDS drugs -- Realsource India : HIV/AIDS in the back office to the world -- Winthai : initiating HIV/AIDS company action in a reborn epidemic -- Woolworths South Africa -- Designing a company HIV/AIDS program.

AbstractAid co‐ordination entails the exchange of information, an attempt to agree on aid objectives and priorities, and agreement on projects to be undertaken concurrently or jointly. It should be a mechanism for the more effective delivery of development assistance. If it works it produces several benefits. It prevents waste. It can reduce duplication of effort. It can free officials for more productive activities than unnecessary meetings with donors. Harmonizing aid procedures, reporting requirements and monitoring should reduce the administrative burden on recipient governments. For aid co‐ordination to work the administrative capacities of recipient governments need to be strengthened. Co‐ordination can be enhanced by improving the leadership role of multilateral agencies and recipient governments. Adequate resources need to be devoted to improving co‐ordination by the aid donors. Co‐ordination must be structured and organized. Monitoring capacities also need to be improved.

The war on terrorism has drawn attention to non-conventional threats to security, even as it led to conventional warfare in the case of the attack on Iraq. HIV/AIDS is arguably an even greater threat to security, with the effect of destabilizing the social and economic order to the extent that the very survival of entire nations is at stake. This article examines both the security implications of AIDS, and the various international responses aimed at slowing its spread and mitigating its impact.

The war on terrorism has drawn attention to non-conventional threats to security, even as it led to conventional warfare in the case of the attack on Iraq. HIV/AIDS is arguably an even greater threat to security, with the effect of destabilizing the social & economic order to the extent that the very survival of entire nations is at stake. This article examines both the security implications of AIDS, & the various international responses aimed at slowing its spread & mitigating its impact. [Copyright 2003 Sage Publications Ltd.]

Researchers have scrutinized foreign aid's effects on poverty and growth, but anecdotal evidence suggests that donors often use aid for other ends. We test whether donors use bilateral aid to influence elections in developing countries. We find that recipient country administrations closely aligned with a donor receive more aid during election years, while those less aligned receive less. Consistent with our interpretation, this effect holds only in competitive elections, is absent in US aid flows to non-government entities, and is driven by bilateral alignment rather than incumbent characteristics.

"Vielfach ist von einer 'Aids-Angst' in den 1980er Jahren die Rede. Doch wurde weniger eine spezifische Angst vor der Krankheit artikuliert, als viel häufiger ein allgemeineres Gefühl: die Angst vor Stigmatisierung und sozialer Ausgrenzung." (Autorenreferat)

Abstract. A conceptualization of international aid‐giving behaviour, based on the notion of bounded rationality and involving the interaction of objective and subjective factors, is developed. From this conceptualization, four hypotheses are deduced to explain the variation of development aid expenditures as a percentage of GNP: the instrumental hypothesis, the humanitarian hypothesis, the ideological hypothesis, and the incremental hypothesis. These hypotheses are tested on data concerning aid allocations of 17 OECD donors for four points in time (1966, 1971, 1976, and 1981), through the use of a regression model. Results show that the model as a whole explains between 85% and 96% of the variance in the dependent variable. Tests of individual hypotheses show that the instrumental explanation is the best predictor of aid as a percentage of GNP if a lagged value of the dependent variable is used on the right‐hand side of the equation. When the lagged value of the dependent variable is dropped from the equations, the best predictor is the ideological explanation. The contribution of the humanitarian explanation to the explained variance is negligible.

AIDS and migration are two salient features of the latter half of this century. Over 30 million persons world‐wide are estimated to be infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Concurrently, about 100 million persons move voluntarily within or between nations each year, while almost 40 million are either internally displaced or refugees outside their own countries.Previously, governments' main concern was that incoming migrants might bring HIV with them. While this scenario still applies, there is increasing recognition that migrants may be more vulnerable than local populations to acquiring the infection during migration, and that they may spread the infection upon return to their respective homes.This article is jointly authored by the two international organizations with major responsibilities in the fields of migration and HIV/AIDS.The International Organization for Migration (IOM) upholds the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. Among its responsibilities, the IOM is dedicated to advancing understanding of migration issues and work towards effective respect of the human dignity and well being of migrants.The United Nations Joint Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS) is the main advocate for global action on HIV/AIDS. Part of its mission is to lead, strengthen and support an expanded response to the epidemic. UNAIDS does this through strategic alliances with its UN cosponsors as well as other partners.In order to address gaps in policy and research, and better identify the priorities for further work, UNAIDS and the IOM undertook a joint project to review the current state of knowledge about migration and HIV/AIDS, and to identify priority areas and issues for research and intervention. The long term objective of this work is to strengthen the joint action of IOM, UNAIDS and its cosponsors and other key players at the global, regional and country levels in order to advance the issues of AIDS and migration to a level of operational response to the epidemic.