Suchergebnisse

This article describes the development and pilot testing of a curriculum of rape-prevention and self-defense skills for visually impaired women. After the course, the women's physical self-defense skills, self-confidence, and understanding of the ability to solve problems in hypothetically dangerous situations increased.

This work challenges the unacceptable gap between the positive rules of the international law governing armed hostilities and actual state practice. It discusses reducing the human suffering caused by this reality. The text offers a new paradigm based on reality that may elevate the humanitarian threshold by replacing the currently problematic imperatives imposed upon militaries with professionally-based, attainable requirements.

This article suggests that viewing the right to self-determination as an enforceable right possibly leading up to secession is no longer tenable, if it ever was. Instead, courts and quasi-judicial tribunals have reconceptualized self-determination as a legal principle rather than a right and have severed the connection with secession. Hence, this article argues that self-determination has been turned into a procedural norm; and this reconceptualization can be defended in terms of republican political theory.

AbstractThe issue of "gender integration" within the military organization has long been a major research topic in military sociology. In the last two decades, however, specific topics such as "gender mainstreaming," "diversity management," and "diversity and inclusion" have pervaded sociological studies on military organizations. In this article, I examine the current state of gender integration in the Japan Self‐Defense Forces (JSDF), focusing on efforts to promote gender mainstreaming. In particular, following the National Action Plan to implement the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 was formulated in 2015, the Ministry of Defense issued the JSDF Female Personnel Empowerment Initiative in 2017, in which previous challenges for career development of female SDF personnel were to be removed by making virtually all job categories available for women including combat pilot, missile boat crew, and tank driver. While the number and ratio of female personnel have increased and their prospects of career development have substantially improved in the last few years, work–life conflict and sexual/power harassment remain to be challenging issues for the retention of female personnel. Due to the deep‐rooted male‐dominant organizational culture of the military organization, further organizational challenges remain for JSDF to shift its overarching human resource management paradigm from "Diversity 1.0" to "Diversity 2.0," with the strong commitment of top leaders to innovate organizational culture.

Introduction to international legal regulation -- Custom and other sources -- Treaties -- States -- International organizations -- Principles of state responsibility -- Adjudicating international disputes -- Enforcing international law -- Self-defense -- Humanitarian intervention -- Human rights -- International humanitarian law -- International criminal law -- Applying international law in domestic courts -- Principles of jurisdiction -- Immunities -- International economic law -- International environmental law.

Rechtliche Bewertung einer gewaltsamen Befreiung der amerikanischen Geiseln in Teheran (1979/80) und der amerikanischen Boykott-Maßnahmen gegen den Iran, wie Einfrieren der iranischen Guthaben bei amerikanischen Banken in den USA und anderen Ländern. (DÜI-Seu)

Collective security is the main purpose of the United Nations, just as it was the main purpose of its predecessor, the League of Nations. What does collective security mean? Under general international law the principle of self-help prevails. The protection of the legal interests of the states against violations on the part of other states is left to the individual state whose right has been violated. General international law authorizes the state, i.e., the individual member of the international community, to resort, in case of a violation of its rights, to reprisals or war against that state which is responsible for the violation. Reprisals and war are enforcement actions. Insofar as they are reactions against violations of the law, and authorized by it, they have the character of sanctions. We speak of collective security when the protection of the rights of the states, the reaction against the violation of the law, assumes the character of a collective enforcement action.

The use of force is prohibited under the UN Charter. An exception is written in Article 51, which allows a state to conduct an act of self-defense. This study explains why only some states invoke it. The author claims that the baseline probability of claiming the right remains low because explicit reference to Article 51 accompanies the uncertainty of justification success and poses legal and diplomatic costs. However, balanced escalation and no alliance relationship negate those costs and increase the likelihood of self-defense justification. Moreover, under the strict conditionality, minor powers receiving American military aid frequently and promptly claim self-defense.

Exceptions to international obligations can be expressed in several ways and be of fundamental practical importance. Bringing together legal philosophers and scholars of international law, this volume provides theoretical frameworks for the understanding of such exceptions and their application in specific areas of international law.