Solar-powered electrochemical production of hydrogen through water electrolysis is an active and important research endeavor. However, technologies and roadmaps for implementation of this process do not exist. In this perspective paper, we describe potential pathways for solar-hydrogen technologies into the marketplace in the form of photoelectrochemical or photovoltaic-driven electrolysis devices and systems. We detail technical approaches for device and system architectures, economic drivers, societal perceptions, political impacts, technological challenges, and research opportunities. Implementation scenarios are broken down into short-term and long-term markets, and a specific technology roadmap is defined. In the short term, the only plausible economical option will be photovoltaic-driven electrolysis systems for niche applications. In the long term, electrochemical solar-hydrogen technologies could be deployed more broadly in energy markets but will require advances in the technology, significant cost reductions, and/or policy changes. Ultimately, a transition to a society that significantly relies on solar-hydrogen technologies will benefit from continued creativity and influence from the scientific community.
In: Ardo , S , Rivas , D F , Modestino , M A , Greiving , V S , Abdi , F F , Llado , E A , Artero , V , Ayers , K , Battaglia , C , Becker , J-P , Bederak , D , Berger , A , Buda , F , Chinello , E , Dam , B , Di Palma , V , Edvinsson , T , Fujii , K , Gardeniers , H , Geerlings , H , Hashemi , S M H , Haussener , S , Houle , F , Huskens , J , James , B D , Konrad , K , Kudo , A , Kunturu , P P , Lohse , D , Mei , B , Miller , E L , Moore , G F , Muller , J , Orchard , K L , Rosser , T E , Saadi , F H , Schuttauf , J-W , Seger , B , Sheehan , S W , Smith , W A , Spurgeon , J , Tang , M H , van de Krol , R , Vesborg , P C K & Westerik , P 2018 , ' Pathways to electrochemical solar-hydrogen technologies ' , Energy & Environmental Science , vol. 11 , no. 10 , pp. 2768-2783 . https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ee03639f ; ISSN:1754-5692
Solar-powered electrochemical production of hydrogen through water electrolysis is an active and important research endeavor. However, technologies and roadmaps for implementation of this process do not exist. In this perspective paper, we describe potential pathways for solar-hydrogen technologies into the marketplace in the form of photoelectrochemical or photovoltaic-driven electrolysis devices and systems. We detail technical approaches for device and system architectures, economic drivers, societal perceptions, political impacts, technological challenges, and research opportunities. Implementation scenarios are broken down into short-term and long-term markets, and a specific technology roadmap is defined. In the short term, the only plausible economical option will be photovoltaic-driven electrolysis systems for niche applications. In the long term, electrochemical solar-hydrogen technologies could be deployed more broadly in energy markets but will require advances in the technology, significant cost reductions, and/ or policy changes. Ultimately, a transition to a society that significantly relies on solar-hydrogen technologies will benefit from continued creativity and influence from the scientific community.
In: Ardo , S , Fernandez Rivas , D , Modestino , M A , Schulze Greiving , V , Abdi , F F , Alarcon Llado , E , Artero , V , Ayers , K , Battaglia , C , Becker , J P , Bederak , D , Berger , A , Buda , F , Chinello , E , Dam , B , Di Palma , V , Edvinsson , T , Fujii , K , Gardeniers , H , Geerlings , H , Hashemi , S M , Haussener , S , Houle , F , Huskens , J , James , B D , Konrad , K , Kudo , A , Kunturu , P P , Lohse , D , Mei , B T , Miller , E L , Moore , G F , Muller , J , Orchard , K L , Rosser , T E , Saadi , F H , Schüttauf , J W , Seger , B , Sheehan , S W , Smith , W A , Spurgeon , J , Tang , M H , Van De Krol , R , Vesborg , P C K & Westerik , P 2018 , ' Pathways to electrochemical solar-hydrogen technologies ' , Energy & Environmental Science , vol. 11 , no. 10 , pp. 2768-2783 . https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ee03639f
Solar-powered electrochemical production of hydrogen through water electrolysis is an active and important research endeavor. However, technologies and roadmaps for implementation of this process do not exist. In this perspective paper, we describe potential pathways for solar-hydrogen technologies into the marketplace in the form of photoelectrochemical or photovoltaic-driven electrolysis devices and systems. We detail technical approaches for device and system architectures, economic drivers, societal perceptions, political impacts, technological challenges, and research opportunities. Implementation scenarios are broken down into short-term and long-term markets, and a specific technology roadmap is defined. In the short term, the only plausible economical option will be photovoltaic-driven electrolysis systems for niche applications. In the long term, electrochemical solar-hydrogen technologies could be deployed more broadly in energy markets but will require advances in the technology, significant cost reductions, and/or policy changes. Ultimately, a transition to a society that significantly relies on solar-hydrogen technologies will benefit from continued creativity and influence from the scientific community.
Do human societies from around the world exhibit similarities in the way that they are structured, and show commonalities in the ways that they have evolved? These are long-standing questions that have proven difficult to answer. To test between competing hypotheses, we constructed a massive repository of historical and archaeological information known as "Seshat: Global History Databank." We systematically coded data on 414 societies from 30 regions around the world spanning the last 10,000 years. We were able to capture information on 51 variables reflecting nine characteristics of human societies, such as social scale, economy, features of governance, and information systems. Our analyses revealed that these different characteristics show strong relationships with each other and that a single principal component captures around three-quarters of the observed variation. Furthermore, we found that different characteristics of social complexity are highly predictable across different world regions. These results suggest that key aspects of social organization are functionally related and do indeed coevolve in predictable ways. Our findings highlight the power of the sciences and humanities working together to rigorously test hypotheses about general rules that may have shaped human history.
Do human societies from around the world exhibit similarities in the way that they are structured, and show commonalities in the ways that they have evolved? These are long-standing questions that have proven difficult to answer. To test between competing hypotheses, we constructed a massive repository of historical and archaeological information known as "Seshat: Global History Databank." We systematically coded data on 414 societies from 30 regions around the world spanning the last 10,000 years. We were able to capture information on 51 variables reflecting nine characteristics of human societies, such as social scale, economy, features of governance, and information systems. Our analyses revealed that these different characteristics show strong relationships with each other and that a single principal component captures around three-quarters of the observed variation. Furthermore, we found that different characteristics of social complexity are highly predictable across different world regions. These results suggest that key aspects of social organization are functionally related and do indeed coevolve in predictable ways. Our findings highlight the power of the sciences and humanities working together to rigorously test hypotheses about general rules that may have shaped human history. ; This work was supported by a John Templeton Foundation Grant (to the Evolution Institute) entitled "Axial-Age Religions and the Z-Curve of Human Egalitarianism," a Tricoastal Foundation Grant (to the Evolution Institute) entitled "The Deep Roots of the Modern World: The Cultural Evolution of Economic Growth and Political Stability," Economic and Social Research Council Large Grant REF RES-060-25-0085 entitled "Ritual, Community, and Conflict," an Advanced Grant from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme Grant 694986, and Grant 644055 from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (ALIGNED; www.aligned-project.eu). T.E.C. is supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement 716212). ; Peer Reviewed
Bilingual edition (English/German) / Zweisprachige Ausgabe (deutsch/englisch) Experimental dwelling forms—CoHousing Cultures—are entering the mainstream. But to what extent are they accessible and affordable for all, including people with more or less money, with or without refugee experience, with or without disabilities? Community- led housing initiatives are already developing diverse, sustainable neighborhoods, driven by civil society and increasingly supported by foundations, cooperatives and municipalities as well as housing companies and developers.This book contains critical reviews of model projects representing a multifaceted European movement, complemented with photos and drawings. Short texts argue how political and financial conditions can be improved to better realize community housing. Finally, a range of voices offer unconventional and promising strategies
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Frontmatter -- Contents -- Avant-Propos -- Programme -- Conception de la famille, réalités humaines et divines : les mots et les choses -- Famille élargie ou famille nucléaire? Problèmes de démographie antique -- Belief in Family Reunion in the Afterlife in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean -- The Old-Babylonian Family Cult and Its Projection on the Ground: A Cross-Disciplinary Investigation -- The Social Family Unit in the Light of Bronze Age Burial Customs in the Near East: An Intertextual Approach -- Les termes sémitiques de parenté dans les sources cunéiformes : L'apport de l'étymologie -- Les Relations Parents – Enfants dans la Mythologie Mésopotamienne -- Fathers and Sons in Syro-Mesopotamian Pantheons -- Die Familie des Gottes Aššur -- The Astral Family in Kassite Kudurrus Reliefs -- "Semence ignée": pahhursis et warwalan en hittite -- IIIe millénaire -- Cherchez la femme: The SAL Sign in Proto-Cuneiform Writing -- Urnanshe's Family and the Evolution of Its Inside Relationships as Shown by Images -- The Ebla Families -- Muliebris imago : reines, princesses et prêtresses à Ebla -- Family Portraits -- Ier moitié du IIe millenaire -- Family Daily Life at Tell Mardikh-Ebla (Syria) during the Middle Bronze Age -- To Dedicate or Marry a Nadîtu-Woman of Marduk in Old Babylonian Society -- Why Are Two Royal Female Members Given to the Same Man? -- Awīlum and Muškēnum in the Age of Hammurabi -- Les activités de Gimillum, frère de Balmunamḫe. Une gestion familiale des ressources agricoles et animales à Larsa au temps de Rīm-Sîn -- Famille et transmission du patrimoine à Larsa : Une approche anthropologique -- Families of Old Assyrian Traders -- Deuxième moitié du IIe millenaire -- The Scribes of Amarna: A Family Affair? -- Family in Crisis in Late Bronze Age Syria -- Modèle familial et solidarités sociales à Émar -- La famille hittite : ce que les lois nous apprennent . . . -- La naissance d'après la documentation archéologique d'Ougarit -- The Families in the Middle Assyrian Administrative Texts from the "Big Silos" of Assur (Assur M 8) -- Nam-dub-sar-ra a-na mu-e-pad3-da-zu . . . De l'apprentissage et l'éducation des scribes médio-assyriens -- Astuwatamanzas 0 and the Family of Suhis in Karkemiš -- Des néo-assyriens aux parthes -- Sammu-ramāt: Regent or Queen Mother? -- Family Affairs in the Neo-Assyrian Court -- La notion de famille royale à l'époque néo-assyrienne -- The Multifunctional Israelite Family -- Apprenticeship in the Neo-Babylonian Period: A Study of Bargaining Power -- Eine ungewöhnliche Adoption und ein fataler Totschlag – -- The Case of Ubartu -- Tappaššar and Her Relations with Iddin-Nabû, the Adopted Son of Her Husband in the Light of a New Document -- Le rôle de la famille de Nusku-gabbē au sein de la communauté de Neirab -- Von der gelehrten Schreibung zum anerkannten Standard -- Images of Parthian Queens -- Parenté réelle et symbolique au sein de la communauté du temple en Babylonie tardive : L'exemple de l'archive des brasseurs de Borsippa -- Communications hors thème -- Une question de rythme au pays d'Apum -- The Wall Slabs of the Old Palace in the City of Ashur -- L'évolution d'une colonie néo-assyrienne dans le bas Moyen-Euphrate syrien (9e–8e siècle av. J.-C.) : recherches archéologiques et historiques récentes à Tell Masaikh -- "In Order to Make Him Completely Dead" -- Art Assyrien et Cubisme -- Nonfinite Clauses in Gudea Cylinder B, Revisited -- Remarques sur la Datation des Campagnes Néo-Babyloniennes en Cilicie -- André Lemaire -- La famille multicolore des bovins dans l'Uruk archaïque
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Human biomonitoring has become a pivotal tool for supporting chemicals' policies. It provides information on real-life human exposures and is increasingly used to prioritize chemicals of health concern and to evaluate the success of chemical policies. Europe has launched the ambitious REACH program in 2007 to improve the protection of human health and the environment. In October 2020 the EU commission published its new chemicals strategy for sustainability towards a toxic-free environment. The European Parliament called upon the commission to collect human biomonitoring data to support chemical's risk assessment and risk management. This manuscript describes the organization of the first HBM4EU-aligned studies that obtain comparable human biomonitoring (HBM) data of European citizens to monitor their internal exposure to environmental chemicals. The HBM4EU-aligned studies build on existing HBM capacity in Europe by aligning national or regional HBM studies. The HBM4EU-aligned studies focus on three age groups: children, teenagers, and adults. The participants are recruited between 2014 and 2021 in 11 to 12 primary sampling units that are geographically distributed across Europe. Urine samples are collected in all age groups, and blood samples are collected in children and teenagers. Auxiliary information on socio-demographics, lifestyle, health status, environment, and diet is collected using questionnaires. In total, biological samples from 3137 children aged 6–12 years are collected for the analysis of biomarkers for phthalates, HEXAMOLL(®) DINCH, and flame retardants. Samples from 2950 teenagers aged 12–18 years are collected for the analysis of biomarkers for phthalates, Hexamoll(®) DINCH, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and samples from 3522 adults aged 20–39 years are collected for the analysis of cadmium, bisphenols, and metabolites of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The children's group consists of 50.4% boys and 49.5% girls, of which 44.1% live in cities, 29.0% live in towns/suburbs, ...
Acknowledgements The authors thank the following individuals who contributed to the initial set-up of ISAR, provided input to the development of the protocol and/or were involved in local implementation of ISAR: Elisabeth Bel, Roland Buhl, Sverre Lehmann, Stelios Loukidis, Richard Martin, Juno Pak, Pearlanne Zelar ney, Joy Zimmer, Christena Kolakowski, Margo Brown, Jessica Cummings, Jennifer Brandorff, Seth Skelton, John Upham, Philip Bardin, Paul Reynolds, David Langton, Peter Middleton, Belinda Cochrane, Katya Vasileva Noleva, Plamen Hristov Yakovliev, Sonya Metodieva Genova, Violina Milchova Vasi leva, Darina Petrova Dimova, Nadezhda K Takovska, Cvetantka Hristova Odz hakova, Eleonora M Stamenova, Diana X Hristova, Vincente Plaza, Ian Hirsch, Cekomir Vodenicharov, Alexandrina Vodenicharova and Magdalena Alexandrova. Medical writing support was provided by Michelle Rebello, PhD, and Liam Gillies, PhD, of Cactus Communications (Mumbai, India). Funding The International Severe Asthma Registry is conducted by Optimum Patient Care Global Limited, and co-funded by Optimum Patient Care Global Limited and AstraZeneca. ISAR is supported by grants from AstraZeneca and Optimum Patient Care (OPC) Global (a not-for-profit social enterprise). The ISAR steering committee (ISC) was involved in the development of the protocol and is responsible for approving research proposals via a democratic voting process. In addition to 47 clinicians and researchers with an interest and experience in severe asthma, the ISC also includes members of OPC and four medical experts from AstraZeneca. AstraZeneca reviewed the draft before submission; however, decision to submit was made by the authors. Medical writing support was funded by AstraZeneca in accordance with Good Publication Practice (GPP3) guidelines (http://www.ismpp.org/gpp3). ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF
Publisher's version (útgefin grein) ; Background: Severe asthma exerts a disproportionately heavy burden on patients and health care. Due to the heterogeneity of the severe asthma population, many patients need to be evaluated to understand the clinical features and outcomes of severe asthma in order to facilitate personalised and targeted care. The International Severe Asthma Registry (ISAR) is a multi-country registry project initiated to aid in this endeavour. Methods: ISAR is a multi-disciplinary initiative benefitting from the combined experience of the ISAR Steering Committee (ISC; comprising 47 clinicians and researchers across 29 countries, who have a special interest and/or experience in severe asthma management or establishment and maintenance of severe asthma registries) in collaboration with scientists and experts in database management and communication. Patients (=18 years old) receiving treatment according to the 2018 definitions of the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Step 5 or uncontrolled on GINA Step 4 treatment will be included. Data will be collected on a core set of 95 variables identified using the Delphi method. Participating registries will agree to provide access to and share standardised anonymous patient-level data with ISAR. ISAR is a registered data source on the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance. ISAR's collaborators include Optimum Patient Care, the Respiratory Effectiveness Group (REG) and AstraZeneca. ISAR is overseen by the ISC, REG, the Anonymised Data Ethics and Protocol Transparency Committee and the ISAR operational committee, ensuring the conduct of ethical, clinically relevant research that brings value to all key stakeholders. Conclusions: ISAR aims to offer a rich source of real-life data for scientific research to understand and improve disease burden, treatment patterns and patient outcomes in severe asthma. Furthermore, the registry will provide an international platform for research collaboration in respiratory medicine, with the overarching aim of improving primary and secondary care of adults with severe asthma globally. ; The International Severe Asthma Registry is conducted by Optimum Patient Care Global Limited, and co-funded by Optimum Patient Care Global Limited and AstraZeneca. ISAR is supported by grants from AstraZeneca and Optimum Patient Care (OPC) Global (a not-for-profit social enterprise). The ISAR steering committee (ISC) was involved in the development of the protocol and is responsible for approving research proposals via a democratic voting process. In addition to 47 clinicians and researchers with an interest and experience in severe asthma, the ISC also includes members of OPC and four medical experts from AstraZeneca. AstraZeneca reviewed the draft before submission; however, decision to submit was made by the authors. Medical writing support was funded by AstraZeneca in accordance with Good Publication Practice (GPP3) guidelines (http://www.ismpp.org/gpp3). ; Peer Reviewed
High mass X-ray binaries are among the brightest X-ray sources in the Milky Way, as well as in nearby Galaxies. Thanks to their highly variable emissions and complex phenomenology, they have attracted the interest of the high energy astrophysical community since the dawn of X-ray Astronomy. In more recent years, they have challenged our comprehension of physical processes in many more energy bands, ranging from the infrared to very high energies. In this review, we provide a broad but concise summary of the physical processes dominating the emission from high mass X-ray binaries across virtually the whole electromagnetic spectrum. These comprise the interaction of stellar winds with the high gravitational and magnetic fields of compact objects, the behaviour of matter under extreme magnetic and gravity conditions, and the perturbation of the massive star evolutionary processes by presence in a binary system. We highlight the role of the INTEGRAL mission in the discovery of many of the most interesting objects in the high mass X-ray binary class and its contribution in reviving the interest for these sources over the past two decades. We show how the INTEGRAL discoveries have not only contributed to significantly increase the number of high mass X-ray binaries known, thus advancing our understanding of the population as a whole, but also have opened new windows of investigation that stimulated the multi-wavelength approach nowadays common in most astrophysical research fields. We conclude the review by providing an overview of future facilities being planned from the X-ray to the very high energy domain that will hopefully help us in finding an answer to the many questions left open after more than 18 years of INTEGRAL scientific observations. ; The INTEGRALteams in the participating countries acknowledge the continuous support from their space agencies and funding organizations: the Italian Space Agency ASI (via different agreements including the latest one, 2019-35HH, and the ASIINAF agreement 2017-14-H.0), the French Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (KP, 19-02-00790), the Russian Science Foundation (ST, VD, AL; 19-12-00423), the Spanish State Research Agency (via different grants including ESP2017-85691-P, ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R and Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu – CAB MDM-2017-0737). IN is partially supported by the Spanish Government under grant PGC2018-093741-B-C21/C22 (MICIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). LD acknowledges grant 50 OG 1902.
Background: In all societies, the burden and cost of allergic and chronic respiratory diseases are increasing rapidly. Most economies are struggling to deliver modern health care effectively. There is a need to support the transformation of the health care system into integrated care with organizational health literacy. Main body: As an example for chronic disease care, MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel NetworK), a new project of the ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) initiative, and POLLAR (Impact of Air POLLution on Asthma and Rhinitis, EIT Health), in collaboration with professional and patient organizations in the field of allergy and airway diseases, are proposing real-life ICPs centred around the patient with rhinitis, and using mHealth to monitor environmental exposure. Three aspects of care pathways are being developed: (i) Patient participation, health literacy and self-care through technology-assisted "patient activation", (ii) Implementation of care pathways by pharmacists and (iii) Next-generation guidelines assessing the recommendations of GRADE guidelines in rhinitis and asthma using real-world evidence (RWE) obtained through mobile technology. The EU and global political agendas are of great importance in supporting the digital transformation of health and care, and MASK has been recognized by DG Santé as a Good Practice in the field of digitally-enabled, integrated, person-centred care. Conclusion: In 20 years, ARIA has considerably evolved from the first multimorbidity guideline in respiratory diseases to the digital transformation of health and care with a strong political involvement. ; Partly funded by POLLAR (Impact of Air POLLution on Asthma and Rhinitis, EIT Health), and ...
Background: In all societies, the burden and cost of allergic and chronic respiratory diseases are increasing rapidly. Most economies are struggling to deliver modern health care effectively. There is a need to support the transformation of the health care system into integrated care with organizational health literacy. Main body: As an example for chronic disease care, MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel NetworK), a new project of the ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) initiative, and POLLAR (Impact of Air POLLution on Asthma and Rhi-nitis, EIT Health), in collaboration with professional and patient organizations in the field of allergy and airway diseases, are proposing real-life ICPs centred around the patient with rhinitis, and using mHealth to monitor environmental exposure. Three aspects of care pathways are being developed: (i) Patient participation, health literacy and self-care through technology-assisted "patient activation", (ii) Implementation of care pathways by pharmacists and (iii) Next-generation guidelines assessing the recommendations of GRADE guidelines in rhinitis and asthma using real-world evidence (RWE) obtained through mobile technology. The EU and global political agendas are of great importance in supporting the digital transformation of health and care, and MASK has been recognized by DG Santé as a Good Practice in the field of digitally-enabled, integrated, person-centred care. Conclusion: In 20 years, ARIA has considerably evolved from the first multimorbidity guideline in respiratory diseases to the digital transformation of health and care with a strong political involvement.
Societies worldwide are investing considerable resources into the safe development and use of nanomaterials. Although each of these protective efforts is crucial for governing the risks of nanomaterials, they are insufficient in isolation. What is missing is a more integrative governance approach that goes beyond legislation. Development of this approach must be
