Suchergebnisse

The article deals with the problem of social foundations of law and legal policy. It is emphasized that the legal policy will be able to fulfil its tasks only by achieving a high level of its scientific validity, which implies its focus on a deep study of the social context of law. Attention is focused on the determining role of competition (conflict) and cooperation (solidarity) of social interests for law and the legal policy pursued by the state. The conflict and solidarity nature of law and legal means is stated. It is noted that when dealing with conflicts, law operates with restrictive legal means, to maintain cooperation relations in society, law acts with the help of permissions and other positive legal means. With regard to these styles of legal regulation, the concepts of conflict law and the law of cooperation are used, respectively. The significance of the mechanisms of coordination of interests in law-making policy and law is established. The importance of involving civil society institutions in the state-legal construction and the need to conduct sociological research in law, which will allow law and legal policy to acquire the necessary state of quality and efficiency, is determined.

Le donne palestinesi affrontano enormi sfide rispetto al godimento dei propri diritti, a causa di un sistema legale e culturale prevalente a livello regionale il quale permette la violazione dei diritti delle donne, incoraggia la violenza contro di loro, e le priva del diritto alla giustizia, specialmente in assenza di un sistema legislative nazionale omogeneo che possa proteggere i loro diritti. Ciò costituisce una rilevante contraddizione rispetto agli obblighi internazionali imposti dalla 'Convenzione sull'elimination di tutte le forme di discriminazione control le donne (CEDAW), di cui la Palestina è firmataria. Pertanto, questa ricerca mira a identificare le carenze, a livello penale e procedurale, rispetto alla protezione dei diritti delle donne e alla violenza che subiscono. La tesi prende in considerazione mezzi di emancipazione politica ed economica per le donne basandosi sui meccanismi internazionali di protezione delle donne dalla violenza. Infine, la presenti tesi si pone l'obiettivo di evidenziare come l'armonizzazione della legislazione palestinese con questi meccanismi sia possible e di vitale importanza. L'obiettivo finale di questa tesi è di promuovere lo status delle donne palestinesi, la giustizia, e l'uguaglianza. Il primo capitolo prende in considerazione la protezione giuridica del 'diritto alla vita, all'integrità fisica, e alla libertà sessuale'. Il capitolo analizza le disposizioni normative che proteggono questo diritto e mostra le carenze del sistema giuridico nel proteggere le donne contro le discriminazioni ed, in particolare, control la violenza contro le donne, come richiesto dalle convenzioni internazionali sui diritti umani. Il secondo capitolo analizza gli ostacoli e le sfide giuridiche che limitano la capacità delle donne vittime di violenza di avere accesso alla giustizia e al sistema giuridico. Ciò viene approfondito attraverso un esame di pratiche guridiche negative come la detenzione amministrativa in 'luoghi sicuri', e le restrizioni giuridiche legate alla denuncia. Inoltre, questo capitolo analizza il sistema giuridico rispetto al problema della violenza contro le donne, il modo in cui affrontano casi di donne vittime di violenza, e la loro adesione alle leggi internazionali sui diritti umani. Le misure per il rafforzamento e la protezione giuridica dei diritti delle donne vittime di violenza sono discusse nel terzo ed ultimo capitolo. Questo tema viene analizzato attraverso l'adozione di mecchanismi per l'emancipazione giuridica delle donne al fine di creare un'armonia tra le leggi nazionali e gli standard internazionali sui diritti umani e la CEDAW. Il capitol la possibilità e gli ostacoli nell adottare un'apposita legge volta a contrastare la violenza contro le donne, tanto quanto le modalità di risarcimento per le vittime. La tesi non trascura altri aspetti dell'emancipazione femminile. In particolare, la ricerca analizza l'emancipazione politica delle donne attraverso la loro partecipazione al voto, tanto quanto alla loro partecipazione attiva in politica e al processo decisionale. Inoltre, l'emancipazione economica delle donne si ottiene garantendo loro il diritto all'eredità, al lavoro, e ai fondi comuni sulla base della parità con gli uomini, in modo tale da fornire alle donne le armi necessarie per affrontare ed eliminare la violenza. ; Abstract Palestinian women face enormous challenges in terms of enjoying and exercising human rights, as a result of the legal and cultural heritage prevailing in the region that permits the violation of women's rights, encourages violence against them, and deprives them of their right to access justice, especially in the absence of a homogeneous national legislative system that protects the rights of women as human rights. This constitutes a fundamental contradiction to the international obligations imposed on Palestine as a state party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women "CEDAW". Therefore, the present thesis aims to identify the deficiencies in the field of the substantive and procedural criminal protection of Palestinian women's rights in the face of violence, to inform the means of economic and political empowerment of women, to refer to international mechanisms in the face of violence against women, and to harmonize Palestinian legislation for these mechanisms. This is done in order to advance the status of Palestinian women and achieve justice and equality. Chapter One discusses the extent of the criminal protection of women's right to life, physical integrity, and sexual freedom, by analyzing and criticizing the legal provisions that protect these rights in order to show their deficiencies in discrimination against women on the basis of sex, and the deficiencies in ensuring the full protection of women against violence as required by international human rights conventions and charters. Chapter Two discusses the legal and factual obstacles and challenges that limit the abilities of women who are victims of violence to access justice. This is done by highlighting negative practices related to administrative arrest and detention in safe houses, and the legal restrictions and gaps related to the complaint. In addition, it focuses on the position of the criminal justice agencies on cases of violence against women, the way they deal with battered women and their complaints, and their adherence to the laws and respect for human rights standards. Measures to strengthen the criminal protection of women's rights in the face of violence are discussed in Chapter Three the last chapter. This is done by adopting mechanisms for the legal empowerment of women in order to achieve harmony with international human rights standards, and to achieve legislative harmonization with CEDAW, through discussing the rationale of enacting a law to combat violence against women and the obstacles to the adoption of the law to date, and ways to achieve redress for victims. Other aspects of women empowerment are not neglected. In particular, the political empowerment of women is discussed by focusing on ensuring their participation in voting, running in elections, and highlighting the importance of their participation in decision-making. In addition, the economic empowerment of women is achieved by ensuring their right to inheritance, work, and joint funds on an equal basis with men to equip women with the weapons necessary to confront and eliminate violence.

Die wichtigste dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegende Frage ist, ob ein spezifisches muslimisches Strafrecht in den muslimischen Ländern noch angewendet werden kann. Gibt es eine Zukunft für die Sharia, und wenn ja, wie sieht diese aus? Welche Art des Strafrechts wird zurzeit und zukünftig benötigt, um ein ruhiges und beständiges Leben in islamischen Gesellschaften zu ermöglichen? Können diese Gesellschaften einen Gesetzeskodex anwenden, der den internationalen und inländischen Erwartungen im Sinne der grundlegenden Menschenrechte sowie den Prinzipien von Gerechtigkeit und Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz entspricht? Mit dieser vorliegende Recherche möchte ich wichtige Konzepte des Strafrechts erklären - nicht nur Nicht-Muslimen sondern auch Muslimen. Wir haben selbst auch das Bedürfnis zu erlernen, wie man mittels wissenschaftlicher Methoden und Logik das islamische Strafrecht erforschen und erfassen kann. Wir möchten zeigen, wie islamisches Strafrecht durch Studie und Analyse verstanden werden sollte. Die Auslegung des Gesetzes muss entsprechend dem Nutzen und im Interesse der Menschen geändert werden, weil Gott möchte, dass seine gesamte Schöpfung in Frieden, Gerechtigkeit und Respekt füreinander lebt. Die heutige islamische Welt ist streng in Modernismus und Fundamentalismus geteilt. Beide Denkweisen können in hohem Grade über ihr Verhältnis zum Westen definiert werden. Modernismus zieht in Betracht, was der Westen erzielt hat und verlangt eine Anpassung der eigenen Ideen, Werte und Bräuche. Die Modernisten befürworten eine ausgedehnte Deutung des Islams, um traditionelle islamische Lehren und Prinzipien harmonisch mit den Aspekten einer modernen, progressiven Gesellschaft co-existieren zu lassen. Fundamentalismus dagegen verlangt die Rückkehr zum angeblich ursprünglichsten Konzept des Islam, das westliche Errungenschaften und Konzepte zurückweist. Bereits zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts stimmten liberale islamische Denker darin überein, dass es zwingend notwendig ist, die rechtlichen Grundlagen zu modernisieren ohne dabei jedoch islamische Beschränkungen völlig zu vernachlässigen. ; The big question underlying this work is whether a specific Muslim criminal law can still be applied in Muslim countries. Is there a future for the Sharia, and if yes, how will it look like? What type of criminal law is needed at present and in the future in order to provide for peaceful and stable Islamic societies that apply a law code that meets international and domestic expectations in view of basic human rights as well as general approaches towards justice and equality before the Law? Through this research I would like to explain some important points of criminal law not just for the non -Muslims but also for Muslims. We ourselves want to learn how to conduct research using scientific methods and logic in order to understand Islamic criminal law. We want to show how Islamic criminal law should be understood through study and analysis. The analysis of law must be changed according to the benefits and interests of the people because God wants to see all his creation living in good way, peacefully, with justice and respect for each others. The Islamic world of today is sharply divided between modernism and fundamentalism. Both streams of thought may be defined to a large extent by their relationship to the West. Modernism takes into account what the West has achieved and calls for an adaptation to one's own ideas, values and practices. They advocate a broad interpretation of Islam for harmonising the traditional Islamic teachings and principles with the needs of a modern, progressive society. Fundamentalism, on the other hand, implies a return to a supposedly original core Islamic concept that rejects Western achievements. By the beginning of the 20th century there was a consensus among liberal Islamic thinkers about the necessity to reform and to meet modern legal standards without totally abandoning Islamic restrictions.

Современная уголовная политика характеризуется отсутствием внятной оперативно-разыскной концепции «контролируемого преступления», причем в научном осмыслении нуждается не только оперативно-разыскная процедура, но и корреспондирующие оперативно-разыскному закону уголовно-правовые нормы. Авторы анализируют ситуации, когда, с одной стороны, под контролем правоохранительных органов совершаются тяжкие и особо тяжкие преступления, что может быть признано существенным нарушением интересов общества, с другой — оперативно-разыскное наблюдение за совершаемыми преступлениями осуществляется в целях их документирования и последующего процессуального обеспечения привлечения виновных к уголовной ответственности. Исследуется проблема обеспечения баланса между интересами оперативно-разыскного документирования, осуществляемого в целях процессуального доказывания, и подконтрольным, но все-таки допущенным государством преступлением. Анализируется опыт других стран по уголовно-правовому обеспечению оперативно-разыскной деятельности. Делается вывод, что контролируемое преступление — это объективное правовое явление, присутствующее в практике борьбы с преступностью. Поэтому в целях обеспечения законности деятельности российских правоохранительных органов необходимо вносить соответствующие изменения в уголовное, уголовно-процессуальное и оперативно-разыскное законодательство.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-30 ; Modern criminal policy is characterized by the absence of distinct operational-search concept of "controlled crime", and in scientific understanding needs not only operational-search procedure, but also criminal law standards corresponding to the operational-search law. The authors of the article analyze the situations when, on the one hand, serious and especially serious crimes are committed under the control of law enforcement agencies, which can be recognized as a significant violation of the interests of society, on the other — operational and investigative monitoring of the committed crimes is carried out in order to document them and ensure subsequent procedural prosecution of the perpetrators. The problem of ensuring a balance between the interests of operational search documentation carried out for the purpose of procedural proof and the crime controlled by the state is investigated. The article analyzes the experience of other countries in criminal law support of operational and investigative activities. It is concluded that the controlled crime is an objective legal phenomenon presented in the practice of combating crime. Therefore, in order to ensure the legality of the activities of Russian law enforcement agencies, it is necessary to make appropriate changes to the criminal, criminal procedure and operational investigative legislation.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-30

Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Herstellung eines rechtlich relevanten symbolischen Objektes, des "Notfalls". Die Untersuchung wird aus phänomenologischer Perspektive durchgeführt. Als theoretischen Einstiegsrahmen verwende ich HUSSERLs Kritik der Mathematisierung der Lebenswelt. Dadurch zeige ich, dass der Notfall als zeitlicher Zustandsmodus aufgefasst werden kann. Unter Zuhilfenahme der workplace studies exportiere ich phänomenologische Einsichten in eine sozialwissenschaftliche Sphäre. Aus dieser Perspektive stellt sich der rechtliche Notfall als ein Mittel dar, das dazu dient, ein lebensweltliches Original (die Narration des Klienten) in ein im Rechtsdiskurs und seinen Materialitäten gründendes rechtsspezifisches zeitliches Ereignis zu minimieren, mechanisieren, transformieren und rekonstituieren. Gemäß diesem Verständnis ähnelt eine Rechtsanwaltskanzlei einem Labor, dessen Ziel epistemische Enkulturation ist. Bei meiner Analyse des rechtlichen Notfalls als "Werden" verwende ich datenbasiertes Material, das im Rahmen von umfangreichen Feldforschungen in einer Rechtsanwaltskanzlei in den Vereinigten Staaten gesammelt wurde. Abschließend stelle ich ausgehend von Gilles DELEUZE, der das Recht an der Schnittstelle von "Material" (Diskurs) und "Kräften" (Handlungen) sieht, theoretische Überlegungen zu den sozialen Konsequenzen des rechtlichen Notfalls an.

"This edited volume addresses the broader aspects of the political and social landscape, human rights violations, accountability and advocacy efforts, and humanitarian challenges faced by the Rohingya from Myanmar. The work brings together different voices of legal, policy, and international affairs experts to construct a framework which addresses the complex and nuanced issues comprising the Rohingya crisis. While there is recognition that international legal mechanisms are moving forward more quickly than anticipated, these processes do not constitute standalone sustainable solutions. Myanmar's myriad political, social cohesion, development and security challenges are likely to persist even as justice and accountability processes move forward. Thus, this book project is premised on the consensus that the international community should complement international justice mechanisms by looking toward creative and multi-faceted approaches in addition to justice and accountability. This timely contribution will be of interest to academics, researchers, development practitioners and human rights organizations"--

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American copyright law has undergone an unappreciated conceptual transformation over the course of the last century. Originally conceived of as a form of private law – focusing on horizontal rights, privileges and private liability – copyright law is today understood principally through its public-regarding goals and institutional apparatus, in effect as a form of public law. This transformation is the result of changes in the ideas of law and law-making that occurred in American legal thinking following World War II, manifested in the deeply influential philosophy of the Legal Process School of jurisprudence which shaped the modern American copyright landscape. In the Legal Process conception, determining the substantive content of the law is fundamentally a matter of identifying the institution with formal competence (and legitimacy) to decide the matter, and then deciphering its policies and directives for an area of law in a purposive manner. The heyday of the Legal Process School, the 1950s and 1960s, coincided with the period during which the current U.S. copyright regime was being constructed. Several of its core lessons find direct veneration therein, including: the centrality of legislation as the harbinger of copyright's policy and purposes, the primacy of collectivist copyright policy over individual copyright principles, a recognition of the limitations of courts and judge-made law, and the treatment of copyright as a specialized but autonomous body of law requiring expert administering. As this Article argues, the U.S. copyright regime is today better conceived of as a "legal process," wherein the law is dynamic, purposive, and multi-institutional in origin. Modern copyright thinking would do well to embrace this reality and develop mechanisms to deal with this fundamental – yet unacknowledged – transformation, which explains a variety of perceived anomalies and puzzles within the working of the system.