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The article reveals the features of professional foreign language training of border guards in the European Union (EU) on the basis of a common approach: compliance of the training system with modern challenges, the requirements of EU legislation, the European concept of Integrated Border Management; the need to increase the level of interoperability of staff of European border agencies. It was found that the description of learning outcomes in common training programs for border guards of the EU countries is based on the B. Bloom's taxonomy of training goals and is aligned with the Sectoral framework of qualifications in the field of border protection in the EU. The common training system of border guards of the EU countries envisages three forms of personnel training: independent (online), contact, and experiential, which is carried out directly at the workplace after graduation or between contact phases of training. Innovative methods of foreign language training for border guards in the EU are grouped into the following groups: teacher-oriented; student-oriented and mixed. It was revealed that the unified training of European border guards provides for the study of professionally-oriented topics by the personnel of border agencies for their coordinated actions during joint patrols and joint border guard operations. Generalization of advanced ideas of organization of joint professional foreign language training of border guards in the EU countries is necessary to adapt the gained experience in the system of professional training of the personnel of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. ; У статті висвітлено особливості професійної іншомовної підготовки прикордонників у країнах Європейського Союзу (ЄС) на основі уніфікованого підходу: відповідність системи підготовки персоналу сучасним викликам, вимогам законодавства ЄС, Європейської концепції Інтегрованого управління кордонами; необхідності підвищення рівня інтероперабельності персоналу європейських прикордонних відомств. З'ясовано, що опис результатів навчання в прорамах спільної підготовки прикордонників країн ЄС заснований на таксономії цілей навчання Б. Блума й узгоджений з Галузевою рамкою кваліфікацій сфери охорони кордону країн ЄС. У спільній іншомовній підготовці прикордонників країн ЄС використовують три форми навчання: самостійне (онлайн), контактне і досвідне, яке здійснюється безпосередньо на робочому місці і відбувається після випуску або між контактними фазами навчання. Інноваційні методи іншомовного навчання прикордонників у країнах ЄС об'єднано у такі групи: орієнтовані на викладача, орієнтовані на студента та змішані. Виявлено, що уніфікована підготовка європейських прикордонників передбачає вивчення персоналом прикордонних відомств професійно орієнтованої тематики для їх узгоджених дій під час спільного патрулювання та спільних прикордонних операцій. Узагальнення передових ідей організації спільної професійної іншомовної підготовки прикордонників у країнах ЄС є необхідним для впровадження та адаптації набутого досвіду в систему професійної підготовки персоналу Державної прикордонної служби України.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist herauszufinden, wie sich die Regierungen Österreichs, Deutschlands und Frankreichs in ihren normativen nationalen Energie- und Klimastrategien aufgestellt haben, um das Ziel der Treibhausgasneutralität bis 2050 zu erreichen. Alle drei Staaten sind den EU-Klimazielen bis 2030 und 2050 verpflichtet. Während die Politik von normativen Plänen geleitet wird, funktioniert die Unternehmensführung oft mit Strategien aus explorativen Szenarien. Der World Energy Council hat für die Zukunft der Energieversorgung/Klimaentwicklung drei solche Szenarien entwickelt: "Unfinished Symphony", "Modern Jazz" und "Hard Rock". Der Unterschied zwischen normativen Strategien und explorativen Szenarien wurde herausgearbeitet. Um herauszufinden, wie sehr die behandelten Staaten zu welchem Weltenergieszenario beitragen, wurde eine eigene Taxonomie mit sieben kritischen Erfolgsfaktoren zur Erreichung der Klimaziele definiert: Je öfter ein Staat mit dem kritischen Erfolgsfaktor eines bestimmten Szenarios übereinstimmt, desto eher wird er zu diesem beitragen. Basierend auf den Resultaten der Taxonomie ergeben sich Handlungsempfehlungen für die Regierungen in den Bereichen Energiewirtschaft, Mobilität, Gebäude, Landwirtschaft sowie Klimapolitik.Die Arbeit zeigt, dass alle drei Staaten das Ziel der Treibhausgasneutralität bis 2050 vermutlich verfehlen werden. Dies ist vor allem am Unvermögen zur Senkung des Mobilitätsbedarfs festzumachen. Alle drei Staaten, wobei Deutschland noch am ehesten, können in der Praxis nicht dem Szenario "Unfinished Symphony" standhalten, das für politischen Willen, Bemühen und Engagement im Klimabereich steht. Die Staaten gehen eher in Richtung Szenario "Hard Rock": Sie scheinen es nicht zu vermögen, die Transformation der Gesellschaft zu gestalten, und werden zu Getriebenen im globalen Rennen um Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Autarkie. ; The aim of this master thesis is to evaluate the normative national energy and climate strategies of Austria, Germany and France to reach CO2-neutrality by 2050. All three countries are bound to the EU climate goals by 2030 and 2050. The differences between normative plans (often used in politics) and exploratory scenarios (often used in corporate management) are explained. The World Energy Council designed three such exploratory scenarios concerning the energy future of the world: "Unfinished Symphony", "Modern Jazz" and "Hard Rock". In order to find out how much each of the countries contributes to each world energy scenario, a taxonomy with seven critical success factors to reach the climate goals was designed: The more often a country strategy matches with the success factors of a particular scenario, the more likely it will contribute to it. Based on the results, calls for action in the fields energy industry, mobility, buildings, agriculture and climate policies for each of the governments were elaborated.This thesis shows that all three countries are likely to fail to achieve CO2-neutrality by 2050. This is mainly due to their inability to reduce the need for mobility. In contrast to their pretensions, all three countries will probably not contribute to the world energy scenario "Unfinished Symphony", which stands for political commitment and international cooperation concerning climate change. The countries are more likely to contribute to the world energy scenario "Hard Rock": They do not seem to be able to shape the transformation of their society towards CO2-neutrality. Europe will be a playground, but no longer a player when it comes to competitiveness and autarchy. ; Maximilian Wusche, BSc BA ; Enthält Zusammenfassungen auf Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2021 ; (VLID)5920421

Low productivity and the competitiveness of Russian firms have been among Russia's primary economic challenges over the past decade. The Government of Russia (GoR) has made boosting productivity a policy priority and since 2012 has rolled out several visible policy initiatives to strengthen employment practices in firms to raise their productivity and positive spillovers, including the 2012 Plan for Raising the Productivity of Companies, the 2018-2024 National Project on Labor Productivity, and 2018-2019 National Plan for Competition Development. The objective of this report is to contribute to this productivity agenda by analyzing the employment practices of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), their implications for labor supply and internal firm capabilities, and the influence of state policy. SOEs contribute a significant share of output and employment in Russia's economy and academic recent research shows that they have lower productivity than private sector firms. The implications of SOE employment practices—compensation and management—on overall productivity however, has not been investigated, a gap that this report aims to fill by analyzing the following questions: What are SOE employment practices and how do they compare to international and private sector benchmarks? How do SOE employment practices, particularly compensation, affect allocation of labor across firms? How do SOE compensation and management practices shape their internal capabilities? How does government financial and non-financial support to SOEs influence these employment practices? Taking the level and form of government participation in the economy as a given, the report focuses primarily on the sector's current practices, and how government policies towards the sector can be improved to boost SOE performance and positive spillovers. We explore these questions using five Russian microlevel datasets, including worker and firm surveys and a large firm register. The report utilizes a taxonomy of SOEs that includes state SOEs which have 100 percent government ownership, and mixed SOEs which have some share of state ownership that is less than 100 percent. The report finds that Russian SOEs pay an overall compensation premium and that this premium contributes to labor shortages in the private sector. While overall the SOE sector has a small wage penalty, wage differentials with the private sector vary by type and size of the SOEs. Mixed SOEs pay a small wage premium over the private sector while state SOEs have a small wage penalty. Both types of SOEs pay a wage premium in competitive settings. SOEs have an overall compensation premium as they provide more generous benefits like paid vacations, maternity leave, and training than private sector firms.

Die Vereinbarkeit von Klimazielen und Finanzströmen ist eine enorme Herausforderung des 21. Jahrhunderts. Gemäß dem Abkommen von Paris ist ein zentrales Ziel "Finanzmittelflüsse" mit einer "emissionsarmen und gegenüber Klimaänderungen widerstandsfähigen Entwicklung" in Einklang zu bringen. Staaten allgemein und Deutschland im Besonderen stehen zahlreiche Instrumente zur Verfügung, um entsprechende Maßnahmen anzustoßen. Zum einen kann der Staat direkt Einfluss üben, indem Eigenaktivitäten nachhaltig ausgerichtet werden, beispielsweise indem Anlagen und Beteiligungen öffentlicher Institutionen Nachhaltigkeitsstandards gerecht werden und Divestmentstrategien gesetzlich verankert werden. Zum anderen sind die Entwicklung geeigneter Rahmenbedingungen Voraussetzung dafür, dass die Ausrichtung privater Finanzmarktakteure auf Nachhaltigkeit gefördert wird. Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung eines nachhaltigen Finanzsystems ist eine einheitliche Taxonomie von Nachhaltigkeit. Die Entwicklung politischer Rahmenbedingungen steht auf europäischer und nationaler Ebene derzeit vor weitreichenden Herausforderungen: Es besteht das Risiko, dass derzeitige Ansätze für ein Instrumentarium nur eine begrenzte und keine breite Anwendung erfahren werden. Mit diesem Beitrag soll fokussiert werden, inwieweit politische Rahmenbedingungen, die derzeit auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene entwickelt werden, zur Entwicklung eines nachhaltigen Finanzwesens beitragen können. Neben Herausforderungen der Implementierung und Entwicklung neuer politischer Ansätze werden Grenzen bestehender Instrumentarien herausgearbeitet. Über die indirekte Einflussmöglichkeit des Staates hinaus, werden Anlagestrategien und -kriterien öffentlicher Institutionen und des Beschaffungswesens analysiert, die eine direkte Einflussmöglichkeit des Staates für die Entwicklung eines nachhaltigen Finanzsektors darstellen. Hierzu wird ein Fallbeispiel zur Versorgungsrücklage des Landes Berlins herangezogen. ; According to the 2015 Paris Agreement, a long-term goal is the commitment to "making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development." Reconciling climate change objectives and financial flows is an enormous challenge in the 21st century. States in general and Germany in particular have various instruments at their disposal to initiate appropriate measures. On the one hand, the state can exert direct influence by orienting its own activities towards sustainability, for example by meeting sustainability standards for investments and participations by public institutions and by anchoring divestment strategies in law. On the other hand, the development of suitable framework conditions is a requirement for encouraging private financial market players towards sustainability. A key requirement for the development of sustainable financial system is a uniform taxonomy of sustainability. Standards and labels for identifying business activities can then be implemented. The development of political framework conditions is currently facing far-reaching challenges at European and national level: There is a risk that current approaches to a set of instruments will only be applied to a limited extent and not on a broad scale. This article aims to focus on the extent to which policy frameworks currently being developed at national and European level can contribute to the development of sustainable finance. In addition to the challenges of implementing and developing new policy approaches, the limits of existing instruments will be identified. Beyond the indirect influence of the state, investment strategies and criteria of public institutions and procurement are analysed, which represent a direct influence of the state for the development of a sustainable financial sector. A case study on the Divestment Strategies is used for this purpose.

Our study proposes a critical approach to La aventura de los bustos de Eva (The Adventure of the Busts of Eva, 2004), the fourth novel by Argentinian writer Carlos Gamerro, in light of the othernesses born to the Justicialist Nationalist Movement around the mid-1970s. As we understand it, the historical-literary revision put forward by this author may be spotlighted not only through his unique use of a humorous register, but also through an analysis focusing on the configuration of the Revolutionary Tendency centered around the taxonomy of an "us" and a "them" outlined by Eva Perón in Mi mensaje (My Message, 1952). Starting from that point, we will follow the "initiation journey with no initiation" made by Ernesto Marroné, the protagonist of the novel diptych made up of La aventura. and Un yuppie en la columna del Che Guevara (A Yuppie at the Column of Che Guevara, 2011). We will particularly stop by the character's subjective universe and his patent tension between two legacies, a biological one and an adoptive one, so as to look at possible convergences and/or divergences of literate vs illiterate, or high-brow vs low-brow, cultural paradigms (which in our country have come to be matched to different racial modalities and political projects), on this journey that will go through epiphany, revelation, deception, and treason. ; Nuestro trabajo propone un abordaje crítico de La aventura de los bustos de Eva (2004), la cuarta novela del escritor argentino Carlos Gamerro, a la luz de las alteridades paridas por el Movimiento Nacional Justicialista hacia mediados de la década del '70. Comprendemos que la revisión histórico-literaria planteada por el autor puede iluminarse no sólo desde su particular empleo del registro humorístico, sino también a partir de un análisis focalizado en la configuración de la Tendencia Revolucionaria que haga pie en la taxonomía entre un nosotros y un otro trazada por Eva Perón en Mi mensaje (1952). A partir de allí, recorreremos el "viaje iniciático sin iniciación" realizado por Ernesto Marroné, protagonista del díptico novelístico constituido por La aventura… y Un yuppie en la columna del Che Guevara (2011). Nos detendremos, de manera particular, en el universo subjetivo del personaje y su tensión manifiesta entre dos legados, uno biológico y otro adoptivo, para observar el modo en que convergen y/o divergen los paradigmas culturales letrado e iletrado o culto y popular (que en nuestro país han sabido corresponderse con modalidades raciales y proyectos políticos diferentes), en una peripecia que atraviesa la epifanía, la revelación, la mentira y la traición.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to present the results of the analysis of the education level in the European Union countries and to verify the relationship between the education and the economic growth of the studied countries.THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The basic problem of this publication is quantitative and comparative analysis of the level of education in the European Union countries (EU27). Research methods used in the paper are the analysis and synthesis of the literature on the subject as well as quantitative analysis of the education using statistical and taxonomic tools (descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, taxonomic measure of education [TME]). An analysis of regression and correlation is also conducted to investigate the relationship between education and economic growth.THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The line of reasoning consists of three essential elements. The first part presents the issues of education and economic growth in the light of the theory. This is a selective review of literature. The second part contains a comprehensive description of the research tools and methods. Part three of the article presents the results of the investigation in the field of education and its relationship with economic growth. The level of education was determined on the basis of an aggregated measure constructed from diagnostics variables. GDP per capita was used to estimate economic growth. The papers ends with conclusion and recommendations for future research.RESEARCH RESULTS: On the basis of theoretical considerations, the influence of knowledge and education on economic growth has been confirmed, particularly in the models of endogenous growth. In empirical research, a great part of the research also indicates a positive relationship between education and economic growth. There are also elaborations that do not confirm this correlation. This study provides two important information on education and economic growth in the Member States of the European Union. Firstly, the area of the European Union is very differentiated taking into account the two criteria indicated. Over the years, a gradual reduction in disparities is observed both in GDP per capita and in TME. Secondly, quantitative analysis has confirmed the emerging relationship between education and economic growth.CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The issue of relationship between education and economic growth is very important and timely. There is lack of papers in the literature that use taxonomic methods to evaluate education. These tools give great opportunity to present the problem in a multidimensional and comprehensive manner, taking into account a large number of variables. The research should be treated as a preliminary study in this field, which requires further in-depth investigation. It is recommended to include more diagnostic variables related to education, as well as, more advanced research techniques in the fields of statistics, econometrics and taxonomy.

RESUMO A estrutura de um setor é um dos fatores que atua como determinante da lucratividade de uma empresa. A empresa Alpha, objeto de estudo desta pesquisa, atua como fornecedora de insumos de tecidos para o cluster calçadista. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em avaliar o poder de barganha dos principais compradores da empresa Alpha, seguindo a taxonomia de Porter (2004), e os efeitos que trazem sobre a lucratividade e o posicionamento desta empresa. Para tanto, realizou-se estudo de caso, utilizando-se de pesquisa documental em estudos setoriais e nos registros contábeis da empresa, e de entrevistas com os gestores da Alpha e com seus principais compradores. A contribuição do estudo consiste em detalhar os complicadores, no que tange ao poder do comprador para este negócio, e que precisam ser gerenciados. Conclui-se que o setor comprador tem propensão a exercer baixo poder de barganha sobre a empresa, com base em pesquisa de elementos do setor e entrevistas com os gestores e compradores da Alpha. Verificou-se também que o posicionamento da Alpha é alinhado em relação às condições do setor, tendo assertividade em diferenciação, o que oportuniza margens mais altas, corroborando as evidências empíricas de outros estudos sobre o cluster calçadista do RS. Palavras-chave: Poder do comprador. Competitividade. Lucratividade. ABSTRACT The structure of a sector is one of the factors that currently determines the profitability of a company. The company Alpha, studied in this research, is a supplier of fabrics for the footwear manufacturing cluster. The objective of this study is to evaluate the bargaining power of the main buyers this company, based on Porter's taxonomy (2004), and the effects on the profitability and the positioning of this company. A case study was carried out, using document research on sector studies, the accounting records of the company, and interviews with the managers of Alpha and with their main buyers. The contribution of the study is that it details the complicating factors in relation to the buying power for this business, and that need to be managed. It concludes that the buying sector tends to exert low bargaining power over the company, based on the study of elements of the sector, and interviews with managers and buyers of Alpha. It was also found that the positioning of Alpha is coherent with the conditions of the sector, with differentiation is the best strategic option, as it enables higher profit martins, corroborating empirical evidence from other studies on the footwear cluster in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Keywords: Buyer power. Competitiveness. Profitability.

Abbreviations: BCT, Behavioural change techniques taxonomy; BCW, Behavioural change wheel; CFIR, Consolidated framework for implementation research; EPOC, Cochrane effective practice and organisation of care; FISpH, Framework for the implementation of services in pharmacy; GIF, Generic implementation framework; KPI, Key performance indicator; TDF, Theoretical domains framework ; Background: Multiple studies have explored the implementation process and influences, however it appears there is no study investigating these influences across the stages of implementation. Community pharmacy is attempting to implement professional services (pharmaceutical care and other health services). The use of implementation theory may assist the achievement of widespread provision, support and integration. The objective was to investigate professional service implementation in community pharmacy to contextualise and advance the concepts of a generic implementation framework previously published. Methods: Purposeful sampling was used to investigate implementation across a range of levels of implementation in community pharmacies in Australia. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using a framework methodology. Data was charted using implementation stages as overarching themes and each stage was thematically analysed, to investigate the implementation process, the influences and their relationships. Secondary analyses were performed of the factors (barriers and facilitators) using an adapted version of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), and implementation strategies and interventions, using the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) discrete implementation strategy compilation. Results: Six stages emerged, labelled as development or discovery, exploration, preparation, testing, operation and sustainability. Within the stages, a range of implementation activities/steps and five overarching influences (pharmacys' direction and impetus, internal communication, staffing, community fit and support) were identified. The stages and activities were not applied strictly in a linear fashion. There was a trend towards the greater the number of activities considered, the greater the apparent integration into the pharmacy organization. Implementation factors varied over the implementation stages, and additional factors were added to the CFIR list and definitions modified/contextualised for pharmacy. Implementation strategies employed by pharmacies varied widely. Evaluations were lacking. Conclusions: The process of implementation and five overarching influences of professional services implementation in community pharmacy have been outlined. Framework analysis revealed, outside of the five overarching influences, factors influencing implementation varied across the implementation stages. It is proposed at each stage, for each domain, the factors, strategies and evaluations should be considered. The Framework for the Implementation of Services in Pharmacy incorporates the contextualisation of implementation science for pharmacy. ; The study was funded as part of a University of Technology Sydney (UTS) Research Excellence Scholarship (RES), comprising of an Australian Postgraduate Award (APA) Scholarship funded by the Australian Government, plus a Top-up funded by the University of Technology Sydney, received from the primary author (JCM).

[ES] El principal argumento de este escrito es que la heterogeneidad de los diseños institucionales que prima en el campo electoral en América Latina (Carroll y Shugart, 2005) también se reproduce en el parlamentario. El perfil morfológico del sistema de comisiones propio de cada Congreso y el lugar que la ley les asigna en el proceso legislativo son prueba evidente de ello. Mientras el marco normativo de algunas legislaturas no deja lugar a dudas en cuanto a la intención de delegar en los partidos las decisiones encomendadas a estos cuerpos; en otros casos, ello ocurre en menor medida. En los casos formalmente ceñidos a una lógica de partido, por otra parte, se alientan esquemas de delegación de corte muy diverso. En este escrito se revisa el acomodo institucional del sistema de comisiones de la Cámara Baja en: Argentina; Bolivia; Brasil; Colombia; Chile; México; Paraguay; República Dominicana y Uruguay. En este sentido, el estudio examina tanto la importancia concedida a su trabajo, como algunos aspectos de su morfología que afectan la estructura de incentivos que acota el desarrollo del proceso legislativo. Asimismo, se analizan los procedimientos utilizados en cada Congreso para enfrentar los problemas de acción colectiva. Por último, se presentan algunas ideas para la elaboración de una futura taxonomía sobre la relación que guardan en la región los partidos y las comisiones permanentes del Congreso. ; [EN] The main argument of this paper is that the heterogeneity of the institutional framework that prevails in Latin America's electoral field (Carroll y Shugart, 2005), also reproduces itself in the parliamentary one. This is proved by the morphologic profile of each Congress' commission system and the place that the law assigns to the system. While some legislative frameworks clearly intend to delegate to parties the decisions entrusted to this bodies; in other cases, this takes place in a less important way. In the cases formally related with a party logic, on the other hand, diverse delegation schemes are encouraged. In this article we analyze the institutional framework of the commission systems of the low chamber in: Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Chile; Mexico; Paraguay; Dominican Republic and Uruguay. In this sense, this work examines the importance given to their job and some aspects of its morphology that affect the structure of incentives that narrows the development of the legislative process. We also analyze the procedures used by each Congress to solve its problems of collective action. Lastly, some ideas for the elaboration of a future taxonomy on the relationship between parties and permanent commissions in the region are presented.

Contemporary German counts many original postfield constructions. Following what aim does a speaker make use of these constructions? Which criteria can be used to create a taxonomy of the original occupants of postfield constructions, those non-verbal constituents of an utterance which one wouldn't expect in such a position? Relying on syntactical, prosodic, communicative and even rhetorical data, three chapters attempt to answer these questions. The state of the art of literature about the Nachfeld / postfield and the different original occupation forms it takes (Ausklammerung, Nachtrag, Rechtsversetzung…), found in Chapter 1, reveals a flood of terminology as well as a large number of divergences between linguists. These observations have led to redefining the postfield at the beginning of Chapter 2, using a corpus of political speeches. With E. Faucher's theory of demarcation (1984) as a backdrop, the postfield is defined as the space located after a final break at the level of the utterance. This space can be filled by a constituent resulting from a right projection or an addition. These two discursive devices, although syntactically and prosodically different, are used for identical rhetorical purposes (Chapter 3). Whether it be for completeness or convincing, the postfield is a strategic position at the level of both the text and the argumentation. ; Les réalisations « originales » de l'après-dernière position (ADP) font foison en allemand contemporain. À quelles fins le locuteur exploite-t-il l'ADP ? Sur la base de quels critères est-il possible de dresser une taxinomie des occupants « originaux » de l'ADP, ces constituants non verbaux de l'énoncé verbal que l'on n'attendrait pas à cet endroit ? S'appuyant sur des données syntaxiques, prosodiques et communicatives voire rhétoriques, trois chapitres tentent de répondre à ces questions. La synthèse des ouvrages existant sur le Nachfeld / ADP et ses formes d'occupation « originale » (Ausklammerung, Nachtrag, Rechtsversetzung…), proposée au chapitre 1, révèle - outre une inflation terminologique notoire - maintes divergences entre les linguistes. Ces constatations motivent la redéfinition de l'ADP entreprise dès le début du chapitre 2, à partir d'un corpus de discours politiques. La théorie de la démarcation de E. Faucher (1984) en toile de fond, l'ADP est définie comme l'espace situé au-delà de la dernière position matérialisée par un démarcateur dernier, au niveau de l'énoncé verbal. Elle peut être occupée de manière « originale » par un constituant qui a fait l'objet soit d'une projection à droite, soit d'une adjonction. Ces deux procédés discursifs au fonctionnement syntactico-prosodique différent sont utilisés dans un but avant tout rhétorique (chapitre 3). À des fins de complétude ou de persuasion, l'ADP représente uneposition stratégique tant au niveau textuel qu'au niveau argumentatif.

1980'li yılların başlarından itibaren, fiyat istikrarı para politikasının en önemli hedefi, ve bu hedefe ulaşmanın en önemli şartı da merkez bankası bağımsızlığı olarak görülmeye başlanmıştır. Bu tezde, merkez bankası bağımsızlığının farklı tanımları karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiş, merkez bankası bağımsızlığını belirleyici faktörler eleştirisel olarak değerlendirilmiş, ve bağımsız bir merkez bankasının maliye politikasından bağımsız olarak hareket ettiğinde düşük enflasyon oranlarına ulaşma yolunda ne kadar etkili olduğu incelenemiştir. Enflasyonun maliyetleri ve sebepleri inceleyen yazın taramasını çeşitli merkez bankası bağımsızlığı tanımları ve ilgili kavramların tartışıldığı bölüm izlemektedir. Belli başlı merkez bankalarının kanunları karşılaştırılarak farklı hukuki bağımsızlık uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Ampirik çalışmaların merkez bankası bağımsızlığı ve düşük enflasyon arasındaki bağı kurmaktaki yetersizliği yüzünden, merkez bankası bağımsızlığını belirleyici diğer faktörler üzerine yapılan incelemeyi hesap-sorulabilirlik ve şeffaflık gibi ilgili kavramların tartışıldığı bölüm izlemektedir. Eşgüdümün bulunmadığı ortamdaki maliye ve para politikalarının etkileşimlerinin üretim ve enflasyon üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek amacıyla matematiksel bir model kullanılmıştır. Ampirik çalışmaların analizleri ve modelin sonuçlarından yararlanılarak merkez bankaları reformu için yapısal bir çerçeve çizilmiş ve merkez bankası bağımsızlığının getirilerinin daha da artırılması için maliye politikasının para politikası ile uyumlu hale getirilmesinin gerektiği saptanmıştır.Over the past decades, there has been an increased quest for price stability as the primary goal of monetary policy, and central bank independence is viewed as a must condition for achieving and maintaining price stability. This dissertation aims to improve taxonomy on types of central bank independence, critically assess various determinants of central bank independence and examine whether granting (more) independence to central banks leads to lower inflation rates regardless of fiscal authority's preferences. Review of the literature on the costs and the causes of inflation are followed by definition and classification of various notions of central bank independence. Comparison of the legislation of major central banks is used to provide insight into varying practices of granting legal independence to central banks. Due to the lack of empirical foundations that link central bank independence to lower rates of inflation, various empirical studies are analyzed to formulate the determinants of central bank independence, followed by a discussion of relevance of the issues of accountability and transparency. A model is used to demonstrate inflation and output implications of the interaction between the fiscal and the monetary policies. Conclusions drawn from the analysis of empirical studies and the findings of the model are used to suggest a possible framework for central banks and draw attention to the observation that fiscal policy should be aligned with monetary policy in order to enhance the benefits of granting more independence to central banks.

International audience ; Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently emerged as an alternative to morphological and molecular tools to identify tick species. In this study, we set out to evaluate and confirm the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to identify different species of ticks collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and preserved in 70% ethanol. A total of 575 ticks, of which 530 were collected from domestic pigs and 45 from wild animals, were subjected to MALDI-TOF MS analysis to evaluate the intraspecies reproducibility and interspecies specificity of MS profiles obtained from the different species. Morphologically, the ticks belonged to seven different species, namely Rhipicephalus complanatus , Rhipicephalus congolensis , Haemaphysalis muhsamae , Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus , Amblyomma exornatum , Amblyomma compressum and an unidentified Rhipicephalus sp. A total of 535/575 (93%) of the spectra obtained were of good enough quality to be used for our analyses. Our home-made MALDI-TOF MS arthropod database was upgraded with spectra obtained from between one and five randomly selected specimens per species. For these reference specimens, molecular identification of the ticks was also made using 16S, 12S rDNA genes and the Cox1 mtDNA gene sequencing. The remaining good quality spectra were then queried against the upgraded MALDI-TOF MS database, showing that 100% were in agreement with the morphological identification, with logarithmic score values (LSVs) between 1.813 and 2.51. The consistency between our morphological, molecular and MALDI-TOF MS identification confirms the capability and precision of MALDI-TOF MS for tick identification.

International audience ; Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently emerged as an alternative to morphological and molecular tools to identify tick species. In this study, we set out to evaluate and confirm the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to identify different species of ticks collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and preserved in 70% ethanol. A total of 575 ticks, of which 530 were collected from domestic pigs and 45 from wild animals, were subjected to MALDI-TOF MS analysis to evaluate the intraspecies reproducibility and interspecies specificity of MS profiles obtained from the different species. Morphologically, the ticks belonged to seven different species, namely Rhipicephalus complanatus , Rhipicephalus congolensis , Haemaphysalis muhsamae , Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus , Amblyomma exornatum , Amblyomma compressum and an unidentified Rhipicephalus sp. A total of 535/575 (93%) of the spectra obtained were of good enough quality to be used for our analyses. Our home-made MALDI-TOF MS arthropod database was upgraded with spectra obtained from between one and five randomly selected specimens per species. For these reference specimens, molecular identification of the ticks was also made using 16S, 12S rDNA genes and the Cox1 mtDNA gene sequencing. The remaining good quality spectra were then queried against the upgraded MALDI-TOF MS database, showing that 100% were in agreement with the morphological identification, with logarithmic score values (LSVs) between 1.813 and 2.51. The consistency between our morphological, molecular and MALDI-TOF MS identification confirms the capability and precision of MALDI-TOF MS for tick identification.

International audience ; Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently emerged as an alternative to morphological and molecular tools to identify tick species. In this study, we set out to evaluate and confirm the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to identify different species of ticks collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and preserved in 70% ethanol. A total of 575 ticks, of which 530 were collected from domestic pigs and 45 from wild animals, were subjected to MALDI-TOF MS analysis to evaluate the intraspecies reproducibility and interspecies specificity of MS profiles obtained from the different species. Morphologically, the ticks belonged to seven different species, namely Rhipicephalus complanatus , Rhipicephalus congolensis , Haemaphysalis muhsamae , Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus , Amblyomma exornatum , Amblyomma compressum and an unidentified Rhipicephalus sp. A total of 535/575 (93%) of the spectra obtained were of good enough quality to be used for our analyses. Our home-made MALDI-TOF MS arthropod database was upgraded with spectra obtained from between one and five randomly selected specimens per species. For these reference specimens, molecular identification of the ticks was also made using 16S, 12S rDNA genes and the Cox1 mtDNA gene sequencing. The remaining good quality spectra were then queried against the upgraded MALDI-TOF MS database, showing that 100% were in agreement with the morphological identification, with logarithmic score values (LSVs) between 1.813 and 2.51. The consistency between our morphological, molecular and MALDI-TOF MS identification confirms the capability and precision of MALDI-TOF MS for tick identification.

International audience ; Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently emerged as an alternative to morphological and molecular tools to identify tick species. In this study, we set out to evaluate and confirm the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to identify different species of ticks collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and preserved in 70% ethanol. A total of 575 ticks, of which 530 were collected from domestic pigs and 45 from wild animals, were subjected to MALDI-TOF MS analysis to evaluate the intraspecies reproducibility and interspecies specificity of MS profiles obtained from the different species. Morphologically, the ticks belonged to seven different species, namely Rhipicephalus complanatus , Rhipicephalus congolensis , Haemaphysalis muhsamae , Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus , Amblyomma exornatum , Amblyomma compressum and an unidentified Rhipicephalus sp. A total of 535/575 (93%) of the spectra obtained were of good enough quality to be used for our analyses. Our home-made MALDI-TOF MS arthropod database was upgraded with spectra obtained from between one and five randomly selected specimens per species. For these reference specimens, molecular identification of the ticks was also made using 16S, 12S rDNA genes and the Cox1 mtDNA gene sequencing. The remaining good quality spectra were then queried against the upgraded MALDI-TOF MS database, showing that 100% were in agreement with the morphological identification, with logarithmic score values (LSVs) between 1.813 and 2.51. The consistency between our morphological, molecular and MALDI-TOF MS identification confirms the capability and precision of MALDI-TOF MS for tick identification.