Suchergebnisse

A -- A. O. Smith Corporation -- Abbott Laboratories -- AirTouch Communications -- American Crystal Sugar Company -- American General Finance Corp. -- American Management Systems, Inc. -- Archer-Daniels-Midland Company -- Associated Milk Producers, Inc. -- Associated Natural Gas Corporation -- B --BarclaysAmerican Mortgage Corporation -- Bayerische Motoren Werke AG -- Becton, Dickinson & Company -- Big Rivers Electric Corporation -- The Body Shop International PLC -- C -- C. H. Robinson, Inc. -- Cadence Design Systems, Inc. -- Chiat/Day Inc. Advertising -- Chrysler Corporation -- Cirrus Logic, Incorporated -- Cisco Systems, Inc. -- CompuAdd Computer Corporation -- CTG, Inc. -- D -- Datapoint Corporation -- The Davey Tree Expert Company -- Dillard Paper Company -- Dun & Bradstreet Software Services Inc. -- Duty Free International, Inc. -- E -- Echlin Inc. -- El Camino Resources International, Inc. -- Eli Lilly & Company -- Emge Packing Co., Inc. -- Enesco Corporation -- Enterprise Oil plc -- Esselte Pendaflex Corporation -- F -- Fiat S.p.A. -- First Commerce Corporation -- First Empire State Corporation -- First Financial Management Corporation -- First Hawaiian, Inc. -- First Security Corporation -- First Tennessee National Corporation -- First USA, Inc. -- First Virginia Banks, Inc. -- Firstar Corporation -- Fiserv Inc. -- FMC Corporation -- Ford Motor Company -- Forest Laboratories, Inc. -- Fourth Financial Corporation -- Franklin Quest Co. -- Fujitsu-ICL Systems Inc. -- G -- Gaylord Entertainment Company -- General Nutrition Companies, Inc. -- The Geon Company -- Green Tree Financial Corporation -- Grumman Corporation -- Guardian Royal Exchange Plc -- H -- H. J. Heinz Company -- Health Systems International, Inc. -- Hospitality Franchise Systems, Inc. -- Huntington Bancshares Inc. -- I -- IDB Communications Group, Inc. -- Illinois Central Corporation -- Infinity Broadcasting Corporation -- Ingram Industries, Inc. -- International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation -- Invacare Corporation -- Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale S.p.A. -- IVAX Corporation -- J -- The J.M. Smucker Company -- Jefferson-Pilot Corporation -- Jones Apparel Group, Inc. -- K -- Kendall International, Inc. -- Kenetech Corporation -- Keystone International, Inc. -- Kimco Realty Corporation -- KLA Instruments Corporation -- Komag, Inc. -- KU Energy Corporation -- Kwik Save Group plc -- L -- La Quinta Inns, Inc. -- Lam Research Corporation -- Lechters, Inc. -- Lee Enterprises, Incorporated -- Leggett & Platt, Incorporated -- Lennar Corporation -- Leucadia National Corporation -- Litton Industries, Inc. -- Lockheed Corporation -- M -- Magma Power Company -- MAI Systems Corporation -- McDonnell Douglas Corporation -- Meditrust -- Mentor Graphics Corporation -- Mercantile Bankshares Corp. -- Merck & Co., Inc. -- Meredith Corporation -- Meridian Bancorp, Inc. -- Mesa Airlines, Inc. -- MFS Communications Company, Inc. -- Michigan National Corporation -- Micron Technology, Inc. -- Minerals Technologies Inc. -- Minnesota Power & Light Company -- Molex Incorporated -- Montana Power Company -- Morrison Restaurants Inc. -- Motorola, Inc. -- Multimedia, Inc. -- N -- National Health Laboratories Incorporated -- National Service Industries, Inc. -- NBD Bancorp, Inc. -- Nevada Power Company -- New Plan Realty Trust -- Nine West Group Inc. -- Nissan Motor Company, Ltd. -- Noble Affiliates, Inc. -- Nordson Corporation -- North West Water Group plc -- Northrop Corporation -- NovaCare, Inc. -- O -- Ohio Casualty Corp. -- Old Kent Financial Corp. -- Old Republic International Corp. -- Overseas Shipholding Group, Inc. -- P -- PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc. -- Paging Network Inc. -- Payless Cashways, Inc. -- PECO Energy Company -- The Pep Boys-Manny, Moe & Jack -- Policy Management Systems Corporation -- Potter & Brumfield Inc. -- PowerGen PLC -- Praxair, Inc. -- Progressive Corporation -- R -- Racal-Datacom Inc. -- Raytheon Company -- Republic New York Corporation -- Riverwood International Corporation -- Roche Biomedical Laboratories, Inc. -- Rockwell International Corporation -- Rollins, Inc. -- Rust International Inc. -- S -- Saab-Scania AB -- Seagull Energy Corporation -- Sensormatic Electronics Corp. -- Signet Banking Corporation -- Snapple Beverage Corporation -- Sotheby's Holdings, Inc. -- Southtrust Corporation -- St. Jude Medical, Inc. -- Standard Microsystems Corporation -- Star Banc Corporation -- Sterling Software, Inc. -- Stewart & Stevenson Services Inc. -- Stryker Corporation -- Sumitomo Corporation -- SunAmerica Inc. -- SunGard Data Systems Inc. -- Sunrise Medical Inc. -- Synopsis, Inc. -- T -- T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. -- The Talbots, Inc. -- Tellabs, Inc. -- Teradyne, Inc. -- Texas Instruments Inc. -- Thames Water plc -- Thermo Instrument Systems Inc. -- Thomas & Betts Corp. -- 3Com Corp. -- Tidewater Inc. -- Tomkins plc -- Toyota Motor Corporation -- Transatlantic Holdings, Inc. -- TriMas Corp. -- Triton Energy Corporation -- TRW Inc. -- V -- Vail Associates, Inc. -- Vodafone Group plc -- Volkswagen A.G. -- W -- West One Bancorp -- Wherehouse Entertainment Incorporated.

PurposeArt return indices are usually estimated based only on a few means of artistic expression (mainly paintings and drawings). Other forms of expression (e.g. sculptures and installations) are generally ignored, in part because they are three-dimensional and, hence, more difficult to measure. We analyze the price determinants as well as the return and risk of three artistic expressions (paintings, drawings and sculptures) executed by Fernando Botero, the most expensive living Latin American artist, to analyze the degree to which their risk and return attributes differ throughout a 20-year period.Design/methodology/approachWe analyzed all paintings, drawings and sculptures executed by Botero and sold at Sotheby's and Christie's between 2000 and 2020 (a total of 707 artworks). The data and the images of each artwork were obtained from the web pages of these two auction houses. A hedonic regression was run to explain the price of each artwork and use explanatory variables that are standard in the literature. Art price indices for paintings, drawings and sculptures were constructed using the year-dummy variables estimated in the regressions. We performed a similar analysis for another artist, Carlos Cruz-Diez, as a robustness to our results.FindingsThe performance of Botero's sculptures through time differs markedly from that of his paintings and drawings. Our results suggest that it is possible that returns estimated in the literature could suffer from a bias, as they have usually ignored the performance of sculptures and other artistic expressions. Botero's paintings provided a return that was comparable to those of his sculptures (3.36% and 3.20%, respectively), they were two times as high as those of his drawings (1.68%). On the other hand, whereas paintings and drawings had similar annual standard deviations (26% and 25.22%, respectively), sculptures had a much smaller standard deviation (16.96%).Research limitations/implicationsA limitation of the hedonic regression method lies in the need to have a significant and diverse sample to identify the true effect of each variable on the price of a good. Another limitation is that we were only able to use art prices from auctions, as this is the only comprehensive source of art price data that is publicly available. These two limitations are shared by all the studies that use the hedonic pricing model.Practical implicationsOur results have practical applications for art collectors and investors, as well as for artists, galleries and, in general, for the whole art market ecosystem. The risk and return attributes of the various artistic expressions of an artist can be different, and thus it makes sense to analyze each one of them individually, as well as their correlations with the other artistic expressions and with traditional and other alternative investments.Social implicationsThe art market is part of what is known as the "orange economy" (also known as the Creative Economy). According to the World Bank, the economic value of the creative sector is not well known or appreciated, even though cultural, creative and artistic activities are vital for our sense of well-being.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that compares the financial performance of paintings, drawings and sculptures for the case of a specific artist. We chose Botero for three reasons. First, he is a Latin American living artist who has achieved the highest levels of international sales. Second, Botero has worked extensively on various artistic expressions (oil paintings, drawings on different materials and sculptures) throughout his life, a characteristic that is essential to be able to carry out our study. Third, there is a long record of auction sales for each of Botero's artistic expressions.

Just when it looked like we could take a breather in the South China Sea, it turns out we cannot. Three new collisions were reported between Chinese and Filipino coast guard vessels on August 19. Two Filipino craft were damaged in the incident, with any effects on the Chinese ships as yet unknown.Predictably, China and the Philippines accused each other of being responsible, with Manila also threatening to lodge a case.The latest incident was not as bad as the clash on June 17, when Chinese vessels attacked vessels carrying Philippine sailors delivering supplies to their fellow soldiers stationed precariously on a rusting ship on the contested Second Thomas Shoal. In that clash, Chinese coast guard personnel forcibly boarded Philippine craft and eight Philippine naval crew were injured, one seriously.The June 17 incident led to bilateral talks and a "provisional" agreement between Manila and Beijing. This turned out to be only a temporary respite. Barely had the ink dried on the deal, when its details were disputed by both sides. The agreement was followed by a incident-free resupply mission, but interpretations of this success too differed sharply. Most recently, Manila stated that the agreement could be reviewed.Beijing has consistently insisted that while the Philippine military position on the Second Thomas Shoal (known as Ayungin Shoal in the Philippines and Renai Reef in China) could be supplied with "living necessities," any materials or equipment to strengthen the beached ship could not be permitted. Manila, with a 2016 international tribunal ruling at the Hague in its favor, has maintained its absolute legal right to unimpeded access to the shoal and surrounding waters. China's obsession with restricting Philippine activity in the tiny Second Thomas Shoal is provocative, irrational, and hard to explain.The current clash took place not at the Second Thomas Shoal, but near Sabina Shoal, located nearly 30 nautical miles closer to the Philippines shoreline. The two Philippine craft were laden with supplies to troops based in the Lawak and Flat islands, which are under Manila's military control. The Sabina Shoal clash was preceded by another incident, this time involving aircraft, over the skies of Scarborough Shoal, another long-disputed feature, and the site of a tense 2012 standoff.Thus, while the Second Thomas Shoal remains central to China-Philippines tensions and Scarborough Shoal has always been in play, serious incidents are now occurring elsewhere as well. In the coming weeks and months, similar clashes could spread further, perhaps even near places such as Thitu Island, where a much larger Philippine military contingent guards a small civilian population.But expanding geography is only one sign that the test of wills in the South China Sea may not ease anytime soon. Manila, having long accused Beijing of environmental destruction in its waters, is now seriously considering lodging a second case at the Hague tribunal against China. While Beijing boycotted and heavily criticized the 2016 case but did little else, this time may be different. The Philippines is also debating lifting a moratorium on oil and gas exploration in the waters (though reports it had already done so were subsequently denied.)Meanwhile, Washington, while correctly backing its oldest ally in Asia in the latest incident, is expanding its military footprint in the Philippines in ways that raise Chinese insecurities on Taiwan, a core issue for Beijing. The United States is also joining up with a raft of allies, including those beyond the region such as Canada, to conduct joint military patrols in the fraught seas. But it is in nobody's interest for the already worrying bilateral contest to escalate into a great power crisis.

Russia announced this week that its bilateral trade with China has almost completely moved away from using the U.S. dollar, highlighting the two countries' commitment to reducing their reliance on the U.S.-led economic system.Aside from reducing dependency on the Western-dominated global currency, these 'de-dollarization' efforts allow Russia and China to avoid the myriad sanctions now preventing Moscow from doing business on the international market. Western sanctions have helped lead to a boom in trade between Moscow and Beijing since 2022, rising 26% to $240 billion this year. China has also become the world's leading importer of Russian oil.De-dollarization isn't the only scheme Russia is deploying to avoid crushing sanctions. Russian officials announced last week at a United Nations meeting that the Kremlin is spending billions of dollars to dodge Western sanctions by developing new trade routes in Asia.This plan includes two new transport corridors — one that would link Russia to Kyrgyzstan via the Caspian Sea, and another that would stretch from Belarus to Pakistan. The efforts build on previous plans to redirect trade, including the North-South Corridor, a railway route first conceived in 2000 that would connect Russia to the Indian Ocean via Iran. After years of delays, Moscow loaned Tehran 1.3 billion euros last year to build its leg of the North-South route. Sergei Ivanov, Russia's presidential envoy for environmental issues, said that the corridor gives Russia full access to the Persian Gulf, and that "no sanctions will affect it." The newly announced routes would similarly allow Russia to bypass sanctions and access Asian markets.Russia and Iran have also boosted their ability to transact with one another by linking their banking systems, as both face sanctions that limit their abilities to transact with the West. The U.S. and European countries have heavily sanctioned Russia since its 2022 invasion of Ukraine, particularly hampering the Kremlin's ability to export oil to the West and sell it at competitive market prices. If Russia transports goods through overland corridors that are outside of the jurisdiction of the sanctioning countries, it becomes much more difficult for Western powers to interdict, noted Markus Jaeger of the Atlantic Council."They want to reduce the dependency and vulnerability vis-a-vis unfriendly third parties," Jaeger said.But if history is any guide, Russia isn't quite in the clear yet. Sanctions on Iran, including the maximum pressure sanctions imposed during the Trump administration, played a major role in slowing the development of the North-South route. Russia is now loaning money for construction to Iran and is expected to spend approximately $3.5 billion on the project by 2030, according to Russia's Deputy Prime Minister Marat Khusnullin.U.S. pressure has also complicated Russia's economic rapprochement with China, which could face consequences from the West for its support of Moscow, according to Jaeger. He pointed to U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken's planned visit to China this week, where he reportedly intends to warn Chinese President Xi Jinping that Washington is concerned about Beijing's provision of aid to Russia's military.Jaeger said that, as China engages more economically with sanctioned countries or entities in Iran or Russia, the risk of becoming the target of European and American sanctions will increase."For the U.S., imposing secondary sanctions that affect Chinese entities is seen as a very antagonistic step by China, which risks leading to further tensions in U.S.-Chinese relations," he said.

The Daily Telegraph tells us that white hydrogen (geologic H2, that may be archaic or other theories suggest constantly generated) may or may not be the solution to some or all of our climate change woes. Estimates of the flow of hydrogen from these process are imprecise, varying from very little to all of the current global annual consumption of hydrogen. In addition there might be potentially vast quantities of primordial hydrogen. And the great thing about all this white hydrogen is that we do not need to use large quantities of electricity or fossil fuel to produce it: this is not an energy store like all the other colours of hydrogen, it is a dispatchable primary energy source like nuclear or fossil fuels.They're right too - too much is unknown to be able to decide on whether this is some mildly interesting but marginal issue or of some great import. The bit that amuses us is the sheer serendipity of this other announcement made on the same day: Significant concentrations of hydrogen and helium have been encountered in sections of the Ramsay 1 well, confirming historic measurement and demonstrating an active hydrogen system in the Ramsay Project area. Testing and laboratory results measured air-corrected hydrogen at 73.3% at 240m below ground level, consistent with the 76% air-corrected concentration of hydrogen reported in the Ramsay Oil Bore 1 in 1931.This is not investment advice about Gold Hydrogen and it's most certainly not a recommendation. We just do think that it's fun. From that fun we also derive two little lessons. The first is something about mineral resources in general. There never has been a proper survey of the planet and what it holds. The only statistics we've got (all those mineral reserves, resources) are listings of what currently active companies claim to have marked out as economic to recover deposits. Anyone claiming that mineral reserves (or that wider definition, resources) is "what we've got" is wholly and entirely wrong. Systematically wrong in that they don't know what they're talking about, have failed to grasp the basic definition. For example, this find of H2 in Oz - we know it's there, from that announcement. But it's not a mineral resource even yet, let alone a reserve. This is also true of all the other places we've not gone looking as yet. The second is that we need some way of working out which of all these possibilities is going to be important and which aren't. The answer is not to use planning. For obviously planners didn't know about this white hydrogen find. Nor, really, does anyone's current plans include any white hydrogen at all. So, what we need is a system that continuously alters course given the new information that flows into it. You know, markets? Not government plans written into the Climate Change Act 2008 and "legally enforceable" as a result. But prices, markets, the efficient manner of incorporating new knowledge into the body politic. That's the one way we've got of trying everything and so seeing what works.Sure, perfectly happy to help markets along by incorporating externalities into prices - we've been arguing for that for two decades now. We've also no complaint at all about the idea of dealing with climate change. It's the process we use to do this - markets adjusted for externalities rather than the plans of whichever babykisser last got elected - which we insist upon.Yesterday we didn't know that white hydrogen existed in Australia. Today we do - great, so, how do we incorporate that into our plans? By not having societal plans other than using prices to inform activity…..

A very strange insistence here:UK accused of plan to further cut cost of bananas at expense of poorest African producersUK refusing to commit to EU pledge to stop cutting tariffs on big producers despite bananas being as cheap today as three decades agoAre we sending gunboats to take the bananas cheaply or something? Not that we have any gunboats and we'd not do so if we did. But what's the complaint here?The government has now been accused of pursuing an irresponsible post-Brexit policy that could reduce the price of bananas further in the shops – but at the cost of the livelihoods of thousands of workers on small plantations in some of Africa's poorest countries.The British market is already dominated by the so-called "dollar banana" producers of Latin America who are able to sell cheaply having benefited from rolled-over EU-negotiated free trade deals that have cut the import taxes, or tariffs, on the fruit.The EU, however, promised in 2019 not to cut tariffs imposed on the big producers any further in recognition of the impact on the smaller African competitors. The UK's exit has freed it from that pledge to the world's poorest.According to Afruibana, the Pan-African association of banana producers and exporters, all the indications are that the result will be betrayal, with the UK government ditching the EU promise to protect them.So, we have tariffs against banana imports. Presumably preferential ones too. Such tariffs make bananas more expensive in Britain - that's what tariffs do. That's what tariffs are, they're a tax upon consumers. Logic would suggest that a British government, with the interests of Britons at heart, would not have a tax upon bananas. So, cutting those tariffs seems like an excellent idea. Britons will be better off.The complaint then is that those African producers will be worse off. To which one response is and? Whose government is this after all? Another, and a more subtle one, is that if people in Africa are growing high cost bananas then they're trapped in a low value occupation. What is actually desired is that they move into a high value occupation. Maybe growing date palms, or oil palm, or maize. Or possibly flooding into the factories which is what made this country rich. Or, well, something, anything, else than adding very little value by growing high cost and thus low value added bananas.But the insistence here is that by deliberately fiddling the terms of trade we should continue to trap those Africans in their poverty. Keep them on those high cost banana plantations where they earn little - because the value add is low.So, actually, the policy being demanded here is that we trap Africans in poverty by making bananas more expensive for Britons. We tend to think that fails on both counts. It's also possible to be very much more basic about this. Don't have a trade policy, don't have tariffs. Simply leave free trade be in its totality. If we then also want to help poor Black Africans then let us then go and help poor Black Africans. And finally, who really benefits from the preferential tariffs? Well, it's the capitalists in Africa who own the banana plantations, isn't it? And why do we want to benefit them at the cost of cheap fruit (yes, we know, it's an herb) for Britons?

I was very pleased to receive a new 'think piece' by Tom C Veblen — yes, he is related to the great Theory of the Leisure Class author, and his daughter worked at ASI for a while too. His piece is called America's Exceptional Experiment in Self-Government and it imagines a cultural and political revival of that great nation, now struggling through its self-induced cultural and political mess.Among other things, Veblen cites a guide for surviving a seaplane crash on water. When that happens, they tend to come to rest upside down, so you need to have your wits about you. You must stay calm. Grab your life vest. Open the exit and work out your escape route before releasing your seat belt. If the obvious way out is blocked, work out another before you unbuckle yourself. Don't let go until you are out. If you are underwater, follow the bubbles to the surface. Then inflate your life vest.Veblen says it's an analogy for 'getting out alive' from the wrecked political systems we have, and the more you think about it, the more apt the analogy is. You need to stay calm. Too many politicians see problems emerging — inflation, for example, leading to widespread complaints and strikes over pay, rising borrowing costs, falling house prices and soaring prices for essentials like food and energy — then rush into some 'quick fix' solution that actually makes things worse. Like huge domestic heating subsidies to households, both rich and poor, which require vast new public borrowing to finance. Or windfall taxes on oil producers alongside calls to cap energy prices, which have the effect of driving energy investment out of the country. Or capping the price of bread and milk and other basic groceries, which (as the author of Forty Centuries of Wage and Price Controls can tell you), won't work and will just lead to shortages. No quick fixes will get you out of this crash. You need to grab your life vest, the thing that's going to keep you afloat. And that life vest is what Adam Smith (whose 300th birthday we celebrate this month) called the 'simple system of natural liberty'. Make sure your money is sound, protect the basic institutions of open markets, competition, individual liberty and the rule of law. Leave people free to go their own way, and they will collaborate and boost value and progress before any government bureaucrat has even got the spreadsheet functioning.Then you need to work out your escape route. That's not always easy, as we discovered during the early 1980s, when Margaret Thatcher's government tried to roll back a bloated state. Efficiency experts were brought in, and when they left again, things reverted back to their sad normal. We needed instead to work out a way to get the all-dominating nationalised industries (utilities, communications, transport, manufacturing and all the rest) out of state protection and into the chill wind of competition. The solution to each was different, and some worked better than others. It's not easy to find your way out of a crashed state.Follow the bubbles — look at what other people round the world are doing that actually works, and do that, rather than clinging to some ideological totem pole like the National Health Service. And, when you have done all that, distance yourself from the wreckage and inflate your life vest. Deploy the system of natural liberty, and you can float free.

The following research study is the wastewaters characterization coming from the car washing machines of Ambato, province of Tungurahua. Thus, a field and experimental investigation is carried out that allowed to know the current state that present the washing machines that work in the city. The flow rates of 10 washing machines and the volume occupied in the washing of three types of cars (cars, vans, 4 * 4) was determined. The average volume of water used in the washing of automobile, truck and 4x4 is 88,52 L, 122,49 L and 113,90 L respectively, and it was determined that the volume discharged either to the existing treatments or to the sewage system is 1/3 of the volume used, in this way the volumes come to be unloaded 31,90, 45,80 and 41,10 L according to car, truck and 4 * 4 wash respectively. The physic - chemical parameters of the wastewater coming from the washing of cars were analyzed in the laboratory of the Faculty of Civil and Mechanical Engineering of the Technical University of Ambato such as oil and fats, COD, BOD, solids present, of wastewaters coming from the car washing machines obtaining results that exceed the maximum permissible limits of the UNIFIED TEXT OF SECONDARY ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION except for the sedimentable solids. Through an analysis of studies reported in the literature, it was determined that the efficient wastewater treatment processes from car washers are the implementation of screening, sedimentation, aeration, moringa seeds, aquatic plants, filtration, use of coagulants. Manuscript received: October 8, 2021Manuscript accepted: December 20, 2021 ; El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad la caracterización de las aguas residuales provenientes de los desechos de las lavadoras de autos del cantón Ambato provincia de Tungurahua, para lo cual se realiza una investigación de campo y experimental que permite conocer el estado actual de estas industrias en el cantón Ambato. Se cuantifica los valores de caudales de agua potable que ingresan a 10 lavadoras de vehículos y el volumen de agua utilizado en el lavado de tres tipos de carros (automóviles, camionetas y 4x4). El volumen promedio de agua que se utiliza en el lavado de un automóvil, camioneta y 4x4 es 88,52 L, 122,49 L y 113,90 L respectivamente y se determina el volumen descargado, ya sea a los sistemas de pretratamiento existentes o en el sistema de alcantarillado, que es de alrededor de 1/3 del volumen del agua potable, de esta manera los volúmenes que se descargan en promedio son 31,90, 45,80 y 41,10 L según se lave automóvil, camioneta y 4*4 respectivamente. Se analiza en el laboratorio de la Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato los parámetros físico – químicos como aceites y grasas, demanda química de oxígeno, demanda biológica de oxígeno a los 5 dias, sólidos presentes, del agua residual provenientes del lavado de carros, dando resultados que sobrepasan los límites máximos permisibles del Texto Unificado de Legislación Secundaria de Medio Ambiente con excepción de los sólidos sedimentables. Mediante el análisis de estudios reportados en bibliografía especializada se analiza los procesos de tratamiento existente y eficaces del agua residual provenientes de las lavadoras de carros como son la implementación de cribado, sedimentador, aireación, semillas de moringa, plantas acuáticas, filtración y uso de coagulantes. Artículo recibido: 8 de octubre de 2021 Artículo aceptado: 20 de diciembre de 2021

Relevance. The adaptive-integrated plant protection system is the basis of biologized protective measures against harmful organisms. This system provides for careful treatment of natural resources, prevents contamination of soil and water with pesticides and agrochemicals. In recent years, legislation and sanitary regulations have increasingly tightened the regulations governing the use of pesticides in crop production. Organic farming is becoming increasingly common. Leading global chemical companies are expanding their research on the biology of manufactured plant protection products: they give them a selective character, reduce the period of their inactivation, respectively, the waiting period. FMC manufactures and supplies to Russia new generation insecticides Verimark® and Benevia® from the chemical class of diamides compatible with the biomethode and having a short waiting time.Methods. In 2020-2021, in the greenhouse complex of the FSVC, an assessment of the biological effectiveness of the insecticides Verimark® and Benevia® on cucumber culture has been carried out. Verimark® was applied by shedding seedlings under the root and applying through a drip system, Benevia® was introduced by ground spraying of vegetating plants.Results. The most problematic cucumber pests in greenhouse are tobacco trips (Thrips tabaci) and greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporarium). As a result of successive additions of the Verimark® (for the root) and Benevia® (for the leaves), the number of tobacco thrips was reduced by 90,8-98,9%. Spraying the plants with Benevia® in admixture with Codacide oil also provided a high positive effect against the greenhouse whitefly. Already on the third day, the number of pests decreased by 90,3%. Protective measures made it possible to increase crop yield by 26.3% in the first turnover and 28.3% in the second. The highest rates of biological efficacy were observed in the use of preparations before the start of pest settlement, which is fully supported by the recommendations of the manufacturer. ; Актуальность. Адаптивно-интегрированная система защиты растений является основой биологизированных защитных мероприятий от вредных организмов. Данная система предусматривает бережное отношение к природным ресурсам, предотвращает загрязнение почвы и воды пестицидами и агрохимикатами. Законодательные акты и санитарные нормы в последние годы все более ужесточают регламент применения пестицидов в растениеводстве. Все большее распространение находит органическое земледелие. Ведущие мировые химические компании расширяют свои исследования по биологизации производимых препаратов: придают им избирательный характер, сокращают период их инактивации, соответственно, срок ожидания. Компания FMC (ЭфЭмСи) производит и поставляет в Россию инсектициды нового поколения Веримарк® и Беневия® из химического класса антранилдиамиды, совместимые с биометодом и имеющие короткий срок ожидания.Методика. В 2020-2021 годах в тепличном комплексе ФГБНУ ФНЦО проведена оценка биологической эффективности препаратов Веримарк® и Беневия® на культуре огурца. Веримарк® вносили через систему капельного полива, Беневия® – методом наземного опрыскивания вегетирующих растений в смеси с масляным адъювантом Кодасайд.Результаты. Наиболее проблемными насекомыми-вредителями огурца в защищенном грунте являются трипс табачный (Thrips tabaci) и белокрылка тепличная (Trialeurodes vaporarium). В результате последовательных внесений препаратов Веримарк® (капельным способом) и Беневия® (по листьям) удалось сократить численность трипса табачного на 90,8-98,9%. Опрыскивание растений препаратом Беневия® в смеси с Кодасайд также обеспечило высокую техническую эффективность против белокрылки. Уже на третий день численность вредителей сократилась на 90,3%. Проведенные защитные мероприятия позволили повысить урожайность культуры на 26,3% в первом обороте и 28,3% – во втором. Наиболее высокие показатели биологической эффективности были отмечены при применении препаратов до начала заселения растений вредителями, что полностью подтверждается рекомендациями фирмы-изготовителя.

The purpose of the articles is to determine the socio-economic consequences of the raw material orientation of the agricultural sector of the domestic economy and to outline the priority areas of regulatory nature aimed at mitigating risks in the field of employment and the labor market in rural areas. Research methods. The research was based on general scientific and economic methods, the work of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on foreign trade, regulations, data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, electronic resources and other sources. Monographic and systematic approaches are used to analyze the structure of foreign trade in agri-food products. The principle of systems thinking helped to clarify the socio-economic consequences in the field of employment, labor market and rural migration. A number of techniques of abstract-logical tools made it possible to formulate intermediate final conclusions and determine conceptual ways of solving the problems raised. Research results. Considered from critical positions the commodity structure of Ukraine's foreign trade by groups 1-24 UCG FEA for 2000-2020. It was found that the main factors for increasing the export of raw materials were: liberalization of foreign trade relations, the termination of cooperative ties between agricultural production and processing enterprises and the creation of protectionist conditions for investment in agriculture. This was successfully used by the owners of speculative, financial, shadow, including foreign capital in the form of agricultural holdings with offshore jurisdictions. Thanks to the favorable situation in the global commodity markets, these organizations have significantly increased the production and export of grain crops, seeds and fruits of oilseeds and sunflower oil over two decades. During the same period, the export of finished food products has been reduced. If in 2000. The negative trade balance of the mentioned subgroup of goods amounted to 65 million, then according to the results of 2020 it increased to 392.2 million US dollars, or more than 6 times. Structural imbalances have led to the formation of a rental economic model in Ukraine, which has limited potential for further growth in added value. Ultimately, this negatively affects the well-being of households, social and labor relations, which have become especially aggravated in the field of employment, the labor market and population migration. In 2020, there were 1,783 thousand informally employed in rural areas, which amounted to 44.7% of the total in the economy and 36.2% of the total rural population aged 15-70. This is almost 4 times more than all employees in agriculture. Among the priority measures it is proposed: to revise the regulatory policy in the field of foreign trade in raw materials of this subgroup of goods; promoting the export of end-use products; stimulation of vertical and horizontal integration of agricultural producers, processors of raw materials and trade on mutually beneficial terms; creation of territorial production clusters; reanimation of all types of cooperation in rural areas from the standpoint of reducing risks to the balanced development of the agricultural sector and the country's economy. Scientific novelty. A comprehensive vision of the negative socio-economic consequences of the dominance of an archaic model of the economy, which in the conditions of a market turnover of rights to land plots, can become aggravated, has received further development. In contrast to the existing raw material exploitation of the agrarian sector and the rural population, the increase in the export of final consumption goods will contribute to the well-being of households and balanced rural development. Practical significance. Positioning the agricultural and food sector of Ukraine as a world leader in the export of end-use goods will contribute to solving the socio-economic problems of the rural population and balanced rural development. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 26.

A 20. század második felének bipoláris hatalma struktúráját (Amerikai Egyesült Államok versus Szovjetunió) követően a 21.században a két hagyományos nagyhatalom mellett egy újabb globális geopolitikai és geoökonómiai nagyhatalom is megjelent Kína gazdasági és katonai előtörésével. Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok vezető szerepe ugyanakkor (egyelőre) megkérdőjelezhetetlen, de Kína gazdaságilag tíz éven belül beérheti, Oroszország ásványkincs vagyona (földgáz, kőolaj) pedig függőségét jelent számos gazdasági hatalom számára. A három globális geopolitikai hatalom egymás közötti, bilaterális gazdasági és kereskedelmi kapcsolatai az elmúlt évtizedben nagyon heterogén módon alakultak: az amerikai-orosz relációban lineárisan csökkenő, az amerikai-kínai relációban jelentősen növekvő, majd a kereskedelmi háborúnak köszönhetően (talán átmenetileg) megtorpanó és csökkenő, az orosz-kínai relációban pedig folyamatosan növekvő trend figyelhető meg az elmúlt évtizedben. Az Oroszország által életre hívott gazdasági és kereskedelmi kezdeményezés a Szovjetunió felbomlását követő integrációs törekvések folytatása, az Eurázsiai Gazdasági Unió az elmúlt öt évben sikereket tud felmutatni, azonban már rövid távon is jelentős kihívásokkal néz szembe és kérdéses a további fejlődése. Előre tekintve új globális kockázati tényezők jelentek meg, melyek közül a legaktuálisabb és legnagyobb hatású a koronavírus járvány világszintű megjelenése és elterjedése. A globális szereplők egészségügyi és gazdasági járvány adott válasz lépései mind sebességet, mind mélységet tekintve heterogén képet mutatnak. Kérdés, hogy a jelenleg még mélyülő globális gazdasági válság a nemzetállamok szerepét fogja-e felerősíteni vagy új szövetségek jönnek létre a világban. Izgalmas, fordulatokkal teli évek következnek a globális geopolitikai színtéren, ahol a status quo megváltozása várható, új hatalmi központok jöhetnek létre, régi szövetségi rendszerek szűnhetnek meg illetve újak alakulhatnak ki, melyek a jelenlegi tripoláris világrendet alapjaiban változtathatják meg. Following the structure of bipolar power in the second half of the 20th century (United States versus the Soviet Union), in the 21st century, in addition to the two traditional superpowers, another global geopolitical and geoeconomic superpower emerged with the economic and military outbreak of China. At the same time, the leadership of the United States of America (for the time being) is unquestionable, but China can reach the nominal GDP of the US within ten years and still many economic powers depend on Russia's mineral wealth (natural gas, oil). Bilateral economic and trade relations between the three global geopolitical powers have evolved in a very heterogeneous manner over the last decade: linearly declining in the US-Russian relationship, significantly increasing in the US-China relationship, and then (possibly temporarily) due to the trade war stagnant and declining, and the Russian-Chinese relationship has been steadily increasing over the last decade. The economic and trade initiative launched by Russia is a continuation of the integration efforts following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the Eurasian Economic Union has been successful over the last five years, but it faces significant challenges in the short term and its further development is questionable. Looking ahead, new global risk factors have emerged, the most relevant and influential of which is the global emergence and spread of the coronavirus epidemic. The response of global actors to the health and economic epidemic shows a heterogeneous picture in terms of both speed and depth. The question is whether the global economic crisis, which is currently deepening, will strengthen the role of nation-states or create new alliances in the world. Exciting, turbulent years will follow on the global geopolitical scene, where the status quo is expected to change, new centers of power may emerge, old federal systems may disband, and new ones may be formed that can fundamentally change the current tripolar world order.

Поступила в редакцию: 01.02.2021. Принята к печати: 12.10.2021. ; Submitted: 01.02.2021. Accepted: 12.10.2021. ; Статья посвящена анализу обстоятельств прибытия, численности и расселения, условий труда, социально-культурной адаптации и особенностей отношений с местным населением болгарских строителей, прибывших в Западную Сибирь в рамках межправительственных договоров. Основными источниками послужили неопубликованные архивные материалы, данные публицистики и полевых исследований, собранные в Тюменской области в 2019–2020 гг. Исследование показало, что поездка в СССР с целью заработка занимала важное место в личных стратегиях успеха болгарской молодежи 1970-х гг. и была весьма распространенным явлением. В период с 1970 по конец 1980-х гг. в Тюменской области проживало около 4 тысяч болгар, самые крупные группы работали в Тюмени, Сургуте, Нижневартовске, Урае, Надыме. Несколько жилых районов, рабочих поселков и объектов нефтяной инфраструктуры в Западной Сибири были построены их руками. Кроме этого, в Тюмени и Сургуте есть скверы советской дружбы, в Сургуте установлен памятник Георгию Димитрову. Приезжая в СССР, болгары пользовались привилегированным статусом, выражавшимся в более высокой зарплате и доступе к ресурсам, которых не имели местные жители. Это, помимо экономического, подчеркивает то политическое значение, которое советское руководство придавало привлечению трудовых ресурсов из соцстран. Основные сложности адаптации были связны с климатическими условиями и языковым барьером. Пребывание в Западной Сибири болгар и обслуживающей их компании «Главболгарстрой» заложило прочные экономические связи, которые спровоцировали крупный приток болгарских мигрантов в Россию уже в 1990-е гг. В результате, согласно данным Всероссийских переписей населения 2002 и 2010 гг., в Тюменской области зафиксировано самое крупное сообщество болгар в России. Сегодня болгары Западной Сибири представлены уже в третьем поколении мигрантов, они играют заметную роль в социокультурном и экономическом пространстве Тюменской области, значительная часть по-прежнему сохраняет эмоциональную связь с родиной и поддерживает отношения с родными и близкими в Болгарии. ; This article is devoted to analysing arrival circumstances, population, settlement, work conditions, socio-cultural adaptation, and particularities of relations with the local community of builders from Bulgaria who migrated to Western Siberia within the framework of government contracts. The article refers to unpublished archive materials, data from journals, and field trips recorded in Tyumen Region in 2019–2020. The research reveals that travelling to the USSR in order to earn money played an important part in individual success strategies of Bulgarian youth in the 1970s and became quite widespread. Between the 1970 and late 1980s, Tyumen Region received 4 000 Bulgarians living in it with the biggest groups working in Tyumen, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Urai, and Nadim. Several districts, working villages, and oil extraction facilities in Western Siberia were built by them. Also, both in Tyumen and Surgut, there are squares of Soviet-Bulgarian friendship, and in Surgut there is a monument to Georgi Dimitrov. Upon arrival in the USSR, the Bulgarians had a privileged status. The main adaptation difficulties were associated with the local climate and the language barrier. The life of Bulgarians and the work of the Glavbolgarstroy company in Western Siberia laid a strong foundation for economic activity that gave rise to a large influx of Bulgarian migrants to Russia in the 1990s. As a result, according to All-Russian censuses in 2002 and 2010, Tyumen region had the largest community of Bulgarians registered in Russia. Today Bulgarians in Western Siberia are present as third-generation migrants; they play a significant role in sociocultural and economic spheres of Tyumen Region. Many of them maintain an emotional bond with their motherland and keep in touch with their families and close people in Bulgaria. ; Исследование выполнено при поддержке РФФИ, грант №19-59-18003 «Болгары Урала и Сибири в XX–XXI веках: история, культура, идентичность». ; The research was carried out with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant 19-59-18003 "Bulgarians of the Urals and Siberia in the 20th–21st Centuries: History, Culture, Identity".

The essay aims to investigate for the first time in a systematic way the plan of Venice (Venetia) by Gian Battista Arzenti, a canvas painted in oil, collected at the Correr Museum and recently dated to 1621–26 (by Gianmario Guidarelli 2015). The plan depicts the city as a very compact and homogeneous body, at a time in its urban history when part of the great transformations designed by Cristoforo Sabbadino in the previous century have now come to an end. The painter's gaze offers an almost isotropic view of the city, where the Marciana area (which has a central role in previous depictions, such as that of Jacopo de 'Barbari, 1500) is only one of the celebratory fulcrums of the city, together with the Grand Canal (with its parade of patrician palaces) and the Arsenale. In this visual reworking of Venice, the role of monasteries and convents is central, but not predominant compared to the other elements of the city. The marble facades of the Benedictine churches of San Zaccaria and San Giorgio Maggiore and the bulk of the mendicant churches of the Frari and San Zanipolo emerge from the surrounding fabric without imposing themselves on the surrounding space, re-entering the logic of a harmonious and compact city. As for the smaller churches (above all, parish and brotherhood churches) the painter's logic frames them as an integral part of urban scenes (such as the Riva delle Zattere). In light of these considerations, we propose to map the occurrences of cultic buildings in the plan and to verify their visual role in the construction of the urban representation, in a balance between religious and civil buildings, between infrastructures and natural network of canals which Venice celebrates as an image of social and political harmony. ; Il saggio si propone di indagare, per la prima volta in modo sistematico, la pianta di Venezia (Venetia) di Gian Battista Arzenti, una tela dipinta ad olio, conservata presso il Museo Correr e recentemente datata al 1621–26 (da Gianmario Guidarelli nel 2015). La pianta raffigura la città come un corpo molto compatto e omogeneo, in un momento della sua storia urbana in cui parte delle grandi trasformazioni progettate da Cristoforo Sabbadino nel secolo precedente sono ormai giunte al termine. Lo sguardo del pittore restituisce una veduta quasi isotropa della città, dove l'area marciana (che ha un ruolo centrale nelle raffigurazioni precedenti, come quella di Jacopo de' Barbari, 1500) è solo uno dei fulcri celebrativi della città, insieme al Canal Grande (con la sua parata di palazzi patrizi) e all'Arsenale. In questa rielaborazione visiva di Venezia, il ruolo dei monasteri e dei conventi è centrale, ma non predominante rispetto agli altri elementi della città. Le facciate marmoree delle chiese benedettine di San Zaccaria e San Giorgio Maggiore, e la mole delle chiese mendicanti dei Frari e di San Zanipolo, emergono dal tessuto circostante senza imporsi rispetto allo spazio circostante, rientrando nella logica di una città armoniosa e compatta. Per quanto riguarda le chiese più piccole (parrocchiali e confraternali, prima di tutto) la logica del pittore le inquadra come parte integrante di quinte urbane (come la riva delle Zattere). Alla luce di queste considerazioni, ci proponiamo di mappare le occorrenze degli edifici cultuali nella pianta e di verificarne il ruolo visivo nella costruzione della rappresentazione urbana, in un equilibrio tra edifici religiosi e civili, tra infrastrutture e rete naturale di canali che Venezia celebra come immagine di una armonia sociale e politica.

This article examines the ways and means used to set priorities in the late Soviet economic policy. Referring to the analysis of documents and existing historiography, the author substantiates the conclusion about the fact that their choice was made outside of the routine national economic planning framework. They were structured as projects (megaprojects, programmes) of national significance. Their implementation had a tremendous effect on the country's economic development. It would suffice to mention the creation of the nuclear weapons complex and the aerospace industry, the establishment of the Siberian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the economic development of the West Siberian oil and gas province, the formation of the territorial production conglomerations in the Angara-Yenisei region, the construction of the Baikal-Amur highway, etc. Decisions on launching these programmes were made in the form of "resolutions of the Communist Party and Government". However, it was necessary to conform to them in the process of both long-term and operational planning (adjustment). In this way, the national scale economic goals were set apparently without any prior discussion. Moreover, the tougher the administrative regulation methods, the closer were the results achieved to the initial intentions. A very good example of this was the nuclear project. At the same time, the liberalisation of the regulation mode and the transformation of the "command" economy into the economy of "coordinated approvals" resulted in the loss of administrative regulation efficiency. In the absence of market signals or sanctions, this inevitably led to a misalignment of the economic development plans and results. By the end of the Soviet period, the prevailing opinion was that the only way to improve the balance would be a move of the economy to a "market-based track". However, there was no clarity on how to do this. Hence, a series of ill-conceived actions, resulting in a complete loss of centralised planning and management. Not being guided by any commands "from above" or the market, the economy was in a state of "free fall". ; Статья посвящена характеристике путей и способов определения приоритетов в позднесоветской экономической политике. На основании анализа документальных источников и имеющегося историографического задела обосновывается вывод, что их выбор, как правило, осуществлялся вне рамок рутинного народнохозяйственного планирования. Они оформлялись в виде проектов (мегапроектов, программ) государственного значения. Их реализация оказала огромное влияние на экономическое развитие страны. Достаточно назвать создание ядерно-­оружейного комплекса и ракетно-космической отрасли, организацию Сибирского отделения АН СССР, хозяйственное освоение Западно-Сибирской нефтегазовой провинции, формирование территориально-производственных комплексов Ангаро-Енисейского региона, строительство Байкало-Амурской магистрали и т. д. Решения о «запуске» этих программ принимались в виде «постановлений партии и правительства» по, казалось бы, частным вопросам. Но под них подстраивались при составлении (корректировке) и перспективных, и оперативных планов. Так, как бы явочным порядком фиксировались экономические цели национального значения. И чем жестче были использовавшиеся методы организации работы, тем больше достигнутые результаты соответствовали первоначальным замыслам. Наглядным тому примером является атомный проект. Однако, либерализация режима и трансформация командной экономики в «экономику согласований» привели к снижению действенности административных методов управления. В отсутствие рыночных сигналов и санкций это неизбежно вело к рассогласованию планов и результатов экономического развития. К концу советской эпохи возобладало мнение, что только перевод экономики на «рыночные рельсы» повысит их сбалансированность. Однако понимания, как это сделать, не было — отсюда череда непродуманных действий, обернувшихся полной утратой централизованного планирования и управления экономикой, в результате чего она, не направляемая ни командами «сверху», ни рынком, оказалась в состоянии «свободного падения».

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L) has been an important part of the well-being of the population for many centuries. This plant is a bast and oilseed crop that is characterized by specific biological and unique consumer properties. However, hemp plants also have medicinal and narcotic properties. Cannabis plants can excrete secretions that contain cannabinoids. The psychotropic effect of the narcotic drug cannabis is the result of the complex action of all cannabinoids, although only some of them have a psychotropic effect in its pure form. These include, first, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC), which has a major psychotropic effect and is able to selectively bind to cannabinoid receptors in certain brain structures. In this regard, the development of simple and effective methods of detection (Δ-9-THC) in hemp plant seeds is an urgent issue. The article considers the analysis of existing methods of liquid-liquid extraction of Δ-9-THC from hemp seeds with their subsequent approbation and improvement for separation of interfering fractions, first of all fats (oils), and with the subsequent identification of Δ-9-THC by gas chromatomass spectrometry with mass-selective detection. Some methods of liquid-liquid extraction of hemp seeds and comparison of the obtained results are given. To solve this goal, seeds collected from technical hemp of the Glyana variety, cultivated from plants of the genus of hemp for industrial purposes, allowed by the legislation of Ukraine, are collected from varieties of hemp plants in dried straw whose content of Δ-9-THC does not exceed 0.08 percent. It has been found that the method with the use of acetonitrile as an extracting, followed by washing with hexane, most meets the goal of the study, namely to detect Δ-9-THC in small quantities, especially in hemp seeds. This method of extraction is best suited due to the lowest amount of co-extractives found on the chromatogram, primarily fats and fat hydrolysis products, namely higher carboxylic acids (saturated and unsaturated), which may interfere with the study. These studies can be further used to quantify Δ-9-THC in hemp seeds and foods made from hemp seeds, followed by the detection limit (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the substance, which is necessary for further certification of these products and exports. The obtained research results allow to determine the presence of Δ-9-THC in hemp seeds and food products made from hemp seeds. ; У статті піддаються предметному аналізу методики рідинно-рідинної екстракції Δ-9-ТГК з конопляного насіння з подальшою їх апробацією й удосконаленням для відділення заважаючих фракцій, насамперед жирів (олій), та з наступною ідентифікацією Δ-9-ТГК методом газової хроматоас-спектрометрії з мас-селективним детектуванням. Апробовано деякі методи рідинно-рідинної екстракції конопляного насіння. Отримані результати досліджень дають змогу визначити наявність Δ-9-ТГК в насінні конопель та продуктах харчування, виготовлених з насіння конопель. Встановлено, що метод екстракції ацетонітрилом з подальшим промиванням гексаном є найбільш ефективним і легко відтворюваним та може бути рекомендованим для якісного визначення Δ-9-ТГК в незначних концентраціях у насінні конопель. Дані дослідження надалі можуть бути використані для кількісного визначення Δ-9-ТГК в насінні конопель та продуктах харчування, виготовлених з насіння конопель, із подальшим визначенням межі детектування (LOD) та межі кількісного виявлення (LOQ) зазначеної речовини, що необхідно для подальшої сертифікації цієї продукції та її експорту.