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River and water are important resources for human life, environment and national development. In Malaysia, the importance of rivers as the focal point of the city was established from early times of civilisation and remains forever. Population and economic growth, urbanisation and increased technology have transformed many Malaysian river systems from water industries into non water industries. Due to these changes, the function of the riverfront areas have also changed and the current pattern of riverfront development in Malaysia now focus more on mixed-use development and recreation. Presently, numbers of riverfront development projects were developed in Malaysia for recreation, residential, and mixed-use. Unfortunately, in most cases, the developments identified are not successful whereby, having cost effects more than economic value. For example, increases in water pollution indexes and rates of juvenile problems. The focus of this study was to examine waterfront development in Malaysia as well as to identify the attributes of waterfront development, in order to develop guidelines for waterfront development. The findings of this research were based on interviews conducted with Government officers, Property developers, and the Waterfront community from three case study areas (qualitative phase), and from questionnaires mailed and e-mailed to property development companies listed under Bursa Malaysia (quantitative phase). The findings identified 18 attributes to be used in assisting developers when undertaking waterfront projects in the future. The attributes identified were then recommended to be used as guidelines of best practices of riverfront development in Malaysia.

Four implications for youth development research and practice resulted from a qualitative study on psychosocial developmental experiences of late adolescents coping with parental cancer during late adolescence. The study employed a developmental systems framework and grounded theory methods. Results suggest three primary psychosocial developmental influences, including multilevel influences (individual, familial, and extrafamilial risk and protective factors), coping strategies to maintain control, and responses to uncertainty and anticipatory grief. The particular combination of risk and protective factors present in participants' lives resulted in positive outcomes; resilience was the central unifying concept that characterized the primary psychosocial developmental outcomes of each participant. This finding illuminates the need to expand our focus in youth development research and practice to include positive developmental outcomes that can result from coping with life crises during adolescence.

The process of economic development-in the sense of a
sustained increase in per capita income-is typically associated with
dramatic changes in some key economic variables relating to the sectoral
composition of production, trade, and factor-use. And this seems to
suggest that it is essentially a "disorderly" affair. Some of these
changes have been observed regularly enough to qualify as the stylised
facts, or the "regularities", of economic development. These general
observations about the real world seem to support a spate of
"disorderly" hypotheses about the nature of economic development. The
critical minimum-effort hypothesis, the poles-of-development conjecture,
the unbalanced-growth strategy of development, the propositions
advocating a big-push, the great spurt, or the process of cumulative
causation, all suggest that the development process may have been
disequilibrating in the "structural sense" . Yet another dimension of
such "disorderly" hypotheses is the pioneer's vision of the effects of
growth on income distribution. Thus Lewis's "capital fundamentalism"
envisages a particularly "bloody" scenario: capital accumulation
proceeds relentlessly in his dual-economy model, where profits rise
while real wages remain constant because the supply of labour-the
Marxian "reserve army"-is (definitionally) elastic. In Lewis's model, if
not in the real world, the story of (capitalist) growth comes to an end
once the real wage starts to rise; this must happen because, again by
definition, the wage-earners consume all that they earl}. Kuznet's and
also Myrdal's inverted U-shaped pattern of inequality-partially
confirmed by cross-country investigations of the size distribution of
income-postulates a worsening of income distribution, at least in the
initial stages of economic development.

The ADPs were designed in response to a fall in agricultural productivity and hence a concern to sustain domestic food supplies. The study examined "Financing Agriculture in Nigeria through Agricultural Extension Services of Agricultural Development Programmes." It sought to ascertain the extent to which agricultural extension services of the agricultural development programmes have impacted the financing of agriculture in six selected local government areas in Edo South senatorial district, Nigeria using a sample of 120 respondents. Stratified random sampling was used to select the respondents. Interview schedule served as the research instrument. The research data were analyzed using t-test and Pearson correlation, which served as the inferential statistics. The research findings showed that the extension services of ADP have impacted significantly on crop development in the selected communities but have not had significant impact on employment creation and the development of infrastructural facilities. The study also revealed that there was no significant difference between the implementation of the projects in the selected communities, as revealed by the correlation test. On the basis of the research findings, the need for a complete redesign of the project to ensure that it achieves its stated goals as well as ensure proper monitoring of its implementation were suggested, among others

Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Introduction -- Introduction to Regional Growth and Sustainable Development in Asia -- 1 Preliminaries -- 2 Poverty -- 2.1 Regional Disparities and Poverty in the Philippines -- 2.2 Decomposition of Poverty in India -- 2.3 Rural Poverty and Agriculture in the Philippines -- 3 Energy and Climate Change -- 3.1 Petroleum Subsidies in Indonesia -- 3.2 Energy-Environment-Economic Efficiency in Asian Nations -- 3.3 Climate Change and Malaysia -- 4 Money and Macroeconomics -- 4.1 Market Microstructure and Asian Banks -- 4.2 Macroeconomic Performance of Indian States -- 5 Ageing, Education, Production, and the Internet -- 5.1 Population Ageing in South Korea -- 5.2 Educational Attainment and Learning in India -- 5.3 Global Production Networks and Penang, Malaysia -- 5.4 The Internet in Nepal -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Poverty -- Spatial Disparitiesand Poverty: The Case of Three Provinces in the Philippines -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spatial Economic Disparities across the Philippines -- Box 1. Administrative Divisions in the Philippines -- 3 A Closer Look at Pangasinan, Eastern Samar, and Maguindanao -- 3.1 Distinct Characteristics of the Three Provinces -- 3.2 Common Characteristics Among the Poor Households -- 3.2.1 Low Skills and Education -- 3.2.2 High Vulnerability to Shocks -- 3.2.3 Limited Connectivity with Markets -- Box 2 Small Entrepreneurs in Isolated Areas Face High Transaction Costs -- 3.2.4 Lack of Supporting Policy Environment at the Local Level -- 4 Policy Implications -- References -- Decomposing Poverty Change in India: Within- and Between-Group Effects Across Regions, 2004-2005 and 2009-2010 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Method -- 3 Data and Analysis -- 3.1 Incidence of Poverty -- 3.2 Region-Specific Growth, Inequality, and Population Effects

The dynamism of social life, constantly changing technologies, professions and specialities increases the importance of continuing education, because it is designed to ensure the acquisition, increase or change the qualifications of the individual at any period of his life. However, it is known that the effective activity of the educational institutions is caused by modern produce of different kinds of resources. In modern Russia there is a paradoxical situation: the need to increase skills (and, consequently, higher levels of education) is constantly increasing, which is primarily due to economic reforms, and resources, that satisfy this need, are proportionately decreasing. Decisions on the allocation of funds for the development of the education system mainly depend on local and national government policy, but in the context of the economic crisis there is a tendency of reduced funding of those areas where the opposition will be the least effective, and the resistance will be the least organized. One of such are is the field of education. Today, resource failure of the Russian institutions of continuing education leads, on the one hand, to the outflow of personnel, from the other hand increases his unavailability for the poor strata of society. The growing need of the population of Russia in continuous education and the simultaneous reduction in its resource provision creates that social conflict, which makes difficult the saturation of the institutions of continuing education in Russia with the actual content. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s1p124

At the end of XIX century futures exchange emerged, in the early 70-ies XX century - option exchange of financial derivatives. These exchanges gave a huge boost to the development of market of the operations with derivative financial instruments. In fact, in the 1970-1980-ies a new market segment was actually formed - the stock and financial derivatives. Trade in financial derivatives began in the OTC market, which accounts for most of the trade of derivatives. Today volumes of the OTC market of derivatives are several times greater than the volume of world trade and world GDP. From 2000 to 2007 derivative OTC market grew rapidly. In 2007-2008 there is a decline in trade of derivatives, but already in 2009 the world market of OTC derivatives returned to pre-crisis growth rates. Among all the instruments of the OTC market of derivatives swaps on interest rates stand out in the volumes, which even in the crisis of2007-2008 slightly, but increased. Analysis of indicators of the global OTC market of derivatives reveals the predominance of instruments on interest rates: their share in the total world market in 2012 amounted to about 77%. If we consider the structure of the OTC market of derivatives on type contracts, in 2012 most of the contracts (66%) belonged to the swaps. As regards the structure of the world market of exchange derivatives, in 2012 the options had the largest share - 54 %, futures accounted for 46 %. Among all the exchange instruments on interest rates held 92%.

Economic events, particularly the energy crisis, inflation, and recession, have had an impact on both the successes and failures of the European Community in the seventies. Accomplishments, such as the 1973 enlargement and the evolution of a global development cooperation policy, cannot be cited without the mention of EC setbacks in forming joint economic, monetary, and energy policies. The record of contemporary Community policy, with its disagreements and inaction, reflects both worldwide economic disorder and growing divergent views within the Nine. Europe has moved from a relatively insignificant status in international affairs to that of a global power, utilizing the partnership concept embodied in the pioneering Lomé agree ment, the world's largest regional economic organization. The European Community has furthermore devised extensive new lines of cooperation with two other zones of major interest through the creation of the Euro-Arab dialogue and the EC-Mediterranean grand design. These new "foreign policies" are the outgrowth of new German influence, Com mission initiative, and Third World global significance. Put in perspective, these achievements are limited by the recurrent inability to construct common Community policies and/or bring about structural reform. In order to liberate the Nine from a state of disunity, there has emerged a drive to make the European Parliament more powerful and directly elected. A democratic European legislature, with more competences, may break the deadlock but will not achieve the mandatory coherence between internal and external policies and pro cedures of the Community.

It is now nine years since the outbreak of the Chinese revolution. It is fifteen years since the Manchus attempted to maintain their control by introducing representative institutions into China. The development toward constitutional and representative government under the Manchus was checked in 1911 by the revolutionary movement. When the Chinese Republic was established as the successor to the alien Manchu Empire it was felt that the problem of modernizing China bade fair to be solved, and that in an orderly way her political institutions would be brought into harmony with western standards. Unfortunately that orderly progress has not come. Parliamentary government under the Nanking (provisional) Constitution was replaced by the dictatorship of Yuan Shih-kai under the arrangements of the so-called constitutional compact, which in turn was followed by the attempt to reëstablish the monarchy. The failure of the monarchy movement brought back parliamentary government, but before a permanent constitution could be adopted Parliament was again dissolved, and a government controlled by a military clique set up in its place. Since this military government was unacceptable to the southern provinces, the country became divided. So far it has not been possible for the country to reconcile its differences. Instead of an ordered constitutional progress, has come apparent failure in the effort to establish representative government. The name of a republic has been maintained, it is true, and the forms of constitutional government have been retained, but a permanent national government has not been set up, nor has popular government replaced the paternal despotism of the past.