Suchergebnisse

Social reintegration programs carried out within probation services are an important factor contributing to desistance from crime. A large number of people in the records of these services have the obligation to participate in at least one such program. It is known that the programs carried out by the probation officers have a significant educational component on the supervised persons, as they include many of the elements of an effective correctional treatment. It was also observed that delinquents participating in these programs develop thinking techniques that help them carefully evaluate the consequences of their own decisions and actions. The topic of this paper represents a real interest for probation practitioners, since the development of the supervision process, the preparation of educational reintegration programs in the activity of assistance and counselling, require interactions with the beneficiaries of the Probation Services. Therefore, the emergence of some situations may inherently present professional ethical dilemmas. ​​This paper highlights the need to explore and analyse the nature of these dilemmas, their frequency, the way counsellors manifest themselves in the face of an ethical ambiguity, the highlighting of optimal answers and reactions from a deontological and ethical point of view, and finally, the creation of some good practices. Although the chosen subject is an extremely challenging one, in this paper I will focus on the counsellor-beneficiary relationship, being aware of the multitude of issues that can be discussed with colleagues from different services. I will mention general aspects related to the notions of ethics, morals, and deontology in educational reintegration programs. I will also highlight certain relevant aspects in the Romanian legislation and in the European recommendations in the matter of probation. The present study was carried out at the national level, namely at the level of the Probation Services between 15.10.2022 and 14.11.2022. The research was built on the basis of the sociological survey method and as an investigation tool we used questionnaires. Which included both closed and open questions. Also, to obtain information, I used other techniques, such as the study of documents (probation files) and open-ended discussions. The data were collected by completing the questionnaires to the probation counsellors through remote communication means, and personally by colleagues from the Bistrița-Năsăud Probation Service. Thus, a number of 50 colleagues from most services in the country agreed to complete the questionnaire. In the last part of the paper, as a result of the research undertaken, I aimed to present the way in which we analyse and manage a variety of professional ethical dilemmas encountered in everyday practice. In addition, the relevant legislative benchmarks are discussed, optimized response strategies are presented, and finally the conclusions represent an opportunity for reflection and learning that can provide professionals with greater self-confidence, and a sense of safety and control over these situations.

The study actualizes the issue of cooperation between business and science on the way to the commercialization of innovations in modern conditions. A hypothesis is put forward regarding the relationship between the level of cooperation between industry and science (based on the University-Industry Research Collaboration indicator within the Global Innovation Index) and the income from intellectual property. Therefore, the article aims to confirm the existence and establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the level of cooperation between business and science and the amount of income from intellectual property. A bibliometric analysis is carried out at the first stage to confirm the hypothesis, and the main directions of interdisciplinary research related to this issue are highlighted. In the second stage, the research information base is formed based on the statistical data of the World Intellectual Property Organization for a sample of 10 countries – leaders according to the Global Innovation Index of 2022 for the last 10 years (2013-2022). In the third stage, a correlation analysis is carried out to confirm a relationship's existence and determine its statistical significance, nature and strength. At the fourth stage, a vector autoregression is constructed, based on the results of which Granger testing for cause-and-effect relationships is performed to determine the influence direction between the studied indicators. It is established that the level of cooperation between business and science is the cause and affects the amount of income from intellectual property in 6 of the 8 countries of the sample, in which the cause-and-effect relationship between the studied indicators was confirmed and established; the amount of income from intellectual property is the cause and affects the level of cooperation between business and science in 5 of the 8 countries of the sample, in which the cause-and-effect relationship between the studied indicators was confirmed. At the same time, in 3 out of 8 countries of the sample, in which the cause-and-effect relationship between the studied indicators was confirmed, a two-way influence was found. Accordingly, it is substantiated that the level of cooperation between business and science directly and positively affects the income from intellectual property. Therefore, the strengthening of collaboration between industry and science will contribute to the increase in the amount of income from intellectual property. In turn, the revenue volume from the intellectual property will also contribute to improving and developing cooperation between business and science. The obtained results can be helpful for scientists in further research in related scientific areas and for representatives of the business community, government officials and other persons interested in this issue.

This article summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific debate on the issue of the waste management system as a key determinant of green development and the transformation of the energy balance. The main goal of the research is to analyze the structure of energy production and its impact on the environment in the context of waste management as a key determinant of green development, taking into account the current realities of the war in Ukraine. The systematization of literary sources and approaches to solving the problem of changing the structure of the energy balance within the framework of the green development paradigm proved that the scientific community began to more actively explore alternative ways of changing the structure of the energy balance, also the results of the bibliometric analysis proved the formation of several scientific directions in the study of the waste management system as determinants of the impact on green development and the transformation of the country's energy balance. The urgency of solving this scientific problem lies in the fact that the production of primary energy produces about 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Accordingly, the main source of continuous work of all spheres of the national economy is one of the biggest sources of negative impact on the environment and climate change. The study of the issue of the waste management system as a key determinant of green development and the transformation of the energy balance in the article is carried out in the following logical sequence: the first stage – bibliometric analysis based on Scopus and Web of Science data; the second stage is a comparative analysis of the structure of the energy balance (production and consumption) of Ukraine; the third stage is scenario forecasting of the transformation of the energy balance based on the Brown model. The methods of bibliometric, comparative analysis and scenario forecasting became the methodical tools of the conducted research, the period of the study was 2000-2020. Ukraine was chosen as the object of the study, since it is important to study all possible ways of increasing economic, environmental and energy security, taking into account the war and post-war periods. The article presents the results of scenario forecasting, which proved that biofuels and waste are one of the promising sources of primary energy in the structure of the energy balance of Ukraine. The study empirically confirms and theoretically proves that the government of Ukraine needs to investigate promising directions for the modernization of the energy balance structure. The results of the conducted research can be useful for evaluating the transmission mutual effects of waste management, energy balance, public health, and the state of the environment.

O estudo tem por objetivo identificar as estratégias para o acesso e a permanência de discentes com deficiência em cursos de graduação em saúde de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES), localizada no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir da análise de Projetos Pedagógicos Curriculares (PPCs). Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, caracterizando-se como uma análise documental, agrupando os termos em categorias. Como principal suporte metodológico para a pesquisa documental foi, utilizada a análise dos documentos institucionais a partir das apresentações dos PPCs disponíveis, referentes aos cursos de graduação em Enfermagem, Educação Física, Farmácia, Fisioterapia e Medicina, bem como análise das ementas dos componentes curriculares supracitados. A coleta e a análise dos dados ocorreram entre outubro de 2020 e fevereiro de 2021. Entre os resultados encontrados se destacam as políticas de acesso ao Ensino Superior presente nos PPCs analisados e as particularidades entre as medidas de inclusão e acessibilidade adotadas para a permanência dos discentes com deficiência nos cursos de graduação em saúde. Contudo, apesar da existência de estratégias de permanência implementadas pela IES, ainda, observa-se uma carência de reformas nas estruturas físicas, bem como, uma possível lacuna no investimento em formação em saúde no âmbito do atendimento às pessoas com deficiência.
Palavras-chave: Políticas Públicas Inclusivas. Formação em Saúde. Pessoas com Deficiência.
AbstractThe study aims to identify as a clinician, the access and permanence of students with disabilities in undergraduate health courses at a Higher Education Institution (HEI), located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, based on the analysis of Pedagogical Projects Curriculum (PPCs). This is a research with a qualitative approach, characterized as a documental analysis, grouping terms into categories. As the main methodological support for a documentary research, an analysis of institutional documents is used from the presentations of the available PPCs, referring to undergraduate courses in Nursing, Physical Education, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy and Medicine, as well as an analysis of the syllabuses of the curricular components mentioned above. Data collection and analysis took place between October 2020 and February 2021. Among the results found, the access policies are highlighted to higher education present in disabled PPCs and as particularities among the inclusion and accessibility measures adopted for the permanence of students with disabilities in undergraduate health courses. However, despite the existence of permanence compliance implemented by the IES, there is still a lack of reforms in the structures of the same structure, as well as a possible gap in investment in health training in the context of caring for people with disabilities.
Keywords: Inclusive Public Policies. Health Training. Disabled People.

Este artigo é fruto de uma pesquisa realizada durante a disciplina de estágio supervisionado de Química no Instituto de Educação, Agricultura e Ambiente -IEAA, da Universidade Federal do Amazonas-UFAM, tendo como público-alvo os estagiários do curso de Licenciatura em Ciências - Biologia e Química. Buscou-se por meio deste apresentar reflexões acerca das experiências narradas por eles durante a realização do estágio no 1º semestre do ano de 2021. Assumindo uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativa, o método para a coleta dos dados foi através de um questionário semiestruturado com questões abertas produzidas a partir do google forms. Os resultados apontam que embora o momento vigente ocasionado pela pandemia do Covid-19 tenha dificultado as ações programadas em sua realização. O estágio supervisionado na percepção discente é de suma importância para desenvolver técnicas no ensino e aprendizado, sendo considerado como um processo de experiência prática, que aproxima o acadêmico da realidade de sua área de formação e o ajuda a compreender diversas teorias que para eles podem conduzir ao exercício da profissão que desejam seguir. Além de ajudar na construção da identidade acadêmica, oportuniza colocar em prática as teorias vivenciadas durante a graduação, além de possibilitar refletir sobre as próprias práticas, enquanto futuros professores.
Palavras-chave: Estágio. Formação Acadêmica. Identidade Docente.
Abstract This article is the result of research carried out during the discipline of supervised internship in Chemistry at the Institute of Education, Agriculture and Environment -IEAA, Federal University of Amazonas-UFAM, having as target audience the interns of the Teaching Degree in Science - Biology and Chemistry. It was sought through this to present reflections on the experiences narrated by them during the internship in the 1st semester of 2021. Assuming a qualitative research, the method for data collection was through a semi-structured questionnaire with open questions produced from google forms. The results show that the current moment caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has made it difficult for the actions planned to take place. The supervised internship in the student's perception is of paramount importance to develop techniques in teaching and learning, being considered as a process of practical experience, which brings the academic closer to the reality of their training area and helps them to understand several theories that can lead them to the profession they wish to pursue. In addition to helping to build academic identity, it provides an opportunity to put into practice the theories experienced during the undergraduate studies, in addition to making it possible to reflect on their own practices as future teachers.
Keywords: Phase. Academic Education. Teaching Identity.

Abstract
Research Question

How have London's racial and demographic disparities in homicide victimisation rates changed in 2 decades of the twenty-first century, with what implications for policing by consent?

Data
We collected Metropolitan Police Service homicide victimisation counts in London for each financial year (April through March) so far in the twenty-first century, by race, gender and age. We also collected the estimated residential population size of those groups from the 2001 and 2011 Census results.

Methods
We divided the number of homicides each year in each demographic category by the estimated population size of that category, and then computed victimisation rates per 100,000 for each of the 21 years. We plotted trends in the rates of each group over time, whilst calculating ratios between victimisation rates of Blacks and Whites, and of South Asians and Whites, in each year.

Findings
Over the past 2 decades in London, Black homicide victimisation rates have fallen by almost half, but they remain about 5 times higher than homicide victimisations of Whites and South Asians. Inequality of homicide rates between Black and White victimisations declined substantially, but then became worse: the most recent 5 years showed 19% more inequality than in the century's first 5 years. Three major changes in homicide inequalities have occurred since 2001: (A) The total Black homicide victimisation rate dropped by 71% from 2001 to 2014; (B) homicides of Blacks then increased by 92% in the 5 years to 2019–2020, whilst the White victimisation rate remained unchanged; (C) from 2019 to 2022, Black victimisation rates declined again by 27%, whilst White rates also declined, by 26%. Young Black males aged 16–24 were 10 to 20 times more likely than White counterparts to become homicide victims in 2017–2022. Yet Black female homicide victimisation dropped by 82% over 21 years. Female inequality reduced from up to 400% higher for Black females than Whites at the beginning of the century to 67% higher in the most recent 5 years. For Asians of all ages, inequality of homicide victimisations to Whites disappeared by 2022. Inequality persisted between young Asian males and young White males.

Conclusion
Changes in London's racial inequality in homicide victimisation are both substantial and volatile. Understanding their fall and rise may help police to renew and sustain reductions of racial inequality in risks of violence. Learning lessons about what police may have done to cause substantial reductions in Black victimisation requires both retrospective and ongoing tracking of both homicide and policing at local levels. Providing transparent tracking is also essential to public dialogue about policing strategies, which could help to renew policing by consent based on precise statistical evidence.

Abstract. Extreme precipitation is a weather phenomenon with tremendous damaging potential for property and human life. As the intensity and frequency of such events is projected to increase in a warming climate, there is an urgent need to advance the existing knowledge on extreme precipitation processes, statistics and impacts across scales. To this end, a working group within the Germany-based project, ClimXtreme, has been established to carry out multidisciplinary analyses of high-impact events. In this work, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the 29 June 2017 heavy precipitation event (HPE) affecting the Berlin metropolitan region (Germany), from the meteorological, impacts and climate perspectives, including climate change attribution. Our analysis showed that this event occurred under the influence of a mid-tropospheric trough over western Europe and two shortwave surface lows over Britain and Poland (Rasmund and Rasmund II), inducing relevant low-level wind convergence along the German–Polish border. Over 11 000 convective cells were triggered, starting early morning 29 June, displacing northwards slowly under the influence of a weak tropospheric flow (10 m s−1 at 500 hPa). The quasi-stationary situation led to totals up to 196 mm d−1, making this event the 29 June most severe in the 1951–2021 climatology, ranked by means of a precipitation-based index. Regarding impacts, it incurred the largest insured losses in the period 2002 to 2017 (EUR 60 million) in the greater Berlin area. We provide further insights on flood attributes (inundation, depth, duration) based on a unique household-level survey data set. The major moisture source for this event was the Alpine–Slovenian region (63 % of identified sources) due to recycling of precipitation falling over that region 1 d earlier. Implementing three different generalised extreme value (GEV) models, we quantified the return periods for this case to be above 100 years for daily aggregated precipitation, and up to 100 and 10 years for 8 and 1 h aggregations, respectively. The conditional attribution demonstrated that warming since the pre-industrial era caused a small but significant increase of 4 % in total precipitation and 10 % for extreme intensities. The possibility that not just greenhouse-gas-induced warming, but also anthropogenic aerosols affected the intensity of precipitation is investigated through aerosol sensitivity experiments. Our multi-disciplinary approach allowed us to relate interconnected aspects of extreme precipitation. For instance, the link between the unique meteorological conditions of this case and its very large return periods, or the extent to which it is attributable to already-observed anthropogenic climate change.

Maytenus ilicifolia é uma espécie nativa do Brasil denominada popularmente de espinheira-santa. A planta é muito conhecida e amplamente utilizada por apresentar eficácia de comprovada ação farmacológica no tratamento contra úlceras gástricas e gastrites. Há décadas os estudos da ação farmacológica desta espécie têm sido realizados utilizando-se as folhas, parte da planta onde se encontram os princípios ativos. O objetivo deste estudo foi reunir informações e discutir dados da literatura científica, sobre os componentes fitoquímicos e expectativas de melhoramento genético da espécie. Foi realizado uma revisão nas bases de dados Springer-Nature, periódicos da CAPES, PubMed, Scielo e do Google Acadêmico. Os resultados evidenciaram que a ação farmacológica da espinheira-santa está relacionada com a presença de compostos fenólicos e aos friedelan-3-ol e friedelina. A variabilidade genética da espécie está sendo conservada no Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Clima Temperado e na Universidade Federal do Paraná. O uso de técnicas de AFLP, RAPD e marcadores izoenzimáticos detectaram grande diversidade genética para a espécie. O empenho aplicado ao melhoramento genético da espécie é pequeno no Brasil, porém, o interesse por conhecer mais o seu potencial medicinal continuará a atrair a atenção de pesquisadores visando sua conservação e obtenção de genes de interesse revertendo em benefícios para toda sociedade.
Palavras-chave: Espinheira-Santa. Fitofármacos. Recursos Genéticos.


Abstract
Maytenus ilicifolia, is a native species of Brazil popularly called espinheira-santa. The plant is well known and widely used to present effectiveness of proven pharmacological action in the treatment against gastric ulcers and gastrites. For decades, studies of the pharmacological action of this species have been carried out using the leaves, part of the plant where the active principles are found. The objective of this study was to gather information and discuss data from the scientific literature on the phytochemical constituents and breeding expectations of the species. A review was conducted in the databases Springer-Nature, CAPES journals, PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar. The results showed that the pharmacological action of espinheira-santa is related to the presence of phenolic compounds and friedelan-3-ol and friedelin. The genetic variability of the species is being conserved at the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Clima Temperado and at the Federal University of Paraná. The use of AFLP techniques, RAPD isoenzymatic markers detected great genetic diversity for the species. The effort applied to the genetic improvement of the species is small in Brazil, however, the interest in knowing more about its medicinal potential will continue to attract the attention of researchers aiming at its conservation and obtaining genes of interest, reverting to benefits for the whole society.
Keywords: Espinheira-Santa. Phytopharmaceuticals. Genetic Resources.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the Fluorescence of chlorophyll a (FChla) as a marker for stress detection in bioassays with Limnobium laevigatum. Therefore, three tests were carried out: 1) in the laboratory; 2) in situ in a polluted aquatic environment; 3) in situ in a preserved aquatic environment. To diagnose the environmental status of aquatic environments, physical and chemical parameters were measured using a Multiparameter probe (Hanna, Hi 9828). FChla was measured and calculated using the PAM-2500 Fluorometer (Pulse Amplitud Modulated, Heinz Walz, GmB) and the JIP test. The chlorophyll a extraction and analysis was carried out according to the methodology proposed by Porra (2002). The data set was submitted to statistical analysis by generalized linear models (GLM) with normal and gamma distribution with functions of Identity and Log binding. The chlorophyll a fluorescence using the JIP test parameters was able to detect changes in the physiological conditions of the macrophyte Limnobium laevigatum after in situ ecotoxicological assays in preserved and anthropized aquatic environments. This type of spectroscopy can be used as a marker to indicate degrees of pollution in aquatic environments. It was that L. laevigatum, a species not conventionally used yet in bioassays in the field of aquatic ecotoxicology, is sensitive to changes in environmental conditions.
Keywords: OJIP Test. Energy Dissipation. Photosynthesis. Macrophyte.


Resumo
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso da Fluorescência da clorofila (FChla) a como marcador para detecção de estresse em bioensaios com Limnobium laevigatum. Para tanto, foram realizados três ensaios: 1) em laboratório; 2) in situ em um ambiente aquático poluído; 3) in situ em um ambiente aquático preservado. Para diagnosticar o status ambiental dos meios aquáticos foram mensurados parâmetros físicos e químicos por meio de sonda Multiparâmetros (Hanna, Hi 9828). A FChla foi mensurada por meio do Fluorômetro PAM-2500 (Pulse Amplitud Modulated, Heinz Walz, GmB) e do JIP teste. A extração e análise de clorofila a foi realizada segundo a metodologia proposta por Porra (2002). O conjunto de dados foi submetido a análise estatística pelos modelos lineares generalizados (MLG) com distribuição normal e gama com funções de ligação Identidade e Log. A fluorescência da clorofila a por meio dos parâmetros do JIP teste foi capaz de detectar mudanças nas condições fisiológicas da macrófita Limnobium laevigatum após os ensaios ecotoxicológicos in situ em ambientes aquáticos preservados e antropizados. Esse tipo de espectroscopia pode ser utilizado como marcador para indicar graus de poluição em ambientes aquáticos. Concluímos que L. laevigatum, espécie ainda não convencionalmente utilizada em bioensaios na área da ecotoxicologia aquática, se apresenta sensível às mudanças em condições ambientais.
Palavras-chave: Teste OJIP. Dissipação Energética. Fotossíntese. Macrófita.

The unprecedentedly high level of popularity of Y. N. Harari, а professor at the faculty of history of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and his main book trilogy, foreground the problem of interpreting and explaining the so-called Hararimania phenomenon, which has become a notable event in the academic community and popular culture of modern Western societies. The purpose of this article is the historical and philosophical reconstruction of the creative evolution of Y. N. Harari with an emphasis on identifying the fundamental meaning and status of his concept of macrohistory in this evolution (process). At the same time, the internal inconsistency of this concept is substantiated, which is largely responsible for the dual nature of its perception and assessments in the mass media and professional academic discussions. The designated goal of the article is achieved through contextual interpretation and the solution of its several basic tasks. Among them: identifying and explaining the most important stages of the professional socialisation of Y. N. Harari, as well as determining the reasons behind his transition from medieval studies to macrohistory; identifying the thematic priorities of Y. N. Harari, special attention is paid to the topic of transformation of homo sapiens into homo deus; characterising the educational role of Y. N. Harari's concept of macrohistory, in particular, the part of it that is associated with the popularisation of modern science and its futurological potential; carrying out a contextual analysis of Y. N. Harari's idea about a new humanistic revolution, in the process of which classical ideas about humanism and liberalism must necessarily give way to techno-humanism and the data religion. The novelty of this article is determined by the following circumstances. Though there is extensive debate about the work of Y. N. Harari this article represents one of the first attempts to implement not only a historical, but also a philosophical and conceptual reconstruction of his main ideas set forth in the famous book trilogy. Simultaneously this is one of the first articles to make the analysis of Y. N. Harari's concept of macrohistory the main focus point. This sets us apart from most of the publications devoted to Y. N. Harari, which are usually presented in the form of short and purely descriptive literary reviews. The article presents a new aspect to consider about the creative evolution of the Israeli historian – the interpretation of the causes and origins of the significant popularity of his ideas and main publications. These include the author's deep understanding of the specifics of mass consciousness and the way its representatives perceive popular science texts. This subtle and adequate understanding largely explains the emotional figurative language, genre originality and literary style of Y. N. Harari.

Change is inevitable and is seen as a practice for organizations seeking to continuously provide quality services that meet stakeholder needs. Efficient and effective public service delivery has forced state corporations to adopt organizational culture change management to accommodate changes in the environment. However, government parastatals and state corporations such as Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) often oppose transformation and change because they have uncertain outcomes and come with a lot of challenges. This study determined the effect of culture change on organizational performance at Kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi National Park. The study was guided by Geert Hofstede's theory as the framework for cross-cultural communication, Edgar Schein's model as the cultural inventions by a specific group, and the Denison dimension model theory. Using descriptive survey research design, on a target population of 100 employees drawn from various departments at Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) Nairobi National Park, a structured questionnaire was used for data collection to effectively respond to the research problem. The study revealed that majority (35.9%) of the respondents were convinced that management ensures that old habits that are not effective are dropped and at the same time the management at KWS encourages employees to adapt to changes and be flexible, especially when the work environment is changing. Results revealed that KWS management ensures the organizational culture supports vision, goal and strategies. The respondents (40.5%) also agreed that managers encourage employees to adapt to changes and to care (35.9%) about fellow employees, customers, and stakeholders. The findings also revealed that 28.9% of the respondents agreed that managers are role models for employees in the organization and set standards for ethics. Correlation analyses show that culture affects performance directly and indirectly. The study concludes that organizational culture aligned with vision, goals, and company strategies guides employees towards a shared purpose and improves an organization's capacity to perform excellently. We also conclude that KWS management encourages work ethics through consistency, and effective communication that improves work commitment that ultimately leads to better performance. The study recommends that there is need for more to be done on culture change as an approach to change management to improve performance. The mission, vision, and strategies are key to organizational performance and need to be reviewed from time to time to ensure that the organization lives its mission and moves towards its vision while applying its strategies. The study further recommends a replica of the same trial in other Kenya Wildlife Service branches in order to authenticate the findings and enable the generalization of the results.

The impact of hypothetical restrictions on fossil fuel consumption, implemented through the introduction of a tax on CO2 emissions in the global economy and certain regions, on oil production by Russia, OPEC, and eight other major oil producers is assessed in this article. The first part of this study reviews the current literature on taxation of emissions in the global economy. Approaches to modelling such a policy and the problem of choosing the trajectory of the tax rate are analyzed, as are the main conclusions, consequences, and recommendations for the economic policy of oil exporting countries. Approaches to modelling pricing in the oil market are considered separately. The analysis shows that the premise of oligopolistic strategic interaction of oil exporters plays an important role in modelling the oil market. Subsequently, a model of strategic interaction between countries in the oil market is built according to the Cournot model. This model is calibrated using data on the parameter of demand as well as supply, including the production costs of individual exporting countries according to Rystad. Twelve scenarios for taxation of the industry through the introduction of a tax on CO2 emissions in the amount of $25, $50 and $75 dollars per ton of emissions are built. It is assumed that this tax is converted into a tax on the purchase of oil in proportion to the amount of emissions that are emitted when using each barrel of oil. For each initial value of the tax rate of the tax on emissions, cases are considered when the rate remains unchanged or increases at a constant rate of 1.5% per year. Further, the same options for taxation when applied only by developed countries are also considered. The analysis in this article shows that a gradual increase in the tax rate leads to accelerated oil production. It also reveals the significant role of the spillover effect between markets in the case of the introduction of a tax only in some countries. Thus, with the introduction of a tax of $50 per ton of emissions with an annual growth of 1.5% worldwide, the peak oil price is lower by $29.6 per barrel. With the introduction of such a tax only in developed countries, the fall in oil prices at its peak compared to the baseline scenario without taxation is $18.4 per barrel in the market where a tax was introduced, and $7.8 per barrel in a market that did not impose a tax. It is also indicated that, due to the introduction of the tax, Russia has one of the largest losses in revenue among all oil exporters.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Mortality is increased among people with opioid use disorder but reduced while on opioid agonist treatment (OAT). However, the impact of patient and treatment characteristics on mortality and causes of death is insufficiently studied. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The objective of this study was to explore mortality and causes of death and examine the impact of patient and treatment characteristics on mortality in an OAT cohort with high retention in treatment. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> <i>Design</i>: longitudinal cohort study. <i>Setting</i>: Norway. <i>Observation period</i>: time from OAT start as of 1998 until death or end of 2016, 2,508 person-years (PY) in total. <i>Sample</i>: 200 persons starting OAT 1998–2007. <i>Data sources</i>: hospital records, interviews, the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry, Statistics Norway. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Retention: 86.4% of the observation period was on OAT, 9.0% off, 4.6% unknown OAT status. All-cause crude mortality rate per 100 PY during the whole observation period was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.19–2.20), for deaths of somatic cause 0.88 (0.56–1.31), for drug-induced deaths 0.44 (0.23–0.76), and traumatic deaths 0.24 (0.10–0.50). Off-versus-on-OAT all-cause mortality ratio was 2.31 (1.00–4.85). On OAT, 58% of the deaths were of somatic cause and 21% drug-induced; off OAT, 38% of somatic cause and 50% drug-induced. Increasing baseline age and rate of somatic hospital treatment episodes were independently associated with <i>increased</i> all-cause mortality risk, while increasing rate of in-patient psychiatric treatment episodes was associated with <i>reduced</i> risk. Increasing duration of nicotine and cannabis use and alcohol dependence as well as increasing severity of polydrug use were associated with increased all-cause and somatic mortality adjusted for age and sex. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The long observation period made it possible to demonstrate the importance of long-term retention in OAT to reduce mortality. Further, the preponderance of somatic and reduction of drug-induced causes of death during OAT underlines the need for follow-up of chronic diseases and health-promoting lifestyle changes. These findings add to the knowledge about long-term OAT effects, not least in ageing OAT populations.

Indonesia memiliki potensi menjadi negara produsen karet terbesar tidak hanya di Asia Tenggara namun di dunia. Untuk memaksimalkan potensi tersebut, diperlukan upaya agar dapat memproduksi karet secara optimal. Salah satu faktor penting dalam produksi karet adalah sistem eksploitasi. Sistem eksploitasi yang baik dipengaruhi oleh 2 faktor, yaitu: tenaga penyadap yang terampil dan peralatan pisau sadap karet yang berkualitas. Indikator kualitas pisau sadap karet dapat ditentukan dari dimensi dan bentuk pisau sadap, serta pemilihan material logam. Namun, sampai saat ini belum ada standardisasi pisau sadap karet secara nasional. Studi karakteristik geometri, berat dan sifat mekanik pada 8 macam sampel pisau sadap produksi Industri Kecil Menengah (IKM) sebagai representasi produk pisau sadap karet manual di Indonesia dilakukan pada penelitian ini. Parameter pengambilan data yang diuji adalah pengukuran geometri pisau sadap, pengukuran berat, pengujian sifat mekanik dengan uji kekerasan, serta uji komposisi kimia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beberapa rekomendasi yang dapat dijadikan sebagai acuan indikator pada pisau sadap karet manual, yaitu: geometri pisau sadap karet, terutama panjang total dan sudut mata pisau yang membentuk alur/ paritan sadap, berat pisau sadap, pemilihan material pada bilah pisau sadap, serta nilai kekerasan pada pada pisau sadap. Hasil kajian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu bahan rujukan dalam merumuskan standar pisau sadap karet di Indonesia. Indonesia has the potential to become the largest rubber producer not only in Southeast Asia but in the world. Therefore, more efforts are needed in order to produce optimally. One of the important factors in rubber production is the exploitation system. A good exploitation system is affected by two factors: skilled tappers and rubber tapping knife quality. The quality indicator of a rubber tapping knife can be determined by the dimensions and shape of the tapping knife and the material selection. However, there is no national standard for rubber tapping knife yet. This research studied the characteristics of the geometry, weight, and mechanical properties of eight kinds of manual tapping knives produced by IKM in Indonesia. The parameters tested were tapping knife geometry, weight, mechanical properties with hardness, and chemical composition. The results showed that some references that can be used as indicators of the quality of manual rubber tapping knife are the geometry of the rubber tapping knife, especially the total length and the angle of the blade that formed tapping groove, the weight of the tapping knife, the material of the tapping knife, and the hardness value of the tapping knife. The results of this study can be used as a reference in formulating standards for rubber tapping knife in Indonesia.

Purpose. In this study, a model is developed for making purchasing decisions by consumers on the travel agency market.

Method. Research on the purchasing process by tourists was carried out applying the diagnostic survey method. Making efforts to ensure that research on the behaviour of consumers regarding tourist services and determinants concerning participation of Polish society in tourism are characterised by reliability, the selection of the sample was purpose-specific, while the control variables were region, gender, type of residence (city, village) and age. The community structure was determined as 0.01% of the entire Polish population (precisely, 3,071 persons). Data from the surveys were developed in the Statistica 13.3 program using the logistic regression model.

Findings. Prior travel traditions, fashion and desire to rest influence the need to travel. Stimulating the need for travel is necessary to start the purchasing process by a potential consumer of tourist services. When choosing a travel agency, potential tourists are mainly guided by a wide range of tourist services catalogues, the number and attractiveness of last-minute offers, as well as trip safety. However, to attract loyal customers, a travel agency should primarily take care of after-sales contact, send birthday and holiday wishes to its clients, efficiently respond to all types of queries, and quickly and reliably respond to complaints. They should also make sure the website of their travel agency is interesting.

Research and conclusions limitations. The characteristics of the participants constitute a limitation, as they all come from Poland. Therefore, future research must replicate this study with residents from other geographical and cultural contexts to generalise the present findings to Europe. According to some researchers, using multiple regression analysis and null hypothesis significance testing is not an appropriate scientific practice. Better results are presumed to be obtained by using asymmetric case outcome modelling.

Practical implications. The research results may be helpful for travel agency executives and other tourism entrepreneurs. Knowing the factors that influence the choice of a travel agency and the correct after-sales contact with the tourist will help tour operators gain regular customers.

Originality. The innovativeness of the work concerns developing a new graphic model of tourist behaviour on the travel agency market. To indicate the determinants of travel, factors influencing the purchase process and the choice of travel agencies, and how the post-sale contact between tour operators and tourists should be conducted.

Type of paper. In the article, the results of empirical research are presented, based on which the theoretical model of tourist behaviour on the travel agency market was created.