Suchergebnisse

As a result of its significant economic development, Chinese society has transformed itself and today faces a global environmental crisis. In everyday life, China's big cities are covered with a thick smog of gas and particles, which is responsible for more than 1.6 million premature deaths, making China the most affected country by air pollution, along with its neighbor, India. In China, there are many sources of air pollution linked to human activities [traffic, industry, agriculture, energy production, construction], but also various natural sources of pollutants, in particular emissions of mineral dust from the deserts of Asia, in western China. The People's Republic of China has begun to regulate activities that may affect air quality. The effectiveness of such actions is conditioned by the detailed knowledge of the anthropogenic contribution to this pollution and the complex relationship between primary and secondary pollutants.In this thesis, we have investigated, on the one hand, the impact of primary pollutant reduction policies on ammonia concentrations and more generally inorganic aerosols, and on the other hand, the contribution of desert aerosol to the particulate matter load in Chinese urban agglomerations. To do so, we combined data sources and tools such as satellite observations and numerical modelling. We use the CHIMERE regional chemistrytransport model to study and characterize air pollution in China.First, we carried out a detailed evaluation of the simulations performed with a configuration of the CHIMERE model set up for China. For this, we relied on satellite observations, remote sensing, and in-situ measurements of particulate concentrations and gaseous [inorganic] precursors. The results obtained show that the model works satisfactorily according to criteria given in the literature. Regarding the impact of emission reduction policies - especially for sulfur and nitrogen oxides, long term measurements with the OMI instrument aboard the AURA satellite show a sharp decrease in the atmospheric sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide columns. From these observations, it was possible to derive corrected emissions[compared to the available 2010 inventory] for the years 2013 and 2015 for NOX and SO2. The derived emission trends were then used to study the impacts on atmospheric composition, particularly on the formation of inorganic particles and associated gases such as ammonia, whose concentrations appeared to strongly increase in recent years. Simulations showed that the sharp decrease in SO2 and NO2 emissions between 2011 and 2015 led to a overall 14% decrease in nitrate, sulphate and ammonium aerosol concentrations, as well as an increase of nearly 50% of ammonia column levels, a value corroborated by the IASI observations that indicate an increase in ammonia columns of +65 ˙% under the same conditions.In a second step, the objective was to evaluate the contribution of desert aerosol to the particulate matter load in several Chinese cities. Dust emission modeling by Asian desert regions was first evaluated using remote sensing observations. Then, we verified the model's ability to represent PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Chinese megacities by comparing measurements of ground based observation networks. The study focuses mainly on three of the most populated PRC cities with different geographic locations, Beijing, Chengdu and Shanghai. It appears that mineral dust impacts these 3 cities for 6.6 %[Beijing], 9.5 %[Chengdu] and 9.3 %[Shanghai] PM10 on an annual average. The frequencies of dust participation in particulate pollution [i.e. when dust contributes more than 25% to the daily averages of >25% of the mass of PM10] have been determined for all spring days, as well as for the 25% of the most polluted spring days. It appears that, over this season, dust contributes more significantly to pollution events : in Beijing it accounts for 22% of polluted days compared to 18% for all spring days, in Chengdu for 52% of polluted days compared to 31% for all spring days, and in Shanghai for 43% of polluted days compared to 19% for all spring days. On the contrary, for all seasons combined andespecially for peaks of particulate pollution in winter, the anthropogenic origin of pollution is highlighted. ; À la suite de son important développement économique, la société chinoise s'est transformée et fait face aujourd'hui à une crise environnementale globale. Au quotidien, le ciel des grandes villes chinoises s'est recouvert d'un épais brouillard de gaz et de particules, qui est à l'origine de plus de 1.6 millions de décès prématurés, ce qui fait de la Chine le pays le plus affecté par la pollution atmosphérique, avec son voisin, l'Inde. On retrouve en Chine, de nombreuses sources de pollution atmosphériques liées aux activités humaines [trafic, industrie, agriculture, production d'énergie, construction], mais aussi des sources de polluants d'origine naturelle, avec à l'Ouest, notamment les émissions de poussières minérales depuis les déserts d'Asie. La République Populaire de Chine a commencé à réglementer les activités pouvant dégrader la qualité de l'air. L'efficacité de telles actions est conditionnée par la connaissance fine de la part anthropique de cette pollution et de la relation complexe entre polluants primaires et secondaires.Dans cette thèse nous avons investigué d'une part l'impact des politiques de réduction des polluants primaires sur les concentrations d'ammoniac et plus généralement sur l'aérosol inorganique. D'autre part, la contribution de l'aérosol désertique sur la charge particulaire des grandes agglomérations chinoises. Pour cela, nous avons combiné des outils d'étude de l'atmosphère comme les instruments satellitaires et la modélisation numérique via le modèle de chimie-transport régional CHIMERE, afin d'étudier et de caractériser cette pollution atmosphérique en Chine.Dans un premier temps, nous avons procédé à une évaluation détaillée des simulations effectuées avec une configuration du modèle CHIMERE mise en place pour la Chine. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur les observations satellitaires, mesures de télédétection, et mesures in-situ des concentrations en particules et de leurs précurseurs gazeux [inorganiques]. Les résultats obtenus montrent un fonctionnement satisfaisant du modèle selon les critères donnés dans la littérature. Concernant l'impact des politiques de réductions des émissions – notamment pour les oxydes de soufre et d'azote, les sondages de l'instrument OMI à bord du satellite AURA permettent de constater une diminution rapide des colonnes atmosphériques de dioxyde de soufre et de dioxyde d'azote, comme réponse aux normes mises en place en Chine. À partir de ces observations, il a été possible de dériver des émissions corrigées [par rapport à l'inventaire 2010 disponible] pour les années 2013 et 2015 pour les NOX et le SO2. Cette représentation des tendances d'émissions a ensuite été exploitée pour étudier les impacts sur la Chimie atmosphérique, notamment sur les bilans des particules inorganiques et des gaz associés comme l'ammoniac dont les concentrations semblent augmenter fortement ces dernières années. Il apparait, qu'entre 2011 et 2015, la forte diminution des émissions de SO2 et NO2 a entrainé une diminution de 14% de la production de nitrate, sulfate et ammonium, ainsi qu'une augmentation de presque 50% des niveaux des colonnes d'ammoniac, une valeur corroborée par les observations de l'instrument IASI qui indiquent une augmentation des colonnes d'ammoniac de +65% selon les mêmes conditions.Dans un second temps, l'objectif a été d'évaluer la contribution des sources d'aérosols naturels que sont les déserts sur la charge particulaire des villes chinoises. La modélisation des émissions depuis les régions désertiques asiatiques a d'abord été évaluée à partir d'informations obtenues par télédétection. Puis, nous avons vérifié la capacité du modèle à représenter les concentrations des PM2.5 et PM10 dans les mégapoles chinoisespar confrontation à des mesures des réseaux d'observations aux sols. L'étude se concentre principalement sur trois des villes les plus peuplées de PRC aux situations géographiques différentes : Pékin, Chengdu et Shanghai. Il en ressort que les poussières minérales impactent ces 3 villes pour 6.6% [Pékin], 9.5% [Chengdu] et 9.3% [Shanghai] des PM10 en moyenne annuelle. Les fréquences de participation des « dust » à la pollution particulaire [i.e. quand les dust contribuent à plus de 25% des valeurs journalières des PM10] ont été déterminées pour l'ensemble des jours du printemps, ainsi que pour les 25% des jours du printemps les plus pollués. Il apparait pour cette saison que les poussières participent de façon plus fréquente aux évènements de pollution : à Pékin pour 22%des jours pollués contre 18%pour l'ensemble des jours de printemps, à Chengdu pour 52%des jours pollués contre 31% pour pour l'ensemble des jours de printemps, et à Shanghai pour 43% des jours pollués contre 19% pour pour l'ensemble des jours de printemps. En revanche, pour toutes les saisons confondues et surtout pour les pics de pollution par les particules en hiver, l'origine anthropique de la pollution est mise en avant.

У статті досліджено функціонування у системі вищої освіти Одеси кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. форми самостійної роботи студентів, що полягала у написанні студентами наукових досліджень на історичну тематику, за найкращі з яких вони отримували винагороди у вигляді золотих і срібних медалей та почесних відгуків. ; Цель этой статьи – исследование функционирования в системе высшего образования Одессы конца XIX – начала ХХ вв. формы самостоятельной работы студентов, которая заключалась в написании студентами научных исследований на историческую тематику, за лучшие из которых они получали медали и почетные отзывы. Исследована история Новороссийского университета – единственного классического университета в указанное время не только на территории Южной Украины, но и на огромных просторах южных губерний Российской империи. Нами выявлено 125 тем, которые преподаватели предложили студентам в качестве медальных с 1870-х по 1919 г. Из них 87 тем нашли своих авторов. 38 тем так и не были проработаны, несмотря на то, что ряд из них предлагались преподавателями несколько лет подряд. На протяжении всей истории НУ было зафиксировано 123 случая награждения 118 студентов: 57 – золотыми медалями, 44 – серебряными, 21 – почетными отзывами. Только 5 студентов получали награды дважды за разные работы. М. Попруженко дважды получил золотые медали. М. Г. Попруженко и В. М. Мочульский были как авторами студенческих работ, так и авторами отзывов на студенческие работы, уже в качестве профессоров. М. Е. Слабченко был номинантом золотой и серебряной медалей, Б. В. Вахевич и К. Б. Бархин получили по две серебряные каждый. С. Вилинский получил одну золотую медаль и почетный отзыв. Работы на историческую тематику подготовили 23 студента юрфака. 9 из этих студентов написали 10 работ на темы, предложенные преподавателями историко-филологического факультета. 41 тема была посвящена истории Западной Европы, 34 – истории России. Только труд Д. Блюменфельда о первом этапе развития Ришельевского лицея посвящен краеведению. 7 тем можно трактовать как украиноведческие, т. к. они посвящены событиям, явлениям, учреждениям, которые происходили и находились на территории Украины, или украинским деятелям. Особенно выразительна украиноведческая составляющая в работах деятелей украинского национального движения вОдессе М. Слабченко и П. Клепацкого. Рукописи 15 работ были изданы. Таким образом, в Одесском университете существовала стабильная система вовлечения студентов в научную деятельность, которая никоим образом не уступала аналогичным системам в других университетах. ; The history of higher education is one of the traditional directions of historical research in Ukraine. Each of the educational institutions has an incentive to learn their own history in the form of a pragmatic reason – in the mass consciousness the longevity of the institution is a kind of high quality certification. The tradition of studying the history of University education started in the days of the existence of classical higher educational institutions on occasion of their anniversaries. A promising task of historiographical researches is the study of the history of historical education, because it was a significant part of the historiographical process and an integral part of historical science. Knowledge of previous pedagogical experience can help to eliminate outdated shortcomings and to improve the modern education system.The purpose of this article is to study the functioning of independent work form of students in the system of higher education in Odesa in the end of 19th – beginning of 20th century, which was writing of scientific researches on historical subjects by students, for the best of which they received medals and honorary testimonials. The history of Novorossiya University, the only classical university in the specified time, both in the territory of southern Ukraine and in the vast expanses of the southern provinces of the Russian Empire, is investigated.We have identified 125 topics that teachers offered to students as medal topics in the period from the 1870s to 1919. 87 of them found their authors. 38 topics have not been worked out, despite the fact that a number of them were offered by teachers for several years in a row.45 teachers, mainly professors: 35 from historical-philological and 10 from law faculties took part as authors of reviews in the process of formulating topics and nominating students. The greatest activity in attracting students to work independently had I. A. Lynnychenko (proposed 6 topics, 8 students have produced works, for which he received various degrees of difference), V. M. Mochulsky (6 topics, 7 students), F. I. Leontovych (5 topics, 8 students), F. I. Uspensky (4 topics, 7 students), O. O. Kotsubinsky and G. I. Peretyatkovich (4 topics, 5 students everyone), R. Y. Vipper (3 topics, 7 students). A kind of record was set by Professor of law V. V. Sokolsky. He offered a topic only once, but 5 students responded and received different degrees of difference for their 5 works, while the greatest success of other teachers was 3 works from 3 students on the same topic. In general, 25 topics were developed by two or more authors. Basically, teachers did not repeat any previously proposed topics or topics of other teachers, for which students received medals. Only once the same theme was offered two years in a row and twice had success. This is the the topic of I. A. Lynnychenko «the Peasant question in the Legislative Commission of Catherine II», for which M. E. Slabchenko, and A. V. Florovsky received silver and gold medals in 1906–1907.According to the updated and significantly supplemented data, summarized in the Appendix at the end of the article, throughout the history of the NU 123 cases of awarded 118 students were recorded: 57 of them received gold medals, 44 – silver, 21 – honorary reviews. Only 5 students received awards twice for different works. While M. Popruzhenko holds a unique record – he received twice the gold medals. In addition, only M. Popruzhenko and V. Mochulsky were both authors of student works and the authors of reviews on student works when they became professors. M. Slabchenko, was nominated for the golden and silver medals, B. V. Vakhevych and K. B. Barkhin received two silver medals each. S. Vilinsky received one gold medal and an honorary review.Works on historical subjects were prepared by the students of two (historical-philological and law) faculties of Novorossiya University. In general, the work on historical subjects has prepared 23 students of the faculty of law, for which they received medals and honorary reviews. 9 of these students wrote 10 works on the topics proposed by the teachers of the faculty of history and philology. Works about the historical drama in Ancient Rome, Herzen, Richelieu lyceum and Chekhov were obviously not connected with the legal issues and reflected the broad interests of the students. M. E. Slabchenko became the main star-historian of law school, he received two medals in the status of a student of law school for the work on the topics proposed by the Professor of the Department of Russian history I. Lynnychenko.About 90% of the nominees for medals and honorary reviews were at that time senior, 3rd and 4th year students. To the graduate-medalist his work was counted as the candidate's dissertation. Against this background, expressive achievements of 4 freshmen that have been awarded to: law student M. Slabchenko and historian student M. Golub – silver medals; the student-historian V. Gorodetsky and law student L. Butkis – honorary reviews. They are all wrote their works on the topic given by the Professor of history and philology.According to geographical criteria, 41 topics are devoted to the history of Western Europe, 34 – to the history of Russia. At the same time, the D. Blumenfeld's works on the first stage of development of the Richelieu Lyceum were an exception. None of the works presented for the medal were devoted to local history, which is perhaps the biggest difference from the modern historiographical and pedagogical situation. Seven topics can be interpreted as Ukrainian studies, because they are dedicated to the events, phenomena and institutions in the territory of Ukraine. The Ukrainian component in the works of figures of the Ukrainian national movement in Odesa M. Slabchenko and P. Klepatsky is the most expressive. These 7 topics include two other works «The Russian historical ornament» and «Azov seat», in which a lot of attention was paid to the Ukrainian theme. 4 were extraterritorial, claiming broad generalizations. Manuscripts of 15 works were published.Thus, there was a stable system of involvement of students in scientific activities in Odesa University, which in no way inferior to similar systems in other universities.

Der Datensatz enthält für die gegebenen Länder jeweils zwei Zeitreihen für die Wohneigentumsquote.

Die erste Zeitreihe besteht aus den Rohdatenpunkten. Die Wohneigentumsquote ist in den meisten Ländern nur zu bestimmen Volks- oder Wohnungszählungszeitpunkten erhoben worden. Deswegen liegen für die Rohdaten Messungen nur zu einzelnen Zeitpunkten vor.
Die Rohdaten aller Länder können aus dem Menü 'Beschreibung' (blauer Button) unter dem letzten Punkt 'Materialien zur Studie' / 'Download weiterer Texte zu dieser Studie im PDF Format (Forschungsberichte, Publikationen, Materialien zur Studie)' (orangener Button mit PDF-Symbol) als Excel-Datei heruntergeladen werden.

Die zweite Zeitreihe geht von der gleichen Datengrundlage aus und fügt eine lineare Interpolation hinzu, damit die Variable in Panelanalysen verwendet werden kann. Die lineare Interpolation kann man damit rechtfertigen, dass die Wohneigentumsquote eine sich nur langsam verändernde Größe ist. Ferner zeigen die jüngeren jährlichen Daten aus Umfragen, dass die Reihe keine großen Sprünge macht.
Die interpolierten Zeitreihen befinden sich im Datenteil der Studie (orangener Button mit der Aufschrift '146 Zeitreihen (1900-2015) 1 Tabelle). Hier kann die Tabelle entweder komplett downgeloadet werden, oder es können Ländergruppen nach Kontinent oder einzelne Länder ausgewählt werden.

Zur Definition der Wohneigentumsquote, der Ländervergleichbarkeit und länderspezifischen Besonderheiten sollten folgende methodische Punkte berücksichtigt werden:

Erstens gibt es die auf die Wohnungseinheiten basierende Definition der Wohneigentumsquote, die alle selbstgenutzten Wohn-Einheiten zählt und sie durch alle Gebäude-Einheiten teilt. Diese Definition gilt für die Daten, die auf den Wohnungszählungen der Länder basieren, und der Autor S. Kohl bezieht sich auf diese Definition für die frühesten Zeiträume der Wohneigentums-Quoten. Zweitens hängt die auf Gebäude- bzw. Wohn-Einheiten basierende Definition davon ab, was als Gebäude-Einheit zählt und was zum Wohnungsbestand gehört. Die häufigsten internationalen Vergleiche basieren auf UN (UN 1974, Doling 1997: 35: 154) oder EU-Daten, die lediglich die jeweiligen nationalen statistischen Definitionen wiederholen, die sich erheblich unterscheiden (Behring, Helbrecht und Goldrian 2002). Obwohl die Definitionen der Wohneinheit zwischen den OECD-Ländern sehr ähnlich sind (vgl. Donnison und Ungerson 1982: 42), ist die Einbeziehung von z.B. Anhängern, Saison- und Wohnmobilen in den USA eine Ausnahme (US-Census 2013), die rund 7% des Wohnungsbestandes ausmachen und zu einer deutlich überdurchschnittlichenWohneigentumsquote führen. Diese Einheiten würden, wenn sie statistisch signifikant wären, in Deutschland wahrscheinlich nicht als Wohneinheiten gelten. Der Wohnungsbestand kann sich unterscheiden je nach dem, ob Unterkünfte wie Ferienhütten, Zweitwohnsitze, Wohnwagen, Schiffe, saisonale Wohneinheiten, leerstehende oder zeitweise unbewohnte Einheiten als Wohneinheiten behandelt werden. Die deutsche Definition des Wohnungsbestandes gehört zu den konservativeren im Vergleich zu denjenigen anderer nationaler Statistikämter (Destatis 1989: 7, SE / CZR 2004). Die einheitsbasierte Definition wird durch Kriegszerstörungen verzerrt, wie in Deutschland in den 1950er Jahren, als die offizielle Wohneigentumsquote auf Einheitsbasis mit 39,1% angegeben wurde. Die Zerstörung von überwiegend städtischem Wohnungsbau durch Luftschutzbauten hatte den gesamten Wohnungsbestand reduziert. Der Autor stützt sich deshalb im Falle von Deutschland auf die realistischere Hausbesitzquote von 26,7% im Jahr 1950 stützen (Glatzer 1980: 246).

Zweitens gibt es haushaltsbasierte Definitionen der Wohneigentumsquote, die alle Eigentümer-Haushalte (Wohnungs-Eigentümer und Haus-Eigentümer) in das Verhältnis setzt zur Gesamtzahl der Haushalte. Diese Definition, die auf repräsentativen Umfragedaten basiert, ersetzte die auf Wohneinheiten basierenden Daten ab den 1980er Jahren. Der Autor bezieht sich auf diese Definition für die neueren Daten seiner Wohneigentumsquoten. Umfragen berücksichtigen tendenziell Wohnungs- und Hauseigentümer aus den mittleren Klassen stärker als andere Bevölkerungsgruppen. Dies scheint vor allem bei den Eurostat-Umfragen zu gelten, die deutlich höhere Zahlen liefern als nationale Erhebungen, weil das Verhältnis von befragten Eigentümerhaushalten zu allen Befragten höher ist als wohneinheitenbasierte Berechnungen. Dadurch kommt es zu einer Verzerrung bzw. zu höheren Eigentums-Quoten. Aus diesem Grund hat sich der Autor, soweit möglich, auf Quellen außerhalb von Eurostat gestützt, um den Vergleich mit Nicht-EU-Ländern nicht zu verzerren.

Eine dritte Definition ist bevölkerungsbezogen und setzt die in Eigenheimen lebende Bevölkerung in das Verhältnis zur Bevölkerung insgesamt (Braun 2004). Diese Definition führt aufgrund der statistischen Prävalenz von Familien in den Eigentümerhaushalten zu höheren Wohneigentumsquoten als die erstgenannte. Dies ist wichtig, wenn man beispielsweise nach Sozialisationseffekten von Wohneigentum sucht, spielt aber in den Vergleichsdaten dieser Studie keine Rolle.

Weiterhin existiert viertens eine objektbasierte Definition, die sich auf die Anzahl der Haushalte, die Immobilien besitzen, konzentriert. Die Wohneigentumsquote nach dieser Definition kann höher als die wohneinheitenbasierte Definition sein, weil Mieter mit Immobilienbesitz hier auch als Eigentümer zählen. Diese Definition findet in der Studie allerdings keine Anwendung.

Eine fünfte Definition umfasst alle Wohnimmobilien, die in Privatbesitz sind (Privateigentum), im Gegensatz zu denen, die dem Staat oder den Unternehmen gehören (Jenkis 2010). Diese Definition ist wichtig im Kontext der kommunistischen Länder, aber auch in den westlichen Ländern, wo Genossenschaften oder Unternehmen einen großen Anteil am gesamten Immobilienbesitz hatten. Der Autor bezieht sich auf diese Zahl als Proxy für die Eigennutzung im Fall einiger kommunistischer Länder, in denen das verbleibende Privateigentum stark mit dem Besitz eines Einfamilienhausbesitzers korreliert." (Sebastian Kohl)

Die Datentabellen zu dieser Studie kann in Online-Datenbank Histat unter dem Thema 'Bauen' downgeloadet werden. Der Download für die Rohdaten wird über die Studienbeschreibung unter 'Materialien zur Studie' angeboten. Die interpolierten Zeitreihen befinden sich im Datenteil der Studie (orangener Button mit der Aufschrift '146 Zeitreihen (1900-2015) 1 Tabelle).


Anmerkungen:
"Methodological note about home ownership statistics: There are five different measures that one can distinguish.
First, there is the unit-based definition which counts all owner-occupied units and divides them by all units. This definition prevails for the data based on the countries' housing censuses and I rely on it for the earliest periods. First, it depends on what counts as "owning" in critical cases where the bundle of rights of owner-occupiers is restricted (they cannot freely sell the underlying land or unit, for instance) or entirely unregulated. I followed the existing definition – which counts many owner-occupiers in the Global South in spite of unclear property rights. I decided to count "cooperative ownership" in the Scandinavian countries as "owner occupation". For even though the bundle of rights was restricted in the early days, cooperative owners had to put money down for housing, which is essentially different from renting. Second, the unit-based definition depends on what counts as a unit and on what belongs to the housing stock. Most common international comparisons are based on UN (UN 1974, Doling 1997: 35: 154) or EU collected data that merely repeat the respective national statistical definitions which differ quite considerably (Behring, Helbrecht, and Goldrian 2002). Though OECD countries adopt quite similar definition of housing unit (cf. Donnison and Ungerson 1982: 42) the US' inclusion of trailers, seasonal and mobile homes is an exception (US-Census 2013), constituting around 7% of the housing stock with significantly above-average homeownership rate. These units, were they statistically significant, would probably not count as housing units in Germany, for instance. The housing stock can differ as to whether one includes recreational housing units such as tourist cabins, secondary residences, trailers, ships, seasonal housing units, vacant or temporarily unoccupied units. An intra-European comparison of what various national statistical institutes count in the housing stock of the homeownership rate reveals the German definition to be among the most conservative (Destatis 1989: 7, SE/CZR 2004), i.e. were other countries to adopt the German definition, their homeownership rate would be even higher. This observation holds also for the US-German comparison: as the US Census definition of homeownership rate includes seasonal and other mobile units, it tends to be lower than it would be according to the German definition. The unit-based definition is distorted by war-time destructions such as in Germany in the 1950s, when the official unit-based homeownership rate is given as 39,1%. Air-raid destructions of predominantly urban tenement housing had reduced the overall housing stock and two million people still lived in barracks with many others doubling up, 35,6% of households subleasing and the secretary of housing estimating a housing deficit of 4,8 million units, mostly rental (Schulz 1994: 32-35). I will therefore rely on the more realistic household-based homeownership rate of 26,7% in 1950 (Glatzer 1980: 246).
Second, there is household-based definitions which counts all owner-occupying households divided by the overall number of households. This definition, based on representative survey data, began to replace the unit-based data from the 1980s onwards and I rely on them for the more recent data. Some comparisons differ depending on whether some residual tenancies such as "free-of-charge" or "family housing" is counted in. Whenever possible, I did not count these categories as owner-occupation. Household-based numbers are usually a bit higher than the unit-based numbers because one evades the problem to assess the overall stock. It is also higher because surveys tend to have a bias in favor of the owner-occupying middle-classes. This seems to be particularly true for the Eurostat surveys which yield considerably higher numbers than even national surveys. This is why, where possible, I relied on non-Eurostat sources to not distort the comparison with non-EU countries.
A third definition is population-based and count the population living in owner-occupied households divided by the population (population-based) (Braun 2004). This definition leads to higher homeownership rates than the former due to the statistical prevalence of families among the owner households. It is important when looking, for instance, at socialization effects of homeownership but does not play a role in the comparative data here.
Fourth, a property-based definition counts the number of households owning real estate. In many countries tenants own property which they do not occupy and numbers according to this definition are higher than for the household-based definition. Yet, this does not seem to distort the finding about the low German homeownership rate. The latest ECB wealth report reveals German households are among the fewest (17,8%) to own non-occupied real estate, confirmed by Luxembourg wealth study data (Sierminska, Smeeding, and Allegrezza 2013). Countries with strong rent price restrictions and therefore rich sitting tenants, a vacation home culture and low banking investment alternatives score highest according to this ownership definition (up to over 50%) (ECB 2013: 24). Especially, when the property-based definition adjusts for the actual wealth of property this definition is important for comparative wealth studies of different housing tenures.
A fifth definition (private-property) counts all residential real estate privately owned as opposed to the one owned by the state (or corporations) (Jenkis 2010). This definition is important in the context of communist countries, but also in Western countries, where cooperatives or corporations had large shares of the overall real estate. I rely on this number as proxy for owner-occupation in some communist countries where the remaining private property strongly correlated with single-family-house owner occupation." (Sebastian Kohl)

Neural circuits in the cerebral cortex consist of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons. These two main classes of cortical neurons follow largely different genetic programs, yet they assemble into highly specialized circuits during development following a very precise choreography. Previous studies have shown that signals produced by pyramidal cells influence the migration of cortical interneurons, but the molecular nature of these factors has remained elusive. Here, we identified Neuregulin 3 (Nrg3) as a chemoattractive factor expressed by developing pyramidal cells that guides the allocation of cortical interneurons in the developing cortical plate. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches reveal that Nrg3 modulates the migration of interneurons into the cortical plate in a process that is dependent on the tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4. Perturbation of Nrg3 signaling in conditional mutants leads to abnormal lamination of cortical interneurons. Nrg3 is therefore a critical mediator in the assembly of cortical inhibitory circuits. ; uterus, and 1 m g/ m L pCAG - Gfp or Nrg3 (kindly provided by C. Lai, Indiana Uni- versity, Bloomington, and subcloned into pCAGGS) plasmids were injected into the lateral ventricle of the telencephalon through the uterine wall. Square electric pulses of 45 V and 50 ms were passed through the uterus five times, spaced 950 ms, using a square pulse electroporator. The uterine horns were placed back in the abdominal cavity, which was then suture closed, and the female was allowed to recover. Explant Cultures For COS cell confrontation assays, COS7 cells were transfected with plasmids encoding Rfp alone, Rfp and Cxcl12 , Rfp and Nrg3 , Rfp and CRD-Nrg1 ,or Rfp and Ig-Nrg1 , and cell aggregates were prepared by diluting transfected cells with Matrigel in a 1:1 proportion. After jellification, COS cell aggregates were cut with a scalpel in small rectangular prisms of approximately 400 3 400 3 800 m m and confronted to MGE explants obtained from GFP-expressing trans- genic mice in 3D Matrigel pads. The cDNA used for expression of Cxcl12 was obtained from Invitrogen (clone number: 3483088; accession number: BC006640). Nrg3 was kindly provided by Cary Lai (Indiana University, Bloo- mington). The sequences used for expression of type I NRG1 ( Ig-Nrg1 ) and type III NRG1 ( CRD-Nrg1 ) correspond to the accession numbers AY648976 and AY648975, respectively. For Cxcl12 chemokine-blocking experiments, SU6656 (Sigma; 330161-87-0) was added to the medium at a final concentra- tion of 15 m M. Previous worked has shown that Src functions downstream of Cxcr4 activation ( Cabioglu et al., 2005 ). In Vitro Focal Electroporation Coronal slice cultures were obtained as described previously ( Anderson et al., 1997 ). A pCAGG-based dsRed plasmid was pressure injected focally into the MGE of coronal slice cultures by a Pneumatic PicoPump through a glass micropipette. Slices were then electroporated within a setup of two hor- izontally oriented platinum electrodes powered by a Electro-Square-Porator, as described before ( Flames et al., 2004 ). Time-Lapse Videomicroscopy Slices were transferred to the stage of an upright Leica DMLFSA or inverted Leica DMIRE2 microscope coupled to a confocal spectral scanning head (Leica; TCS SL) and viewed through 10–60 3 water immersion or 20 3 oil objec- tives. Slices were continuously superfused with warmed (32 C) artificial cere- brospinal fluid at a rate of 1 mL/min or maintained in supplemented Neurobasal medium. To block Cxcl12 function, SU6656 (Sigma; 330161-87-0) was added to the medium at a final concentration of 15 m M. Stripe Assay Purified CXCL12 protein was obtained from PeproTech (250-20A) and used at 1 ng/ m L. GST and EGF-Nrg3-GST were purified using standard protocols and used at 10 m g/mL. Alternating lanes, 50 m m wide, were laid down on a poly- lysine-coated plastic dish. Alexa 555-labeled anti-rabbit IgGs were added to the GST, EGF-Nrg3-GST, and CXCL12 protein solution for lane identification. The lanes were further coated with laminin. MGE explants were dissected out of GFP + brain slices, plated on top of the protein stripes, and incubated in methylcellulose-containing Neurobasal medium for 48 hr. FACS We dissected the sensorimotor cortex of E17.5 embryos and P4 pups following in utero electroporation at E14.5. Cortical tissue was dissociated as described previously ( Catapano et al., 2001 ). GFP + cells were purified using fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACSARIA III; BD Biosciences), and the re- sulting pellet was kept at 80 C. TaqMan Gene Expression Assays We isolated GFP + pyramidal cells by FACS at E17.5 and P4 after in utero elec- troporation at E14.5. mRNA was then extracted using the RNeasy Micro Kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA quality was as- sessed using a bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies) and then retro-transcribed into single-stranded cDNA. The RNA was sent to Unidad Geno ́ mica (Funda- cio ́ n Parque Cientı ́fico de Madrid) for quality control and retro-transcription. Relative gene expression levels from three independent samples were analyzed using custom designed TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) plates (Micro Fluidic Cards; Applied Biosystems). Each plate contained duplicates for all the genes shown in Table S1 . Data were collected and analyzed using the threshold cycle (Ct) relative quantification method. The housekeeping gene 18 RNA was included in the array for assessing RNA quality and sample normalization. Western Blot Cortical lysates were prepared from P30 control and Nestin-Cre;Nrg3 F/F and Nex-Cre;Nrg3 F/F mutants as described before ( Fazzari et al., 2010; Vullhorst et al., 2009 ) and blotted using mouse anti- b -Actin (1:4,000; Sigma) and rabbit anti-Nrg3 (1:500; Abcam). Signals were detected with a luminescent image analyzer (LAS-1000PLUS; Fujifilm) and quantified with Quantity One 1D Anal- ysis Software (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Image Analysis and Quantification Images were acquired using fluorescence microscopes (DM5000B, CTR5000, and DMIRB from Leica, or Apotome.2 from Zeiss) coupled to digital cameras (DC500 or DFC350FX, Leica; OrcaR2, Hamamatsu), or in an inverted Leica TCS SP8 confocal microscope. All images were analyzed with ImageJ (Fiji). For the quantification of migration in MGE explants, the distance migrated by the30furthestcellswasmeasured.Forthequantificationofshort-rangechemo- attraction, the colocalizing area between MGE and COS cells was measured. For the analysis of the interneuron angle of migration, we draw a grid of virtual radial lines (lines perpendicular to the ventricular zone and the pial surface) and oriented each cell in relation to the most adjacent ''radial line.'' Cells that deviated less than 25 from radial lines were considered as radially oriented; those that deviate more than 25 were designated as tangentially oriented. We systematically exclude from this analysis those cells located in the more lateral or medial regions of the cortex, so that the curvature of the slice in those regions would not interfere with our analysis ( Martini et al., 2009 ). For the quan- tification of cell migration in MGE explants, we measured the distance migrated by the30furthest cellsand normalized theaverage migrateddistance tothedis- tancebetweenMGEandCOSexplants.Forthequantificationofthecolocalizing area between migrating interneurons and COS cells in the short-distance confrontation assays, we quantified the colocalizing area using ImageJ (Fiji). Stripes were quantified by counting thenumber of neuronscontained in a virtual grid containing five black and five red lines. The same area was used for all explants. Sections from control and mutant mice were imaged during the same imaging session. Data acquisition was performed using the same laser power, photomultiplier gain, pinhole, and detection filter settings (1,024 3 1,024 resolution; 12 bits). Quantifications were done using ImageJ (Fiji). Layers were drawn following nuclear staining. For in situ hybridization, the area quanti- fied was divided in ten equal bins, and the percentage of cells in each bin was calculated. The bins were then matched to the appropriate layers. Statistical Analyses Statistical analysis was carried out in SPSS (SPSS, Inc.). The p values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data are presented as mean and SEM throughout the manuscript ( Table S3 We thank I. Andrew, S. Bae, M.A. Casillas, M. Ferna ́ndez, and T. Gil for excel-lent technical assistance and laboratory support; A. Caler for excellent support with FACS experiments; G. Expo ́sito for support with imaging; L. Lim for help with quantitative methods; V. Borrell, R. Hevner, C. Lai, V. Pachnis, C. Redies,B. Rico, J.L.R. Rubenstein, and M. Tessier-Lavigne for plasmids and anti-bodies; and A. Barco, M.A. Nieto, and K. Nave for mouse strains. We are grateful to members of the Flames, O.M., and Rico laboratories for stimulating dis- cussions and ideas. This work was supported by grants from European Research Council (ERC-2011-AdG 293683) and the Spanish Government (CSD2007-00023 and SAF2011-28845) to O.M. O.M. is a Wellcome Trust Investigator. ; Sí

International exchange has characterized the academic community for centuries (Charle & Verger, 1994). Students have moved to other countries to attend classes at universities with a good reputation and researchers have visited each other to collaborate. Today, the field of higher education is increasingly international. Students are becoming more internationally mobile (Findlay et al. 2011; EP-Nuffic 2015), researchers are increasingly collaborating internationally (e.g. through co-publications (Kamalski & Plume 2013)) and international mobility has become a very common phenomenon among researchers (Børing et al., 2015). Policy makers at the European, national and university levels increasingly focus on the process of internationalization within the field of higher education. It is regarded simultaneously as an opportunity (brain gain and diffusion of knowledge), a threat (brain drain) and a necessity (ongoing globalization) for their future development. A common aim at the national and university level is to attract the best and the brightest researchers in order to make their respective economies and institutions competitive in a perceived global 'war for talent'. On various levels policies are put in place in order to raise the attractiveness for good researchers and to prevent a brain drain. This raises the question how researchers' mobility behavior can be influenced and to what extent policies may raise the attractiveness of countries and their institutions. In the academic and grey literature scholars have studied the mobility behavior of researchers in various ways. In most studies mobile researchers are asked in surveys about their prime motivation to make an international move (Franzoni et al. 2012; MORE2 2013; Conchi & Michels 2014). Their academic career and research come out as the most important reasons to be mobile. Personal reasons and terms of employment are significantly less important. Other push and pull factors are in play to describe the mobility behavior of researchers. Geographical and cultural proximity is considered a good predictor of mobility behavior (Franzoni et al. 2012; Conchi & Michels 2014; Appelt et al. 2015). Economic decline is a push factor for many researchers, as shown by the recent researcher migration flows from Italy, Spain and Greece to countries in West and North Europe (MORE2 2013). However, despite the attention for the motivations and the push and pull factors, there is still little understanding of how different factors for international mobility interact. The relation between the more important and less important factors is rarely addressed. Furthermore, policies to stimulate international attractiveness are seldom part of the studies on mobility behavior. In this paper we will study the way in which various motivations of researchers to decide to be internationally mobile interact and the role internationalization policies play in these motivations. We study the motivations for international mobility in the Dutch policy context. This context is characterized by several politicians, policy makers and university directors who have showed their concern about a rising war for talent and the Dutch inability to attract and retain the best researchers. To prevent this from happening universities have set goals to attract more international staff. The national government hopes that the national excellence funding schemes will attract foreign talent and it has implemented several general policy measures to attract highly educated foreigners (e.g. tax benefits). In order to understand the interplay of different factors of the mobility behavior of researchers and the role of internationalization policies, we make use of three data sources. First, we did a document analysis of internationalization policies at the European, national and university level. Second, in addition to the document analysis, we interviewed 12 policy makers, covering almost half of the present Dutch universities, about their experiences with a global war for talent. We selected faculty policy makers that are said to experience the strongest competition on the academic labor market. And third, we have interviewed 19 foreign researchers that have come to work in The Netherlands in the last twelve years. They were asked about their decision making process concerning their move to their current research institution in The Netherlands. They were asked about their experiences with internationalization policies as well. Our preliminary results suggest that factors influencing mobility behavior are both intertwined and segmented. The reasons for researchers to be mobile form a complex iterative process involving several types of motivations at once. International mobility occurs in a 'window of opportunity' where every factor falls in place or it occurs when one of the factors is so dominant that other factors are trumped. Furthermore, we find that the global war for talent and the academic labor market is segmented. In general terms the process of supply and demand is segmented by disciplines and by positions. This means that academic disciplines all compete with different types of organizations over research talent. Similarly, the competition for excellent and recognized professors is different (war for talent) than the competition for young and inexperienced postdocs (war between talent (Van Arensbergen 2014)). The former can be described as a seller's market, the latter as a buyer's market. The segmentation of the academic labor market is visible in the mobility behavior of researchers. We recognize four types of mobility behavior. 1. The early career researchers who are strongly motivated to gain international experience. Their situation is paradoxical: since they usually are relatively unattached they can travel anywhere, but the war between talent forces them to accept almost any position that is offered to them. Their choice for their current research group is therefore somewhat, but not completely, random. 2. The researchers who were looking for a new job because of their discontent in a former position. They have no strong preference for an international move, but their built up expertise (niche) forces them to look abroad for positions. At the same time they are bound by personal circumstances, such as a partner, children and other family. They experience a push factor to leave their position, but have limited opportunities. 3. The researchers who were offered an excellent career opportunity. In many cases this concerns a move for a higher position, such as a professorship. To make such a career move, international mobility is necessary. In some cases this once in a lifetime opportunity trumps other influencing factors. 4. The researchers who were very happy in their previous position, but nevertheless accepted a new position because of the unique research possibilities. These researchers are mostly in a tenure position and do not feel the need to change jobs. The question remains to what extent the decisions of researchers are perceptive to specific internationalization policies. We find that the mobility behavior of researchers can only be influenced to a certain degree by policies explicitly directed at attracting foreign talent, such as migration support by universities or tax benefits. More important factors are the presence of high profile researchers and unique facilities, or general factors like the reputation of a university, the standard of living, a researcher's social and cultural preferences and the proximity to family and friends. All those factors can at most be influenced indirectly through policy measures and are long term investments. References Appelt, S., van Beuzekom, B., Galindo-Rueda, F. and de Pinho R. (2015). Which factors influence the international mobility of research scientists? in A. Geuna (ed.) Global Mobility of Research Scientists: The Economics of Who Goes Where and Why. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Børing, P., Flanagan, K., Gagliardi, D., Kaloudis, A., & Karakasidou, A. (2015). International mobility: Findings from a survey of researchers in the EU. Science and Public Policy, scv006. Charle, C., & Verger, J. (1994). Histoire des universités (Vol. 391). Presses universitaires de France. Conchi, S. and Michels. C. (2014), "Scientific mobility – An analysis of Germany, Austria, France and Great Britain", Fraunhofer ISI Discussion Papers Innovation Systems and Policy Analysis No. 41, Karlsruhe. EP-Nuffic (2015). Internationalisering in beeld 2015. Den Haag: EP-Nuffic. Findlay, A. M., King, R., Smith, F. M., Geddes, A. and Skeldon, R. (2012), World class? An investigation of globalisation, difference and international student mobility. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37: 118–131. Franzoni, C., Scellato, G. and Stephan, P. (2012). Foreign-born scientists: Mobility patterns for 16 countries. Nature Biotechnology 30(12): 1250-1253. Kamalski, J. & Plume, A. (2013). Comparative Benchmarking of European and US Research Collaboration and Researcher Mobility. Amsterdam: Elsevier. MORE2. (2013). Support for continued data collection and analysis concerning mobility patterns and career paths of researchers. EU Commission Report. Brussels: European Commission. van Arensbergen, P. (2014), Talent Proof: Selection Processes in Research Funding and Careers. Den Haag, Rathenau Instituut.

У представленій статті охарактеризовано специфіку функціонування політичної опозиції в площині політичної системи сучасної Росії. Унікальність політичного життя визначає наявність політичної опозиції як один із механізмів забезпечення ефективності політичних інституцій всередині будь-якої держави. Можливість критично висловлювати думки на адресу політичних сил що мають законно визнане право на політичну владу в соціумі, це одна з ознак демократичного політичного режиму. Проте останнім часом у політичній системі деяких країн, які позиціонують себе як країни демократії, можна спостерігати за утисканням опозиційних сил або ж створення «керованих» чи «протоопозицій». На нашу думку, одним із прикладів діяльності такого виду опозиції є російська.Встановлено, що існуюча політична опозиція, яка діє в Росії, не є достатньо ефективною, через її сегментарність, внутрішні конфлікти і головне відсутність серед лідерів опозиції консолідуючої мети. Як наслідок, партія влади «Єдина Росія» та визнаний більшістю росіян політичний лідер – Президент РФ В. Путін застосовує всі методи протидії опозиції, зводячи нанівець протестні дії опозиціонерів. У статті виявлено, що сучасно політична опозиція має декілька груп серед яких виділяються «стара» частина так звана пострадянська представлена Г. Зюгановим, В. Жириновським тощо. Тобто ті постаті, які скоріше грають роль опозиції за правилами, які визначає партія влади. Молоде крило опозиціонерів, в якому постійно відбувається суперництво серед лідерів за право очолити рух і мати підтримку більшості електорату. Важливо розуміти, що окремо в опозиції Росії представлені ультраправі та радикальні течії, які позиціонують себе як об'єднувачі земель в єдину «Велику Русь». Але простежуючи організовані і проведені акції непокори з боку опозиційних сил, чітко простежується їх неефективність, діюча при владі політична еліта завжди на крок попереду, навіть коли застосовує силові методи для протидії мирним зібранням. Більш того, політична опозиція неготова до реального приходу до влади, це чітко видно через відсутність конкретних програм економічного реформування Росії виходячи не із закордонного досвіду, а із вітчизняної специфіки. Політичні акції у вигляді проведення проекту «Відкрита Росія» ще раз довели той факт, що опозиція відірвана від потреб потенційного електорату, якому виявилися необхідними не лише нові обличчя при владі, але й гарантії, що ці нові обличчя будуть здатні покращити соціально-економічне життя пересічного росіянина байдуже в якій частині Росії він мешкає. Доведено, що політична опозиція не враховує ментальність росіян, їх потяг не до м'якої демократії, а до лідера-господаря, захисника Вітчизни від зовнішньої загрози. У свою чергу правляча еліта і її лідер вдало й ефективно реалізують цей імідж на практиці і, незважаючи на погіршення економічних показників, утримують підтримку серед населення. Таким чином, російська політична опозиція є незрілою і переважно керованою з боку діючої влади. ; The peculiarities of functioning of opposition parties and movements in the sphere of modern Russian political system have been characterized in the submitted paper. The uniqueness of political life determines the presence of political opposition as one of the facilitating mechanism of political institutеs' effectiveness within the state. The ability to express critical thoughts about political forces, political actors who have received the legal right of political power in society is one of the attributes of democratic political regime. Nevertheless, recently in the political system of some countries which position themselves as democratic countries, one can observe the oppression of opposition forces or creation of «managed» or «proto-oppositions». According to our opinion, one of such countries is Russia.It has been established that the existing political opposition is not sufficiently effective in its actions, due to its segmentation, internal conflicts and general absence of unity among the opposition leaders in aims and means of achieving them. Consequently, the party of power «United Russia» which political leader is recognized by the majority of Russians - the President of the Russian Federation V. Putin, applies all methods of opposition resistance, negating the protest actions of the opposition parties. It has been shown in the article that the modern political opposition has several groups, among which outstands the «old» part, so-called post-Soviet opposition, represented by G. Zyuganov, V. Zhirinovsky and others. They are political figures who rather play the role of the opposition and act clearly according to the rules that are determined by the party of power. The young generation of the opposition is characterized by constant rivalry among the leaders for the right to lead the movement and to have the support of the majority of the electorate. It is important to understand that the ultra-right and radical groups are represented separately in the opposition of Russia, they position themselves as unifiers of the lands in a single «Great Rus».Studying organized and conducted protest movements, which had been organized by opposition forces, one can see their inefficiency. As a result, the powerful political elite is always one-step ahead, even when applying methods of force counter to the peaceful assembly. Moreover, the political opposition is not ready for real rising to power, it is clearly seen because of the absence of specific programs for Russia's economic reforms. Also it is based not on foreign experience, but on native specifics. Political actions in the form of the «Open Russia» project have proved once again the fact that the opposition is separated from the needs of potential electorate. Not only new people in power are needed, but also guarantees are needed that these new people will be able to improve the socio-economic life of the ordinary Russians regardless of region of Russia where he\she lives.It has been proven that the political opposition does not take into account the mentality of Russians, their aspiration not to the mild model of Western democracy but to the host leader, the defender of the Motherland from external threat. Whereas, the ruling elite and its leader successfully and effectively implement this image in practice, and despite the deterioration of economic indicators, they get the support among the population. Consequently, the political opposition of Russia is immature and primary controlled by the current government. ; В представленной статье охарактеризована специфика функционирования политических оппозиционных партий и движений в плоскости политической системы современной России. Уникальность политической жизни определяет наличие политической оппозиции как одного из механизмов обеспечения эффективности политических институций внутри государства. Возможность критически высказывать мысли в адрес политических сил, политических акторов, которые получили законно признанное право на политическую власть в социуме - это один из признаков демократического политического режима. Тем не менее, в последнее время в политической системе некоторых стран которые позиционируют себя как страны демократии, можно наблюдать за притеснением оппозиционных сил или же созданием «управляемых» или «протооппозиций». По нашему мнению, одним из примеров деятельности такого вида оппозиции является действующая в России.Установлено, что существующая политическая оппозиция в своих действиях не является достаточно эффективной, через ее сегментированность, внутренние конфликты и главное - отсутствие среди лидеров оппозиции единства в целях и средствах их достижения. Как следствие, партия власти «Единая Россия» и признанный большинством россиян политический лидер - Президент РФ В. Путин применяет все методы противодействия оппозиции, сводя на нет протестные действия оппозиционеров. В статье показано, что современная политическая оппозиция имеет несколько групп, среди которых выделяются «старая» часть так называемая постсоветская оппозиция, представленная Г. Зюгановым, В. Жириновским и другими. Это те политические фигуры, которые скорее играют роль оппозиции и действуют четко по правилам, которые определяет партия власти. Молодое крыло оппозиционеров, в котором постоянно происходит соперничество среди лидеров за право возглавить движение и иметь поддержку большинства электората. Важно понимать, что отдельно в оппозиции России представлены ультраправые и радикальные течения, которые позиционируют себя как объединители земель в единую «Великую Русь».Прослеживая организованные и проведенные акции протестов оппозиционными силами, видна их неэффективность. Как результат, действующая при власти политическая элита всегда на шаг впереди, даже когда применяет силовые методы для противодействия мирным собраниям. Больше того, политическая оппозиция неготова к реальному приходу к власти, это четко видно из-за отсутствия конкретных программ экономического реформирования России выходя не из заграничного опыта, а из отечественной специфики. Политические акции в виде проведения проекта «Открытая Россия» еще раз доказали тот факт, что оппозиция оторвана от нужд потенциального электората, которому оказались необходимы не только новые лица при власти, но и гарантии, что эти новые лица будут способны улучшить социально-экономическую жизнь обычного россиянина не учитывая в какой части России он живет. Доказано, что политическая оппозиция не учитывает ментальность россиян, их стремление не к мягкой модели западной демократии, а к лидеру-хозяину, защитнику Отчизны от внешней угрозы. В свою очередь правящая элита и ее лидер удачно и эффективно реализуют этот имидж на практике и, несмотря на ухудшение экономических показателей, удерживают поддержку среди населения. Таким образом, российская политическая оппозиция является незрелой и преимущественно управляемой со стороны действующей власти.

96p. ; This work is focused on the application of continuous improvement through the tools of lean learned in the international production and logistics specialization in the Colombian companies' foreign trade area, it is observed that many of the companies in Colombia have not taken into account these tools to simplify and improve service delivery processes within the same companies, so they are not believed to be able to directly value the product or its sale. Given this, an analysis of the foreign trade area in the company is carried out Vitrofarma S.A., where opportunities for improvement are identified and a solution that can help make the process more efficient and effective, likewise Raise awareness among your collaborators so that they have a mindset of change to be more versatile and make the most of the technological tools that they exist for the management of international trade. Additionally, this is a management model that is focused on having steps established and the maximum value can be delivered to customers also using the minimum necessary resources. Based on this, there must be better management in activities, better planning and execution of these, that there are no delays in orders, also improvements in the process of transporting the merchandise, thus giving a quality in processes. Whenever an improvement is required, it is essential to consider that it has established parameters to which we must abide, and that with experience have been managed to correct those processes that have caused low production or demand and that therefore it has led to the organization not emerging as required, if a process fails or it is badly established to divide those processes that depend on it. Due to this a good organization and a good follow-up highlight that the product have a strict control that will go through several evaluations where an improvement will be chosen in case it has flaws in any of its processes. The areas involved must abide by established norms so that they can give quick solution to the problems presented, and that this does not lead to non-compliance with requirements that are important to the company. ; Bibliografía A, G. (22 de agosto de 2013). Prezi .com. Obtenido de prezi.com: https://prezi.com/ap0svctowzcj/lean-manufacturing-hca/ Aguirre, A. (2014). Analisis de las herramientas Lean Manufacturing para la eliminacion de desperdicios en las Pymes. Bogota: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Alberto, H. B. (2011). Aplicación de los conceptos Lean y Agile en la planificación de productos de consumo masivo. peru: universidad politecnica de catalunya. Boppana, V. (2012). Improvement of manufacturing operations at a pharmaceutical company. Trinidad y tobago: The university of the west indies. Cadena, A. (12 de enero - junio de 2007). Impacto en Colombia de la LexMercatoria. Civilizar. Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. bogota, colombia. Chase, R. B. (2005). Administración de producción y operaciones: manufactura y servicios. mexico: McGraw-Hill Interamericana. Clery, A. (2009). Aplicación y uso del sistema Kanban para lograr la eficiencia operativa de una empresa. santa fe argentina: El Cid editor. Colombia, M. d. (05 de julio de 2015). código sustantivo del trabajo Recuperado el 05 de 07 de 2015. bogota, colombia. Edward, J. H. (1988). The Just In Time - Time Breakthrough: Implementing The New Manufactorin Basics. bogota: norma. Francisco, R. S. (2005). Las 5S orden y limpieza en el puesto de trabajo. madrid: Fundación con fe metal. Garcia, E. J. (2015). estudio del flujo de la cadena de valor para una produccion en la industria alimentaria. valladoli: Escuela de ingenieros industriales de Valladoli. Gill, J. &. (2010). Research Methods for Managers. LONDRES. Gomez, C. P. (2009). Adopcion de politicas Lean Suply Chain en la cadena porcina. Cataluña: Univeritat de girona. Gonzales, A. (22 de agosto de 2013). Prezi .com. Obtenido de prezi.com: https://prezi.com/ap0svctowzcj/lean-manufacturing-hca/ González A., L. A. (2013). Propuesta para la utilización de lean manufacturing en el centro de distribución nacional de la empresa Hyundai Colombia automotriz S.A Escuela Colombiana de Carreras Industriales. Facultad de Ingeniería. bogota, colombia. gonzalez, b. (16 de abril de 2010). LDBD Mejora de Procesos Empresariales. Recuperado el 18 de septiembre de 2016, de https://www.google.com.co/#q=mejores+practicas+para+aumentar+la+eficiencia+en+los+ procesos+de+gestion+ Harold, k. (2006). proyect management a systems aproach to planning scheduling and controlling . New York: Jhon wiley and sons. Ibon, S. I. (2007). Análisis de la aplicabilidad de la técnica Value Stream Mapping en el rediseño de sistemas productivos. españa: universidad de girona. Leech, N., Dellinger, A., & Brannagan, K. &. (2010). Evaluating Mixed Research Studies: A Mixed Methods Approach. Journal of Mixed Methods Research. Beltsville, USA. Lefcovich, L. M. (2009). Estrategia Kaizen. santa fe argentina: El cid Editor . Márquez, Y. (1 de junio de 2006). proquest. Recuperado el 18 de septiembre de 2016, de Estimaciones econométricas del crecimiento en Colombia mediante la Ley de Thirlwall: http://bidig.areandina.edu.co/index.php/generales-y-multidisciplinarias-proquest Matías, J. C. (2013). Lean manufacturing Conceptos, técnicas e implantación. madrid: fundacion eoi. Padilla, I. l. (2010). LEAN MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURA ESBELTA/ÁGIL. guatemala: revista ingenieria primero. Patricia, M. R. (2010). Diseñar e implementar plan de mejoramiento de calidad basado en el metodo de 5s para laboratorios Bussie. Bogota: Escuela colombiana de carreras industriales. portafolio. (13 de febrero de 2006). proquest. Recuperado el 18 de septiembre de 2016, de http://proxy.bidig.areandina.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.proxy.bid ig.areandina.edu.co:2048/docview/334544375?accountid=50441 Rajadell Carreras Manuel, S. G. (2010). Lean Manufactoring la evidencia de una necesidad. españa: Diaz de Santos. Suárez, M. F. (2007). El Kaizen: La Filosofía de Mejora Continua e Innovación Incremental detrás de la Administración por Calidad Total. mexico: panorama. Villacreses, K. F. (2006). Implementación de una Metodología con la Técnica 5S para Mejorar el Área de Matricería de una Empresa Extrusora de Aluminio. guayaquil ecuador . Vitrofarma. (siete de mayo de 2015). Vitrofarma. Obtenido de http://www.Vitrofarma.com/nosotros.html Rafael, C. C. (2014). TPS Americanizado: Lean Six Sigma TOC. Simplificado.PYMES. mexico. ; Este trabajo está enfocado a la aplicación mejora continua por medio de las herramientas de lean aprendidas en la especialización de producción y logística internacional en el área de comercio exterior de las empresas colombianas, se observa que muchas de las empresas en Colombia no han tenido en cuenta estas herramientas para simplificar y mejorar los procesos de prestación de servicios dentro de las mismas compañías, por lo que no se cree que puedan dar un valor directo al producto o su venta. Dado a conocer esto, se realiza un análisis del área de comercio exterior en la empresa Vitrofarma S.A., donde se identifican las oportunidades de mejora y se propone una solución que pueda ayudar a que el proceso sea más eficiente y eficaz, de igual forma se concientiza a sus colaboradores para que tengan una mentalidad de cambio , se direccionen a ser más polivalentes y que aprovechen al máximo las herramientas tecnológicas que existen para el manejo del comercio internacional. Adicionalmente este es un modelo de gestión que va enfocado a que tenga pasos establecidos y se pueda entregar el máximo valor para los clientes así mismo utilizando los mínimos recursos necesarios. Con base en esto debe haber una mejor gestión en las actividades, mejor planificación y ejecución de estas, que no ocurran retrasos en los pedidos, igualmente mejoras en el proceso de transporte de la mercancía, dando así una calidad en procesos. Cada vez que se requiera de una mejora, es indispensable considerar que se tiene establecidos parámetros a los cuales hay que regirnos, y que con la experiencia se han logrado corregir aquellos procesos que han causado una baja producción o demanda y que por lo tanto ha llevado a que la organización no surja como se requiere, si un proceso falla o está mal establecido fraccionara aquellos procesos que dependen de este. Debido a esto una buena organización y un buen seguimiento destacan que el producto tenga un estricto control que pasara por varias evaluaciones donde se optara por una mejora en caso de que tenga falencia en alguno de sus procesos. Las áreas involucradas deben regirse a normas establecidas para que así puedan dar solución rápidamente a los problemas presentados, y que esto no lleve a incumplir con requerimientos que son importantes para la empresa.

There are over 7 million cultural values in Lithuanian museums. A significant part of them are archaeological findings. However, only a tiny part of them gets to the museums, i.e., usually, visually the most beautiful and representative findings. In recent years, we can see the increase in cooperation between archaeologists and restorers of archaeological findings. Therefore, the most valuable and least lasting findings come to the hands of restorers directly from the place of discovery and are immediately preserved and restored. Such are the archaeological leather footwear findings. Archaeological footwear findings are rare among the museum exhibits. Just a few Lithuanian museums exhibit archaeological footwear findings of the 14–18th centuries.Leather footwear archaeological findings are often found in only few places in Lithuania. The specific archaeological environment is the decisive factor for remaining of leather artifacts. Most of them are found in the ancient cities of Lithuania, which were major political and commercial centers in their time: Kernavė, Vilnius, Kaunas, and Klaipėda. In other cities and towns, such findings are extremely rare or not found at all.In 1990, during the archaeological research in the former Carmelite monastery territory in Kėdainiai, in Didžioji Str. No. 17, 19, 21, in the small household pit, archeologists found leather strips and footwear manufacturing spoilage from the 17th century. Supposedly, there had to be quite a large shoemaker's holding and workshop in the surrounding area, which probably belonged to Petras Mukčius, indicated in 1686 city's inventory. In the findings list of research report, the leather artifacts are not mentioned and their further fate is unknown. Leather footwear leftovers are also mentioned among the findings of 2008 archaeological excavations in Ukmergė, in Utenos Str. Ten leather findings were inventoried in archaeological excavations report from the first half of the 18th century: footwear details, leather strips, straps fragments. Quite exceptional exhibits are the restored archaeological findings from Kurtuvėnai (Šiauliai district) St. Apostle Jacob's Church, which are stored in Šiauliai "Aušra" museum and were restored in Pranas Gudynas Restoration Centre of Lithuanian Art Museum. In the basement of this church, in disintegrated crypt, the remains of two men from the 18th century were discovered. The surviving footwear was restored – it is a pair of boots of very complex construction, which were thoroughly made from bovine leather of vegetable tanning.As we can see, the footwear findings are rarely found during periphery archaeological excavations. Therefore, the footwear findings of Žagarė found during archaeological researches gained special attention from researchers.According to Algimantas Miškinis, the renaissance rectangular market square of New Žagarė was probably formed in the second half of the 16th century. It is certain, that even in the first half of the 19th century, there stood wooden trading stalls, which were destroyed by a fire that devastated the town in 1881. After the Second World War, in 1947, market places were demolished and trees were planted in the square. Since 1997, archaeological excavations of various scope were carried out in the territory of the square and its surroundings. Archaeological footwear findings were detected only during the last archaeological excavations in the market square, in 2012. The findings came directly from archaeological sites to Pranas Gudynas Restoration Center of Lithuanian Art Museum.Two different preservation methods are applied to leather findings: 1. dressing, 2. the treatment with solutions of low molecular weight hydrophilic compounds (PEG-400, 600 or glycerol). These methods help to maintain leather softness and consolidate and protect it from atmospheric moisture fluctuations. Leather Dressing is characterized by the fact that it limits or cancels the possibility of re-preservation of findings. Therefore, the preservation with PEG solution in water was chosen. In addition, the findings were wet and sufficiently soft. To preserve the leather findings we used the 10% PEG-400 solution in water-alcohol mixture (1:1) with 3% antiseptic Boramon C30 additive. After the preservation of leather and disbandment of details, cracks and laminated leather layers were glued together with acrylic copolymer A-45K acetone solution. Three different molecular weight polyethylene glycol solutions, PEG-400, 1500 and 5000 were used to preserve wood. The wood surface was covered with a protective coating of wax balsam Pronto.Most of the information about the footwear of the late historic times, which interests the researchers, is best accumulated by conserving findings before their restoration, i.e., by connecting the details and thus restoring the image close to its authentic state. When producing leather articles of complex design, the craftsmen used not only skin, but also other kinds of materials – wood, threads, textile or metal. The author of this publication drew all footwear details, determined the connection seams of the details, indicated the animal's skin type, measured the leather thickness, ascertained footwear design, identified patterns and determined the footwear sizes according to the standard used in Lithuania. Also, the research set out to determine the timber type of certain footwear parts.In total, 2 low-cut shoes (r. s. No. 116, 178) and 3 mules (r. s. No. 118, 177 and 179) were restored. Horse skin was used for the treadsole of the low-cut shoe (r. s. No. 116), size 25 (baby footwear), while cattle skin was used for the upper part. The inlay, which was made from the part of another insole, improved shoe wearing and probably solved the problem of too large footwear. Low-cut shoe (r. s. No. 178) (Fig. 2) – the only decorated footwear finding, size 33, with low heel. All details are made from bovine skin of various thickness. Low-cut shoe is attached to the leg by front lacing.Mule (r. s. No. 118), size 33, with medium height middle heel. All leather parts are made from bovine skin but of a different thickness. Birch wood was used as filler. The unusual way of insole stitching suggests that the artist saved both materials and time. Mule (r. s. No. 177), size 39, has a pointed toe part and low heel. This footwear finding has the most intricate construction of this complex. Animal skin of different age was used to make this footwear. Based on the design and quality of materials used, it can be said that according to the price it had to be the most expensive footwear. Mule (r. s. No. 179) remained incomplete, a part of heel had been torn apart and some details are missing, it could have been size 38–39. All details were made from bovine skin of various thicknesses.The historic examples of the 17th century footwear are exhibited in major museums around the world, also the museums specialising only in the history of the development of footwear have accumulated historical footwear of this period. However, the vast majority of the exhibits are luxurious footwear of the rich. We see quite a different picture concerning footwear of ordinary people – peasants and townspeople. This footwear was often worn out and thrown away, therefore there are no historical findings. The largest amount of information about these findings is provided precisely by archaeological material and iconography.Comparing the Žagarė urban archaeological findings with the iconography data of Western Europe, it can be said that three mules that were found during the research can confirm the fact that this type of footwear at that time was very popular and well-liked among both rich and ordinary citizens. Footwear – (except for mule r. s. No. 177, which has a distinct design and sewing technique) low-cut shoes and mules, which were discovered, have a similar design, and a very similar sewing style. It can be assumed that the latter footwear could be made by the same craftsman. ; Straipsnyje, remiantis archeologiniais duomenimis, apžvelgiama XVII–XVIII a. Lietuvos periferijos miestelių avalynė. Kaip tipinės miestiečių avalynės pavyzdžiai detaliai pristatomi ir analizuojami XVII a. avalynės radiniai, aptikti Žagarės miesto archeologinių kasinėjimų (archeologas Ernestas Vasiliauskas) metu. Aptikti du pusbačiai ir trys klepės iki šiol yra vieninteliai informatyviausi miestiečių avalynę reprezentuojantys archeologiniai radiniai, surasti ne Lietuvos reikšmingiausių senųjų prekybos miestų teritorijoje, o periferijos miesteliuose. Radiniai autoriaus konservuoti ir restauruoti, aptartos tokio pobūdžio radinių konservavimo ir restauravimo problemos, siekiant maksimaliai išsaugoti jų informatyvumą tolesniam įvairiapusiam pažinimui. Ištirta radinių konstrukcija ir medžiagiškumas, atskleista avalynės gamybos technologija. Radiniai palyginti su to laikotarpio Vakarų Europos analogais.

國立西南聯合大學(簡稱「西南聯大」或「聯大」)是與抗戰相始終的大學。它以戰時教育聞名,成立於抗戰初期(1938 年),由國立北京大學、國立清華大學和私立南開大學聯合組成,抗戰結束後三校解散北歸(1946 年),各自復校。日本的入侵和國家的貧弱,聯大師生共有的民族情感,聯大民主自由的人文環境和「雲南王」龍雲對戰時民主力量的保護等因素,合力構成了聯大地下黨統戰工作的發展空間。這一發展空間與重要的歷史事件的時間點(如1941 年1 月「皖南事變」、1945 年8 月「抗戰勝利」和10 月「龍雲下台」)一起,構成了一個國共角逐的時空。 ; 中共中央和南方局對地下黨組織統戰工作的重視和具體指導的時間恰是在聯大成立初期;在聯大中期,為適應局勢,爭取大多數「中間派師生」的支持,中共先後製定了「十六字」方針(即「蔭蔽精幹,長期埋伏,積蓄力量,以待時機」)和「三勤」(即「勤學」、「勤業」、「勤交友」)政策;在聯大後期,中共統戰的方針政策在實踐中得到檢驗,取得成效。 ; 聯大地下黨的統戰工作是中共雲南省工作委員會(簡稱「雲南省工委」)統戰工作的重要組成部分。南方局和雲南省工委統戰工作的重點是介於國共兩黨間的「中間力量」。聯大地下黨統戰的人群以聯大師生為主,他們用知識份子所能接受的語言和交友方式對其做統戰工作,突出中共是眾望所歸的力量。一方面,地下黨人以「民族主義」和「愛國」來把如聯大教授等「中間力量」團結起來,通過組織集會探討時事以引發高級知識份子思考抗戰失利、貪污腐敗、物價飛漲、民不聊生的根源,由此孤立國民黨。另一方面,聯大地下黨人在品學兼優的基礎上,以「中間學生」的姿態出現,為聯大同學辦實事(如解決吃飯難問題),由此贏得了大多數「中間學生」的好感。如果說在雲南民主運動高潮到來前,聯大地下黨對「中間派師生」的統戰成效限於潛移默化的影響,那麼在1944-1946年民主運動高潮來臨時,其統戰成效已體現為促使「中間派師生」走出書齋,用文字和行動來爭取「民主與和平」,反抗國民黨當局的獨裁專制。 ; 誠然,在四十年代中期,「中間力量」所認同的是介於美蘇政治體制間的「第三條道路」。因此,雲南省工委和聯大地下黨通過扛起「民族主義」和「新民主」的旗幟將聯大師生等「中間力量」凝聚在一起,在孤立國民黨的同時,促使「中間力量」放棄「第三條道路」,服膺於「新民主主義」的「革命」之路。無疑,毛澤東的話語吸引了愛國的知識份子群體,使其感到儘管中共提倡的「新民主」並非西方強調的「民主」,但卻是一條可行的救國之路,「中間力量」感到可參與其中,輔助中共並影響其決策,甚至共同決定中國未來發展的方向。的確,大多數的聯大師生等「中間力量」對於中共及其所提倡的「新民主」是有期待的。南方局、雲南省工委和聯大地下黨的統戰成效亦於此可見。 ; 然而,本文也提及,在中共成為執政黨後,當「中間力量」對「革命」勝利發揮作用的歷史使命完成後,受西方教育理念影響的知識份子的「自由主義」與中共的「思想統整」間的弔詭性矛盾即被凸顯。因此,在中共建國後,對知識份子的思想改造不可避免,在這個靈魂改造的過程中,受沖擊的不僅僅是聯大師生 等「中間力量」,即使雲南省工委和聯大地下黨人亦不能幸免。 ; 事實上,聯大地下黨對聯大師生等「中間力量」的統戰工作的深遠影響並未隨著聯大的解體和新中國的成立而結束。聯大地下黨人及其統戰對象聯大「中間派師生」,在經歷了新中國對知識份子的思想改造運動後,如何反思民族主義、革命與民主的關係亦值得作進一步的梳理和檢討。這是本文的一個後續研究方向。 ; "The emergence of National South-west Associated University (hereafter abbreviated as NSAU) coincided roughly with the war of the Chinese resistance to Japanese aggression. Because of the Marco Polo Bridge (Lugou Qiao) incident on 7 July 1937 and the subsequent Japanese invasion of China, three renowned universities of north China, Peking University, Tsinghua University and Nankai University, were consolidated into one temporary university, National Changsha Temporary University (hereafter abbreviated as NCTU), by the Ministry of Education and relocated to Changsha in ...

Besides being confronted with fierce competition, today's corporations face macroeconomic driving forces that change the configuration of existing and future markets that are also called "global economic trends" (GET) or "megatrends". Currently, research does not provide a coherent view or theory for the assessment of these trends, which often leads to misinterpretation in business and academics. Literature such as publications provided by governmental institutions, multinational corporations, or consulting companies provide numerous examples where economic trends like globalization or the over-aging of western societies are depicted as global megatrends in the context of strategic management and economic research. The rather arbitrary use of the terms in literature leads to the idea that trend terms are vehicles to transport subjective assumptions about future developments that stem from foresight and innovation activities. Authors like Groddeck and Schwarz (2013) or Rust (2008) criticize the vague definition of these types of trends and question the information value and validity of "global economic trends" and "megatrends". A growing body of literature points out that web search data is an ideal foundation for econometrical analysis and forecasting, because behavioral data of online user activity allow researchers to make inferences about the current state of economic decision-making of users, which is also called nowcasting (cf. e.g. Askitas and Zimmermann, 2009; Choi and Varian, 2012; Vosen and Schmidt, 2011; Dimche and Davcev, 2014). So far, there has been little to no work on trends that implements the tool Google Trends, which is the breading ground for the empirical research of this thesis. To get an insight view into the utilization of trends, a pilot study revealed that (1) corporation use of the terms "global economic trend" and "megatrend" in annual reports from 2008 to 2012, and (2) web search data from Google Trends correlates with the geographical location of multinational enterprises and economic wealthy regions measured in GDP. In the empirical part of the thesis, a long-term study from 2004 to 2014 explores how German stock market listed corporations (DAX) adopt trends in their business strategy, and how these trends are represented in web searches. Based upon a mixed-methods research approach, the thesis examines in detail what trends are utilized in annual reports and investigates these trends based on qualitative methods from the field of foresight. Then the results are analyzed with the use of web search data quantitatively. The qualitative analysis of annual reports revealed that: • In total, 5,920 passages that contained the term "trends" were identified in the population (n=330) of annual reports from 2004 to 2014. Included in the empirical research were 2,012 trend passages, whereof 392 trends were categorized as direct trend passages (TP), and whereof 1,620 were classified as indirect TPs. • The use of terms like "global economic trends" and "megatrends" grows from 2004 (117) to 2014 (273). However, only a few corporations used this term directly, but describe the effects indirectly with the use of other terminology. In 2005, Siemens AG firstly introduced the term "megatrends". • The analysis revealed that directly mentioned TPs are more likely to be depicted as an opportunity, rather than a risk in annual reports with an odds ratio of 6.63. The 2,012 trend passages found in annual reports were categorized with an existing system that provides the attributes social, technological, economic, environment, political, and value (STEEPV). In addition, an individual categorization system (ICS) was developed as a tailor-fitted solution for the analysis of trends used in annual reports. The following outcomes were produced when both systems were applied to the data: • The STEEPV categorization system is capable of categorizing trend passages from an ex-post perspective. The final distribution of categories has a strong qualitative appeal and the application of a STEEPV category is ambiguous. The category "Economic" (74%) dominates in the overall population. • The implementation of the newly developed system reduced the overall use of the category "economic" was reduced to 45%. For quantitative analysis, (1) an indicator called Regional Index (RI) was created to analyze geographical information of web search data and (2) an indicator called confidence ranking index (CRI) was developed that measures the reported confidence of a corporation towards each trend mentioned in the annual report that is used for further examination. First, the regional index was used for correlation analysis between geographical information of web search data and GDP data, and for creating a visualization module developed with the statistical software R that provides geographical maps of web trend searches. It could be shown that: • Google Trends data is not provided globally. Scarce data from countries like China and Russia shows that the use of Google is restricted in these countries. • The regional index correlates well GDP with .591 (p < .001) on a global level, which indicates a linear relationship. A regression analysis reveals that the global RI index is able to explain 35% of the total variance. • The regional index has an even higher correlation for Germany with .841 (p < .001) on a local level. In the regression model, the local RI is able to explain 70% of the total variance. This undermines the results of the pilot study. Assuming that financial KPIs might have an influence on the CRI index, two regression models were developed that incorporate operational income and shareholders' equity as explanatory variables. One model interprets the overall population as cross-sectional data and uses regression analysis, and the other model uses a generalized estimated equations (GEE) approach. The results indicate that: • The cross-sectional model has an R2 of .103 and adjusted R2 of .097. Approximately only 10 % of the total variation is explainable by the model, which is considered as interim results in the exploratory research. • The GEE model only contains operating income as an independent variable. With an R2 of 0.174 and an adjusted R2 of .143, the model showed little improvement in comparison to the cross-sectional model. The rather weak influence indicates that financial KPIs have a rather low influence to the CRI index, which motivated further steps of inquiry. At this phase, web search data from Google Trends was implemented and tested for its explanatory capacity. An automated correlation analysis based on the qualitative assessment of annual reports was developed to identify those Google Trend time series with the best model fit. It could be demonstrated that, • Nine hundred forty-one trend terms were found in the annual reports that were the foundation for extracting Google Trends data from 2004 to 2014 with the regional setting global and local for Germany. Globally 315 trends were returned, of which 87 trend series had a high significance (p < .01) to the CRI index. One hundred twenty- two (39%) series correlated significantly with CRI (p <0.05), and 106 (34%) showed no correlation. Thirty-six trends were returned on the local level, whereof six were highly significant (17%), 19 were significant (53%), and 11 (31%) had no significance. • Each dataset was used as a foundation for regression analysis with the confidence ranking index (CRI) as the dependent variable. The individual qualities of the ordinary least square (OLS) models measured by the coefficient of determination (R2) range from .36 to .85 on a global level and from .37 to .75 on a local level. • To optimize the previously developed OLS model with CRI as the dependent variable, the annual mean of the obtained global and local web search data was added. Google Trend data could optimize the regression measured in R2 to .151 for global data based on search terms like "Innovation trends" or "Corporate responsibility, and to .149 for local data based on search terms like "Social media" or "RFID". • On the contrary to OLS, an optimization of the developed GEE model required the creation of an index per annual report that sums up the local and global Google web search results individually per for each trend used per annual report. A comparison of different working structures based on the Akaike's information criterion reveals that an one-period autoregressive correlation or AR(1) has the best model fit. The thesis contributes to the theoretical discussion about the information value of GETs and shows empirically that trend terms like "GETs" and "megatrends" are rather artificial and have a strong subjective character. This was also confirmed by the longitudinal trend analysis that was based on the methodologies of mixed-method research, which combined and extended qualitative and quantitative methods. In addition, the thesis takes a unique approach optimizing the quality of multivariate models. By implementing web search data into linear regression and generalized estimation equation models, the overall performance of the models could be improved. ; Administración y Dirección de Empresas

The main object of the analysis presented in the text was to point to and confirm the existence of special "energy cultures" in the European Union. In order to achieve this aim the use was made of research present in the literature, inter alia, in the publications containing statistical analyses by: (1) A. Pach-Gurgul, (2) P. Tapio and his research team – Banister, J. Luukkanen, J. Vehma i R. Willamo, also in a review, (3) Z. Łucki and W. Misiak. Compared with the invoked research, the timeframe of the analysis in the text covered 2011, and the subjective scope embraced 28 countries (EU-28). As part of the research process the following research hypotheses were subjected to verification: (1) It must be assumed that the dissimilarities in energy structures of particular EU member states are an outstanding premise on which to base a recognition of the existence of specific "energy cultures" in the European Union, (2) It must be assumed that in the period of 2001-2011 there occurred changes in the area of "energy cultures" of the European Union, which had earlier been recognised in the literature. In this scope the following conclusions ought to be presented: I. CONCLUSIONS: The differences in energy structures result in the possibility of pointing to particular features characterising member states and clusters of countries, partially because of the predominance of specific energy carriers and/or a way of their conversion. On account of the use of selected indexes for the purpose of characterising the specificity of the European Union member states, six clusters have been distinguished, and they include the following countries: (1) Spain, France, Italy and Great Britain; (2) Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia and Poland; (3) Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Cyprus, Malta, Austria, Slovenia, Finland and Sweden; (4) Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Portugal, Romania and Slovakia; (5) Germany; (6) Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. An observable cluster that recurs in the research by A. Pach-Gurgul as well as in the analysis presented in the text covering 2011, embraces Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia and Poland (Cluster II). As for Ward's method the cluster is broader, but features an outstanding group of the above-mentioned countries (also including: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Slovakia and Romania). Besides, in this model, in comparison with A. Pach-Gurgul's research, another cluster is by and large repeated, including Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Portugal, Romania and Slovakia – Cluster IV (for a variety of reasons Croatia and Portugal are not repeated). The characteristic feature of both clusters is a higher scale of the index of energy intensity (kgoe/€1000). This shows that it is legitimate to recognise the existence of the division of the European Union into the two "energy cultures": the Western European one and Eastern European one. The main factor behind this division is the energy intensity of the economies of individual member states. Unlike the analysis by P. Tapio and his research team, the axis of division has changed considerably, for within the so-called "old" European Union (EU-15) there was an observable general division into the Northern European and Southern European "energy cultures." Both the above-mentioned clusters (II and IV) can be associated with the "Eastern European culture" as part of the division presented by Z. Łucki and W. Misiak. The energy culture distinguished by the two researchers is to be characterised by: (1) a variety of energy policies, (2) a high energy intensity of the economy, (3) a low electric energy consumption, (4) limited awareness, (5) a negative attitude towards energy market liberalisation. In the case of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Poland (Cluster II), the characteristic feature is a considerable share of solid fuels in the energy mix of the gross inland energy consumption. The countries included in Cluster IV are characterised by a smaller share of solid fuels and a higher diversity of energy structure. As part of the k-means clustering method, it is worth pointing out two clusters of countries: Cluster I (Spain, France, Italy, Great Britain) and Cluster V (Germany). The countries in both clusters belong to the so-called "old" European Union, and their main feature is a substantial level of energy production, Germany being the largest producer. In both cases, the characteristic features are a marked share of renewable energy sources, gas as well as petroleum and petroleum products in the gross inland energy consumption. Furthermore, both clusters are characterised by a low or relatively low index of energy intensity (kgoe/€1000). As part of the clustering based on the k-means method, in both periods, that is in 2001 and 2011 the cluster comprising Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands was repeated. This cluster is characterised by a high index of energy consumption per capita and a high index of GHG emission per capita. II. CONCLUSIONS: It must be emphasised that the period 2001-2010 is connected with the transition process of the electric energy and gas sectors in the European Union. The process is also associated with the introduction of the 1st Climate-Energy Package in the European Union. What is more, the changes will be continued on account of the efforts at building an Energy Union as well as the implementation of the so-called 2nd Climate-Energy Package. Of particular significance is also the increase in the import dependence of the European Union, given the declining reserves of energy resources. Moreover, the objectives of the "green energy policy" will be giving rise to the increasing energy efficiency and the growing share of renewable energy sources in energy production, which may constitute a factor limiting the import dependence. Thus, it should be posited that in the long term we will be witnessing a homogenisation of indexes, e.g. the index of energy intensity. These processes may result in the tendency for changes towards the model of the "energy culture," which Z. Łucki and W. Misiak have termed a "Scandinavian culture," that is one characterised by the following features: (1) a development of RES, (2) a low consumption of coal, (3) a low index of GHG emission, (4) a considerable energy consumption, (5) a low energy intensity, (6) a heightened environment- and energy-consciousness. By way of comparing the analyses for 2011 and for 2001, based on the k-means clustering method, it must be stressed that Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands hold steady in the cluster (Cluster VI), whereby they abide by the roles played by the features earlier ascribed to them. A measure of stability can also be observed in the case of Spain, France, Italy, Great Britain and Germany (Clusters I and V). Noteworthily, Sweden has been eliminated from the group (despite lowering the scale of the first three indexes). The distinctive feature of Eastern European countries is the high scale of the energy intensity index, as viewed against the backdrop of Clusters I and IV. Yet, some tendency towards stirring of the scale of energy intensity index is to be observed in this scope. A transformation of the energy structure will also prove quite a challenge here. Poland can serve as an example, whereby coal will continue to be the country's main electric energy carrier for the next 30 years. The comparative analysis featuring in the text is limited, and so it does not address all the issues concerned with the correlations between the presented "energy cultures." The work sets out to verify the results of the research into the existence of "energy cultures" in the European Union, as presented by A. Pach-Gurgul, Z. Łucki and W. Misiak as well as P. Tapio and his research team. Still, the greatest emphasis has been laid on the proposals made by A. Pach-Gurgul, for it was her publication as well as the selection of indexes and research tools included therein that proved to be an inspiration for the present text. It should also be noted that the object of analysis in the text does not embrace a discussion of the legitimacy of employing specific methods for clustering. ; The main objective of the text is to present an analysis that points to the existence of special "energy cultures" in the European Union. The comparative analysis encompassing the results of previous research into "energy cultures" employs statistical methods, i.e. a cluster analysis (Ward's clustering method and k-means clustering method). The main sections of the text address: (1) the concept and examples of "energy cultures," (2) a methodology of analysis, (3) a selection of indexes characterising "energy cultures," (4) an attempt at grouping the European Union member states with the aid of clustering, (5) conclusions. With a view to making the research problem more specific, the present text features the following questions: (1) Is the claim that the European Union manifests special "energy cultures" legitimate?, (2) Did the decade of 2001-2011 witness changes in the field of the European Union "energy cultures," as earlier recognised by the literature?

[spa] El trabajo se centra en analizar la vigencia y afectación de la relación laboral por parte del derecho fundamental de la libertad religiosa. Por tal razón se examina la evolución histórica de tal derecho hasta su generalización en la Contemporaneidad en los países occidentales, con especial tratamiento del caso español. Asimismo se examina la legislación internacional y comunitaria en la materia. Posteriormente la obra analiza la pluralidad cultural y religiosa que caracteriza España en la actualidad, una riqueza que es trasladable a sus centros de trabajo. Por tal razón, y dado el carácter limitado del fenómeno secularizador, se desarrolla una argumentación encaminada a explicar las características del Derecho del Trabajo del siglo XXI, que tiene como reto la de transformarse en un Derecho inclusivo. La inclusión se produciría por tratarse de un Derecho religiosamente neutro desde el punto de vista formal en cuanto a sus preceptos, pero materialmente garantista de las convicciones de cada cual, que evitara así discriminaciones. A partir de aquí la obra se centra esencialmente en tres figuras y sus manifestaciones en la relación laboral: el derecho a la libertad religiosa, el derecho a la objeción de conciencia por razones religiosas y la tutela antidiscriminatoria del trabajador creyente. El derecho a la libertad religiosa ha de reconocerse al trabajador por cuenta ajena aunque, como los otros derechos fundamentales, podrá ser limitado a través de la oportuna ponderación con otros derechos y bienes en juego. Así, la vigencia del derecho a la libertad religiosa en el puesto de trabajo se garantiza de varios modos: 1) en los supuestos más extremos y cuando no concurre ninguna medida legal o recurso material más al alcance del trabajador, dicho trabajador puede defender sus convicciones mediante el ejercicio del derecho a la objeción de conciencia, que le permite desobedecer puntualmente respecto al cumplimiento de una obligación jurídica apta para lesionar sus convicciones (ius resistentiae); 2) el trabajador que es objeto de discriminación por razón de sus convicciones religiosas, puede utilizar las medidas antidiscriminación previstas legalmente; 3) y, finalmente, el trabajador puede ejercer el derecho a la libertad religiosa directamente, tanto para defender dicho derecho en su sentido negativo, cuando sufre algún tipo de injerencia en sus convicciones; como desde un punto de vista positivo, de forma activa, cuando es necesario remover obstáculos jurídicos y alterar las condiciones de trabajo para la óptima expansión del derecho. Y precisamente, tal es el aspecto más discutible, pero menos discutido en España, de la eficacia jurídica del derecho a la libertad religiosa; pues es el que determinaría históricamente que el Derecho del Trabajo conciba dicho derecho desde un punto de vista meramente liberal, o, por el contrario desde una visión acorde con el Estado de Derecho. Como manifestaciones de dichas figuras en el puesto de trabajo se analizan, entre otras, las festividades y descansos, el uso de indumentaria y simbología religiosa, o las actividades proselitistas. Asimismo, se examina el concepto de empresa de tendencia religiosa. ; [eng] The paper focuses on analysing the validity and application of the fundamental right of religious freedom within labour relations. For this reason, it examines the historical evolution of this right until it became the norm in modern Western countries, looking in particular at the case of Spain. In addition, it examines international and community legislation in this area. The work subsequently analyses the plurality of cultures and religions that characterise Spain today, a richness that can be transferred to the countrys workplaces. Because of this, and given the limited secularist phenomenon, it provides reasoning with which it aims to explain the nature of Labour Law in the 21st century, which faces the challenge of making itself an inclusive area of law. lt is supposedly inclusive since it is a religiously neutral area of law from a formal point of view judging by its precepts, though in practice it protects the convictions of everyone, thus preventing discrimination. From here, the paper goes on to focus on essentially three aspects and their manifestations in labour relations: the right to religious freedom, the right to conscientious objection on religious grounds, and the legal protection of religious workers from discrimination. The right to religious freedom must be granted to employed workers although, as with other fundamental rights, it may be restricted when properly weighed up against other legal rights at stake. Thus, the validity of the right to religious freedom in the workplace is safeguarded in several ways: 1) in the most extreme cases and where there is no other legal measure or practical recourse available to them, workers may defend their convictions by exercising the right to conscientious objection, which allows them occasionally to breach a legal obligation that would go against their convictions (ius resistentiae); 2) workers who are subject to discrimination for their religious convictions may make use of the anti-discrimination measures provided by law; 3) and finally, workers may exercise the right to religious freedom directly, to defend the aforementioned right in its negative sense where their convictions are infringed upon, as well as actively from a positive point of view, where it is necessary to remove legal obstacles and change the working conditions in respect of the right as far as possible. And this is precisely the most debatable aspect, though less so in Spain, of the legal effectiveness of the right to religious freedom, since it is this aspect that would historically determine whether Labour Law will see this right from a merely liberal point of view or, on the other hand, from a Rule of Law standpoint. The manifestations of these aspects analysed in the workplace include, among others, holidays and breaks, the use of religious symbols and attire, and proselytising activities. Furthermore, the concept of a company with religious leanings is also examined. ; [cat] El treball es centra en analitzar la vigència i l'afectació de la relació laboral per part del dret fonamental de la llibertat religiosa. Per aquesta raó s'examina l'evolució històrica d'aquest dret fins a la seva generalització a la contemporaneïtat en els països occidentals, amb especial tractament en el cas espanyol. Així mateix s'examina la legislació internacional i comunitària en la matèria. Posteriorment, l'obra analitza la pluralitat cultural i religiosa per la qual es caracteritza Espanya a l'actualitat, una riquesa que és traslladable en els seus centres de treball. Per aquesta raó, i donat el caràcter limitat del fenomen secularitzador, es desenvolupa una argumentació encaminada a explicar les característiques del Dret del Treball del segle XXI, que té com a repte el transformar-se en un Dret inclusiu. La inclusió es produiria pel fet de tractar-se d'un Dret religiosament neutre des del punt de vista formal en quant als seus preceptes, però materialment garantista de les conviccions de cadascú, que evitarà així discriminacions. A partir d'aquí ('obra es centra essencialment en tres figures i les seves manifestacions en la relació laboral: el dret a la llibertat religiosa, el dret a l'objecció de consciència per raons religioses i la tutela antidiscriminatòria del treballador creient. El dret a la llibertat religiosa s'ha de reconèixer al treballador per compte aliè tot i que com amb els altres drets fonamentals, podrà ser limitat a través de l'apropiada ponderació amb altres drets i béns en joc. Així, la vigència del dret a la llibertat religiosa en el lloc de treball es garanteix mitjançant diferents maneres: 1) En els supòsits més extrems i quan no concorri a l'abast del treballador cap mesura legal o recurs material addicional a l'abast del treballador, dit treballador pot defensar les seves conviccions mitjançant l'exercici del dret a l'objecció de consciència, el qual li permet desobeir puntualment respecte al compliment d'una obligació jurídica apta per lesionar les seves conviccions (ius resistentiae) ; 2) el treballador que és objecte de discriminació per raó de les seves conviccions religioses, pot utilitzar les mesures antidiscriminació previstes legalment; 3) i, finalment, el treballador pot exercir el dret a la llibertat religiosa directament, tant per defensar aquest dret en el seu sentit negatiu, com quan pateix algun tipus d'ingerència en les seves conviccions, com des del punt de vista positiu, de forma activa, quan és necessari remoure obstacles jurídics i alterar les condicions de treball per l'òptima expansió del dret. l precisament, el darrer és l'aspecte més discutible, però menys discutit a Espanya, el de l'eficàcia jurídica del dret a la llibertat religiosa, ja que és el que determinaria històricament que el Dret del Treball concebi esmentat dret des d'un punt de vista merament liberal, o, pel contrari des d'una visió acord amb l'Estat de Dret. Com a manifestacions de dites figures en el lloc de treball s'analitzen entre altres, les festivitats i descansos, l'ús de la indumentària i simbologia religiosa, o les activitats proselitistes. Tanmateix, s'examina el concepte d'empresa de tendència religiosa.

Dottorato di ricerca in Biotecnologia degli alimenti ; Epidemiological studies strongly suggest that omega-3 fatty acids plays a significant role in the prevention of many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and cancer. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered essential because they cannot be synthesized in the human body and must be obtained through diet. However, although a ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids of about 4-1:1 is regarded as optimal for the prevention of different pathologies, Western diets often contain a ratio of 10-25:1, indicating a considerable omega-3 fatty acids deficiency. In light of this issue, in this PhD thesis it was considered the seeds of Salvia hispanica L. (common name chia), one of the best plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids, as raw material from which start to create a functional food. Indeed, chia seeds contain between 25% and 40% fats and up to 68% omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). They also contain 20% of omega-6 linoleic acid, thus providing a good balance between the two essential fatty acids. ALA is able to improve the pathological condition in model animals like Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs), by decreasing the systolic blood pressure and the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) activity and expression, but also increasing the vasodilators level. Chia seeds are considered a novel food ingredient in the European Union, and for this reason there is a restriction on the amount of use, initially of 5% (EFSA, 2009), now raised to 10% after the last 2013 revision (EU, 2013). This restriction is probably due to the lack of scientific analysis related to their in vivo effects in humans, considering that omega-3 fatty acids, for their chemical nature, such as the presence of unsaturations, are more prone to lipid peroxidation, especially in oxidized pathological subjects. According to the above considerations this work reports the main obtained results from the following activities and objectives. First step was the investigation of the in vivo effects following the long-term administration of chia seeds in oxidized pathological animal models. With the aim to formulate a functional food useful not only to maintain the health status of healthy people, but also to people with different pathologies, 5% of chia flour was administered for 5 weeks to SHRs, being the high blood pressure condition the major cause of worldwide death as reported from the latest report of the World Health Organization. At the end of the experimental period, parameters for antioxidant, inflammatory and hypertensive status were analysed. After that, the formulation and study of a functional food containing chia seeds and common/tartary buckwheat were performed. Considering that the in vivo study had shown the necessity to increase the antioxidant capacity of chia seed-diet in order to avoid the in vivo oxidation increase after chia seed administration, for their high antioxidant activity common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) were chosen as ingredients to combine with chia seeds in the functional food recipe. The results obtained in this study indicated that bread made with chia and tartary buckwheat flour was more acceptable in many nutritional aspects compared to the control (common wheat bread); it contained a higher amount of protein (20%), insoluble dietary fibres (74%), ash (51%), and alphalinolenic acid (67.4%). Moreover, this bread possessed lower energy (14%) and carbohydrate contents (24%) compared to the control. Tartary buckwheat also improved the total antioxidant capacity of the bread (about 75%) and provided a considerable amount of flavonoids, which are healthy non-nutritional compounds. Overall, the combination of chia flour with tartary buckwheat flour allowed the creation of bread that might be useful for the following people categories: hypertensive, diabetics, patients with micro- and macro-inflammatory disease, but also to maintain the health status of healthy people by increasing the dietary omega-3 and antioxidant intake. In addition, both chia flour and tartary buckwheat flour contain no gluten and can be consumed by patients with celiac disease, thus making a first step in formulating foods suitable for celiacs and at the same time with high nutritional value to avoid cardiovascular disease risk associated with current gluten-free diet. ; Studi epidemiologici suggeriscono fortemente che gli acidi grassi omega-3 esercitano un ruolo significativo nella prevenzione di diverse patologie croniche come le malattie cardiovascolari, l'infiammazione, l'iperlipidemia ed il cancro. Gli acidi grassi omega-3 sono considerati essenziali perché non possono essere sintetizzati dal corpo umano e quindi devono essere assunti con la dieta. Tuttavia, sebbene il rapporto di acidi grassi omega-6/omega-3 considerato ottimale nella prevenzione di differenti patologie sia di 4-1:1, le diete occidentali spesso contengono un rapporto di 10-25:1, indicando una considerevole carenza di acidi grassi omega-3. Alla luce di tale problematica in questa tesi di dottorato sono stati studiati i semi di Salvia hispanica L. (nome comune: chia) una delle migliori fonti vegetali di acidi grassi omega-3, come materia prima per creare un alimento funzionale. Infatti, i semi di chia contengono tra il 25-40% di grassi di cui fino al 68% è rappresentato dall'acido grasso omega-3 acido alfa-linolenico (ALA). L'ALA è in grado di migliorare le condizioni patologiche di modelli animali come i ratti spontaneamente ipertesi, SHR, diminuendo la pressione sanguigna sistolica e diminuendo l'attività e l'espressione dell'enzima ACE (enzima che attiva l'Angiotensina, potente vasocostrittore), ma anche aumentando il livello di alcuni vasodilatatori. I semi di chia sono considerati un nuovo alimento nell'Unione Europea, e per questa ragione vi è una limitazione nella quantità di utilizzo, inizialmente del 5% (EFSA, 2009), ora innalzata al 10% a seguito dell'ultima revisione del 2013 (EU, 2013). Questa restrizione è probabilmente dovuta alla mancanza di analisi scientifiche relative al suo effetto in vivo nell'uomo, considerando che gli acidi grassi omega-3, per la loro natura chimica, come la presenza di insaturazioni, sono più inclini a fenomeni di perossidazione lipidica, soprattutto in soggetti patologici ossidati. Quindi, in accordo con le considerazioni fatte sopra, questo lavoro riporta i risultati principali ottenuti dai seguenti obiettivi e dalle seguenti attività. Il primo passo è stato quello di analizzare gli effetti in vivo a seguito di una somministrazione di semi di chia a lungo termine in modelli animali patologici ossidati. Con lo scopo di formulare un alimento funzionale utile non solo a mantenere lo stato di salute di persone sane, ma anche utile a persone con differenti patologie, il 5% di farina di chia è stata somministrata per 5 settimane a ratti SHR spontaneamente ipertesi, considerando che l'alta pressione sanguigna la prima causa di morte nel mondo, come evidenziato nell'ultimo report dell'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità. Al termine del periodo sperimentale sono stati analizzati i parametri dello stato ossidativo, infiammatorio e pressorio. La seconda fase di questo lavoro ha previsto la formulazione e lo studio di un alimento funzionale contenente semi di chia e grano saraceno comune e tartarico. Considerando che la prima fase ha evidenziato la necessità di aumentare la capacità antiossidante al fine di evitare l'aumento dell'ossidazione in vivo a seguito dell'ingestione di semi di chia, il grano saraceno comune (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) ed il grano saraceno tartarico (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) sono stati scelti come ingredienti da combinare con i semi di chia nella ricetta dell'alimento funzionale, per la loro alta attività antiossidante. I risultati ottenuti in questo studio indicano che il pane costituito da farina di chia e grano saraceno tartarico è migliore in diverse caratteristiche nutrizionali rispetto al controllo (pane bianco comune). Infatti questo contiene un quantitativo maggiore di proteine (20%), di fibre dietetiche insolubili (74%), di ceneri (51%), e di acido alfalinolenico (67,4%). Inoltre questo pane possiede un contenuto energetico minore (14%) e un contenuto di carboidrati minore (24%) rispetto al controllo. Il grano saraceno tartarico inoltre migliora la capacità antiossidante totale del pane (di circa il 75%) e fornisce un quantitativo considerevole di flavonoidi, composti non-nutrizionali salutari. Complessivamente la combinazione della farina di chia con la farina di grano saraceno tartarico permette la formulazione di un pane che potrebbe essere utile per diverse categorie di persone: ipertesi, diabetici, pazienti con malattie causate dalla micro e macro-infiammazione, ma anche per mantenere lo stato di salute di persone sane aumentando l'assunzione degli acidi grassi omega-3 e degli antiossidanti. Inoltre sia la farina di chia che la farina di grano saraceno tartarico non contengono glutine e possono quindi essere consumati dai celiaci, facendo così un primo passo nel formulare alimenti adatti a questi individui e allo stesso tempo con un alto valore nutrizionale così da evitare il rischio cardiovascolare associato con l'attuale dieta priva di glutine.

[spa] El trabajo de investigación doctoral que presentamos a continuación se centra en la construcción socio/sexual del cuidado materno y el amor de madre, en el periodo histórico de la segunda posguerra mundial (1945-1960). La tesis que se propone es que lo materno es resultado de una serie de conexiones entre saberes y políticas, así como de múltiples tecnologías materiales y semióticas por medio de los cuales se produce, se regula y organiza una forma de domesticidad y maternidad estrechamente vinculada a la emergencia de la sociedad de consumo y que marcó una ruptura respecto a los modelos anteriores. El cuidado y el amor de madre se piensan menos como experiencias construidas por las mujeres, que resultados de intervenciones ajenas, en función de determinados intereses políticos, económicos, ideológicos o religiosos y de modo puntual en este trabajo, de un conjunto de demandas provenientes del campo psi y sus alianzas con el Estado y el mercado. La pregunta que guio el desarrollo de la investigación es ¿cuáles son las articulaciones históricas entre saber y poder que conforman la experiencia del cuidado materno realizado por las mujeres? De modo puntual, y siguiendo la tesis de Michel Foucault respecto a las relaciones entre saber y poder – saber/poder- se analiza la emergencia de un nuevo objeto de conocimiento en el campo de las disciplinas psi (psicoanálisis, psicología y psiquiatría), resultado de lo que se llamó el giro hacia la madre de la teoría psicoanalítica, impulsado por un grupo de psicoanalistas refugiados por la guerra en E.UU. Este giro supuso la emergencia de una nueva formación discursiva y por consiguiente la construcción de un nuevo objeto de conocimiento: el apego. Siguiendo el modelo genealógico propuesto por el filósofo francés, se reconstruyeron las condición de posibilidad histórica de esta nueva formación discursiva así como las transformaciones de las propias reglas de formación del discurso psi que permitieron dar un salto cualitativo en su desarrollo teórico, y una transformación sustancial de sus objetos, metodologías y explicaciones. Con este objetivo se analizó un fragmento de la historia de las mujeres occidentales así como un fragmento de la historia el campo psi vinculadas a la emergencia a partir de las guerras mundiales, de un modelo de feminidad llamado el modelo de la domesticidad, en medio de lo que Susan Sontag (2005) llamó una imaginación del desastre. Para ello se analizaron las condiciones históricas de la guerra fría, así como el nacimiento del estado de bienestar y la tecnificación y automatización de la casa y los trabajos reproductivos. El modelo occidental de la domesticidad de posguerra fue a la vez el resultado de los movimientos de la guerra fría y un locus de enunciación a través del cual se performaron sus imaginarios, especialmente el del american way of life. Esta domesticidad vinculó los múltiples deseos de las mujeres en un deseo monolítico de familia, privacidad y consumo y a través de ella se corporalizaron unas tecnologías de poder específicas dirigidas a gobernar la vida y la reproducción, construyendo cuerpos femeninos bajo lo que Rich (1986) llamó el imperativo heterosexual y Wittig (2005) la heterosexualidad obligatoria. Fueron tres los movimientos que hicieron posible la aparición de este nuevo objeto de estudio (superficie de formación) y la epistemologización de los objetos del psicoanálisis: las propias limitaciones de las reglas del discurso clínico psicoanalítico y que Bowlby modificó profundamente a partir de la introducción de la observación experimental , por otro, las condiciones históricas de la guerra fría y finalmente, la alianzas socio-técnicas del psicoanálisis con las ciencias de la información y las máquinas de guerra –que en tiempos de paz se diversificaron además como máquinas domésticas-.El campo psi sufrió todo un proceso de modificación de sus objetos, sus metodologías y su función social, al incorporar dentro de sus explicaciones las tecnologías semióticas de guerra –como la teoría cibernética y el lenguaje de códigos- erigiéndose en un dispositivo de control tanto de la normalidad como de la anormalidad, a través de un movimiento en que el mundo interior y las emociones pasaron a ocupar un lugar central en la producción y reproducción capitalistas. Finalmente se plantea que las relaciones entre la historia de la psicología y la historia de las mujeres, pueden dar las claves para comprender los nuevos modos de subjetivación que emergen con el capitalismo pos-fordista, también que el cuidado y el amor de madre caben ser comprendidas como ficciones políticas encarnadas y que es preciso comprenderlas desde un proceso de ciborgización de lo psi, pues tanto las identidades femeninas como la identidad de este campo - su visibilidad así como sus modos de existencia - no pueden ser pensado sin la participación de los animales como de las máquinas. ; [eng] The doctoral research we present below is focused in the socio/sexual construction of maternal care and "mother's love", during the postwar world II historical period (1945 – 1960). The thesis proposal is that maternity is the result of a number of connections between knowledge and politics, as well as multiple material and semiotic technologies through which domesticity and maternity are produced, regulated and organized, in a way closely linked to the rise of consumer society , breaking with previous models. Mother's love and care are less built from women experiences that from external action of political, economic, ideological or religious interests. Specifically in this research, from the demands of "psi" field, as well as its partnership with both state and market. The research question then was: which are the historical links between knowledge and power that shape the experience of maternal care for women? Following to Michel Foucault's thesis about the relations between knowledge and power, maternity is analyzed as a new object of knowledge in the "psi" sciences field (psychoanalysis, psychology and psychiatry), result of the so called "turn to the mother" in psychoanalytic theory, powered by a group of war refugees psychoanalists in the United States. This turn supposed the rise of a new discursive formation and therefore the construction of a new object of knowledge: attachment. According to the genealogical model proposed for the French philosopher, this new discursive formation historical conditions of possibility are rebuilt, as well as the transformation of "psi" speech rules during the postwar period. For this purpose, a fragment of the history of Western women was analyzed, as well as a fragment of the history of psi field, linked to the rise since world wars period of a domesticity model of feminity, in the middle of what Susan Santong called "imagination of disaster". For that, historical conditions of cold war are analyzed, as well as the birth of welfare state, and reproductive work technification and automatization. The occidental postwar model of domesticity was both a result of cold war movements, and a locus of enunciation through which their imaginaries, especially the American way of life, were performed. This domesticity linked the multiplicity of women desires in the one monolithic desire of family, privacy and consume. Also through domesticity, specific power technologies directed to govern life and reproduction were embodied, building female bodies under what Rich (1986) called heterosexual imperative, and Wittig (2005) compulsory heterosexuality. There were three movements that enable both the appearance of this new research object and the episthemologyzation of psychoanalysis objects: first, the very own limitations of psychoanalysis clinical speech rules, wich Bowlby changed deeply with the introduction of experimental observation; second, the historical conditions of cold war; and finally, the socio – technical alliance of psychoanalysis with information sciences and war machines – which during peace time diversified also as domestic machines. The psi field experienced a process of modification in their objects, methodologies and social function, by the incorporation of explanations from war semiotic technologies, -such as cybernetic theory or code language-. It became then into a dispositive of control for both normality and abnormality, by positioning emotions and inner world as central places for capitalist production and reproduction. Finally, it is proposed that relationships between history of psychology and history of women could give us some clues to understand the new ways of subjectivation that rise with post fordist capitalism. Also, mother's love and care are understood as embodied political fictions, so it would be needed to understand them as a "cyborg-ization" process of psi field, since both female identities and psi field identity cannot be throught without the participation of animals and machines.

Abstract Drawing on a documentary analysis of two socio-economic policy programs, one Flemish ("Vlaanderen In Actie"; VIA), the other Walloon ("Marshall Plans"; MPs), and a discourse analysis of how these programs are received in one Flemish and one Francophone quality newspaper, this paper illustrates how Flanders and Wallonia both seek to become top-performing knowledge-based economies (KBEs). The paper discerns a number of discursive repertoires, such as "Catching up," which Flemish and Walloon policy actors draw on to legitimize or question the transformation of Flanders and Wallonia into KBEs. The "Catching up" repertoire places Flanders resolutely ahead of Wallonia in the global race towards knowledge, excellence, and science-driven innovation, but suggests that Wallonia may, in due course overtake Flanders as a top-competitive region. Given the expectations and/or fears that "Catching up" evokes among Flemish and Walloon policy actors, the repertoire serves these actors as a flexible discursive resource to make sense of, and shape, their collective futures, and thus their identities. By rendering explicit how Flanders and Wallonia each acquire a distinct identity through the global KBE, the paper underlines the simultaneity of, and the interplay between, globalizing forces and particularizing tendencies and illuminates the political, nation-building and identity-building functions of science, technology, and innovation. The paper starts from the following preliminary observations. While both the VIA plan and the MPs emphasize the need of transforming Flanders and Wallonia into KBEs in order meet the demands of globalization (OECD 1996), the plans adopt a different tone and stance. The Flemish plan repeatedly states the need of transforming Flanders into "a top region, not only in Europe, but in the world, particularly in the social and economic field" (VIA, 2006: 4). It also states that Flanders is already prosperous and already has many strengths, but that the welfare and prosperity of Flanders are "under threat" in a "challenging global economic environment" (2). The message is thus that Flanders is doing relatively well in the global economy, but that it must do even better if it is to maintain its competitive edge and its welfare. By contrast, the MP is framed from the perspective of Walloon recovery and "redressement." Although the term "Marshall Plan" evidently brings to mind the European Recovery Program for rebuilding Western Europe after World War II, recovery also refers to the period of prosperity before the World Wars, when Wallonia was one of the most economically advanced industrial regions in Europe. The MP suggests that Wallonia's glorious past ("le passé glorieux") can be rewon, if the Walloons deploy every tool they can muster and work together to "relaunch" the Walloon economy (3). To incite joint action, the MP urges the Walloons to become the architects of their own fate. This aspiration is clearly expressed in the opening sentence of the first MP plan: "The federalization [of Belgium; by which is meant the regionalization of policy and competences] bestows the Walloons with political autonomy, which renders them responsible for their own destiny." At the same time, this statement reads as a call to independence, as the Walloons are bestowed with political autonomy (by the Flemings, who have repeatedly pushed for the dismantling of Belgium as a unitary state). As the above excerpts from the Flemish and Walloon policy plans indicate, VIA and the MPs characterize a state of political and economic affairs, take position in relation to these affairs, and, most importantly, envision a prosperous future for the Flemish and Walloon region, respectively. The plans are thus driven by expectations, visions and values, as well as fears. They mobilize arguments, explanations, evaluations, descriptions and prescriptions, sometimes by drawing on tropes or stereotypes, anecdotes, and illustrations. As the plans also indicate, transforming Flanders and Wallonia into top KBE regions does not happen by itself. For instance, while the VIA plan describes Flemings as entrepreneurs, it also states that "we must dare to be entrepreneurial" (3). Similary, the MP urges Walloon citizens to change their "état d'esprit" or mindset, if economic growth is to ensue (3). Thus, identity construction and transformation are in order both in Flanders and in Wallonia. The above observations serve as starting points for our media analysis. As we want to know whether, and how, these particular conceptions of the nation/region are picked up in press reporting on STI policies, we ask the following interrelated questions: How are the Flemish (VIA) and Walloon STI policies (MPs) received in the Flemish and Francophone press? Do we discern in the press the same notions of identity as in the policy programs? Are these notions reproduced, problematized or transformed? If so, in what ways? What does this mean for Flemish and Walloon identity construction, and for the construction of "Belgium" at large? Recognizing the role of "institutions of power" (e.g. language, media, technologies) in articulating nationalism (Anderson 1991: 163; Billig 1995: 11), our analysis conceives of journalists and the press as potential policy agenda setters and opinion makers, as the press potentially reproduces and redefines political identities. As this paper will illustrate, the Flemish and Francophone press speak out on issues of collective identity and also offer various policymakers a platform to express their views on regional economic development, STI, and the state. Thus, from our perspective, policymaking is not only the prerogative of mandated policymakers, but of journalists and other opinion leaders (e.g. captains of industry) as well (Lenschow & Sprungk 2010). To enable analysis, we draw on a range of literatures, including science and technology studies, discourse analysis, and media analyses. Our approach is interpretive and interactionist, as it assumes that realities (e.g. identities, nations, as well as practices and materialities) are socially constructed rather than exist as objective phenomenon that can be discovered through empirical testing (Fischer 2003: 118). Hence, we ask how identity is created, structured, maintained, or conversely deconstructed, resisted, and challenged. Our aim is thus not to uncover an objective reality behind identity, but to understand how identities are collectively made and remade on a continuous basis. To this end, we draw on the notion of "coproduction" (Jasanoff 2006: 2) to empirically demonstrate how STI and nationalism are "coproduced" through technoscientific practices (Felt 2013). In what follows, we first present, discuss, and situate Flemish and Walloon STI policies in time and place, as a means of contextualizing the "nationalisms" inscribed in the VIA plan and MPs. Next, we present our methodological framework for discourse and media analysis, our data, and key findings. Upon drawing together these findings, we single out the storyline of "Catching up" as an important discursive backdrop against which processes of collective identity construction play out through STI policymaking and press reporting. We conclude by tying our findings into a broader discussion about the place of Belgium in Europe and the world, as nation states are constantly (re)defined in terms of their constituent segments and overarching structures, including the KBE. The paper's topics resonate with the overall conference theme and specifically tie into the following conference strands: • Policy emergence, implementation, diffusion and transfer • National science policies and the global scientific enterprise • The multi-level governance of research and innovation and the challenge of co-ordination Keywords: Flanders, Identity, Knowledge-based economy, Science and technology policy, Wallonia. References Anderson, B. (1991), Imagined Communities. Reflection on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London, Verso. Billig, M. (1995), Banal Nationalism. London, Sage. Felt, U. (2013), "Keeping Technologies Out: Sociotechnical imaginaries and the formation of a national technopolitical identity," Pre-print; Published by the Department of Social Studies of Science, University of Vienna, February 2013; http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/publications Fischer, F. (2003), Reframing Public Policy. Discursive Politics and Deliberative Practices. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press. Flanders in Action (VIA); www.vlaandereninactie.be Jasanoff, S. 2006. The idiom of co-production. In: Jasanoff, S., Ed., States of Knowledge. The Coproduction of Science and Social Order. New York, Routledge, 1-12. Lenschow, A. & Sprungk, C. (2010), "The Myth of a Green Europe," Journal of Common Market Studies, 48(1), 133-154. OECD (1996), The Knowledge Based Economy, OECD/GD, (96)102. Plan Marshall (MP); http://www.wallonie.be/fr/actualites/plan-marshall-2022 ; Peer reviewed