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A longitudinal and multilevel approach is used to examine the relationship between antisocial behavior during adolescence and high school social climate. The data are taken from a longitudinal study of 1,233 boys and girls who attended 217 public and private high schools. Students' disruptive behaviors were assessed yearly from 6 to 12 years of age. High school social climate was assessed by teachers, and students reported on their violent and nonviolent antisocial behavior while in high school. The multilevel analyses revealed (1) a large difference between the percentage of variance explained within schools (97%), compared with between schools (3%), and (2) teachers' reports of classroom behavior problems explain between‐school differences in student reported antisocial behavior, after controlling for students' family adversity and history of behavior problems during elementary school. The theoretical and practical implications of the study are examined and future directions for research are discussed.

AbstractWe examine the implications of anti‐statist populist leaders' inattention to competence and service delivery, and their embrace of a particular form of dysfunctional politics: government shutdowns. This paper explores the effects of US government shutdowns on agency policy implementation and personnel and using survey data from several hundred thousand federal employees. The first study gauges the effect of the 2018–2019 shutdown on specific elements of agency policy implementation. The results suggest that shutdowns, as a type of shock associated with anti‐statist politics, undermine the quality of government in the eyes of those closest to the work. The second and third studies consider the effect of shutdowns on employee morale, using the 2013, and 2018–2019 shutdown. While our findings indicate that the 2013 shutdown wrought durable negative impacts on the morale of shutdown agency personnel, that event appears to have prepared agencies to absorb any negative morale impacts in the 2018–2019 shutdown. Our study shows both the immediate and long‐term dynamics of government shutdowns on policy implementation and the administrative workforce.

Productivity in Europe remains stagnant over a long period of time for several reasons: structural barriers hampering proper development and the diffusion of innovations; and also due to high structural unemployment. This puts a significant brake on growth and competitiveness. A high-potential alternative for improving productivity lies in increasing labour participation and the attraction/retention of talent as a result of European integration. Therefore, this study examines how economic growth is affected by labour productivity and the local and foreign workers' employment rates, as well as their level of achievement. Using the Durbin Spatial Model (DSM), we analyse OECD data from 13 European countries covering the period 2000-2017. Our results confirm, first of all, that there has been a positive convergence among European countries and that it is of considerable benefit for the growth of countries with different levels of development. In terms of labour productivity, it positively influences economic growth, especially for highly skilled local workers. Moreover, it is confirmed that increased participation has a statistically significant impact on each country's growth rate in the studied sample. In terms of educational levels, an increase in the number of workers with a high and medium level of education entails a growth that is also transferred to neighbouring countries. Also, these types of strategies serve to create conditions that allow for attracting and retaining talent in the long term, which also generates positive effects on growth itself, but also for neighbouring countries in the same area of integration.

This paper draws on prior research on organizational change to link the pace of macroeconomic reforms in a transition economy to the ability of domestic firms and industries to face new foreign competition. We argue that if the pace of economic reforms exceeds the pace at which organizations can adopt appropriate strategies, those organizations will not be able to survive, even if they have the potential to do so otherwise. A comparison of the Polish and Chinese television manufacturing industries grounds our model that relates the pace of adaptation to environmental change, managerial incentives and organizational capacity to the likelihood that incumbent firms will be able to survive in newly liberalized markets. In Poland, domestic television producers were decimated by foreign entrants after the government implemented `big-bang' reform measures. China's `go-slow' approach to reform, in contrast, allowed managers in some but not all state-owned enterprises to make and implement strategic changes that enabled them to compete successfully with foreign firms. This interaction between the speed of environmental shifts and the internal pace of organizational change suggests important implications for research and policy making in transition economies and other contexts in which industries are being opened to new competitive pressures.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Part I: Mapping, Monitoring, and Modeling of Land Resources -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2 Spatio-Temporal Investigation of Mining Activity and Its Effect on Landscape Dynamics: A Geo-Spatial Study of Beejoliya Tehsil, Rajasthan (India) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Data Used -- 2.2.3 Methodology -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 LULC Change Assessment -- 2.3.2 LULC Gain and Losses and Prediction Modeling -- 2.3.3 NDVI Change Assessment -- 2.3.4 Elevation Profile Change Assessment -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Mapping Areas for Growing Pulses in Rice Fallows Using Multi-Criteria Spatial Decisions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Data and Methodology -- 3.2.3 Potential Areas for Identification of Pulses -- 3.2.4 Identification of Assessment Factors -- 3.2.5 Fuzzy Set Modeling -- 3.2.6 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach -- 3.2.7 Calculation of Suitability Index Using Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) -- 3.2.8 Generating Land Suitability Maps -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessing Desertification Using Long-Term MODIS and Rainfall Data in Himachal Pradesh (India) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Materials and Methods -- 4.3.1 Methodology -- 4.3.2 MODIS NDVI Analysis -- 4.3.3 RUE -- 4.3.4 Residual Image -- 4.3.5 Statistical Significance Test -- 4.3.6 Significance Level -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Relationship between NDVI and Rainfall -- 4.4.2 RUE -- 4.4.3 RUE Trend -- 4.4.4 Residual Trend and Human-Induced Desertification.

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Media systems theory (Hallin & Mancini, 2004, 2017) has been a productive theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between media and politics in a compara-tive perspective. Recent developments in the growing research field have suggested that the democratic corporatist media system model is not one-model-fits-all with regard to the northern European countries (Brüggemann et al., 2014; Nord, 2008; Ohlsson, 2015; Syvertsen et al., 2014). However, empirical studies of the media systems of the Nordic countries tend to have the larger Nordic countries – Norway, Finland, Sweden, and Denmark – as their object, leaving us with little research on the smaller media systems in "the other" Nordic countries and autonomous regions. The grand question still to be answered is whether we can speak of one or a Nordic media system, or whether there are differences from west to east or from north to south? What has our shared Nordic history meant in relation to the development of our media systems, and are there differences between the smaller and larger Nordic countries? Are we as alike as we might think?

Proposition 209 has been one of the most debated pieces of anti-affirmative action voter ballots, if not, the most argued about ballot measure that has influenced how race has been viewed not just in California but in the entire US in the last two decades. Critics and proponents have laid out arguments for why Prop 209 and anti-affirmative action legislation, as it sometimes referred to, has benefited or hurt racial representation in public institutions (Grodsky & Kurlaender, 2010; Sander & Taylor, 2012; Summers, 1970). However, more than 20 years after its passing, debate and deliberations are still ongoing about how Prop 209 has influenced diversity on university campuses in California and nationally (Grodsky & Kurlaender, 2010; Moses & Saenz, 2008). This paper will examine two arguments around Prop 209 from different perspectives to understand contexts' where both sides can be substantiated with empirical and quantitative data. The arguments will not be just trivially analyzed through the lens of which views can be the best supported by empirical data but also examine the arguments that may be missed by each side of the debate.

Economicharity is a discourse that is always being talked about, on the different side its existence has become a trend in the 21st era. Implementatively, economicharity is realized by philanthropic actions carried out by all levels of society and this has become a global phenomenon that is spreading throughout the world. With the rapid development of information technology, philanthropy can now be done using internet media. In the meantime, the virtual era is marked by an increase in speed and acceleration in the process of information and communication that allows people to connect with each other into the network. Fundraising becomes an activity that promotes the spirit of togetherness, mutual respect for each other. This research seeks to elaborate and explore philanthropic actions carried out by sedekahrombongan.com, kitabisa.com, dompetdhuafa.com. This research is a qualitative study conducted with a virtual ethnographic. It is hoped that this research will uncover the tendency of a philanthropic institution to use internet media as a breakthrough model in promoting economicharity globally. On the different side, the development of philanthropic institutions in Indonesia gave rise to a different orientation among them, the awareness of popularizing humanitarian attitudes had made these institutions synergized with similar institutions owned by the government. In addition, this research will deeply observe netizens in interacting with these institutions.

Contracting in expeditionary operations is not a new phenomenon. What is new is the scope and magnitude that contracting and contractors play in today's military operations. Even if global operating tempos decline, many experts believe that reliance on contractor personnel will remain at current levels, or even grow, in relation to the number of uniformed personnel. Lack of planning and sound contract integration at the strategic level leads to loss of efficiencies, lack of effectiveness, and, in many cases, outright fraud of the executing participants. The authors propose adopting an Integrated Planner and Executor (IPE) and embrace mandates for Operational Contract Support, including generating a thoroughly vetted Annex W into OPLANs. The authors contend that the best means to accomplish integration into existing war planning systems is by congressionally mandating, authorizing, and funding (via appropriation) the IPE positions at the flag and senior executive service (SES) levels within Service structures, such as at the JCASO. The authors recommend that JCASO have more authority within GCC and Service staffs—particularly to establish, monitor, and manage Annex W for GCC and the Services within the APEX framework. These recommendations will allow for greater efficiency and effectiveness in providing contracted support to all military operations.

The most severe problem facing public institutions in Nigeria is the fiscal one, particularly in local government. This problem has been provoked by a number of factors, including 'over dependence' on statutory allocations from both the state and federal governments, deliberate tax evasion by the local citizenry, creation of nonviable local government areas, differences in the status of local governments in terms of the rural–urban dimension, and inadequate revenue and restricted fiscal jurisdiction. This article examines these factors and their attendant problems, implications and effects within the context of the fiscal federalism established by the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. For financially healthy local governments to exist, responsibilities and functions must be allocated in accordance with their taxing power and ability to generate funds internally. The constitutional provision that recognizes local governments' power in this regard must give them full freedom to operate and this must be well guaranteed and adequately protected. These measures, coupled with a review of the revenue-sharing formula, the granting of fiscal autonomy and fiscal discipline as well as making local government responsive, responsible and accountable to the people will set local governments free from the fiscal stress promoted and strengthened by the 1999 constitution.