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Recent advances in tracking systems have revolutionized our ability to study animal movement in the wild. In aquatic environments, high-resolution acoustic telemetry systems make it technically possible to simultaneously monitor large amounts of individuals at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions, providing a unique opportunity to study the behaviour and social interactions using a reality mining approach. Despite the potential, high-resolution telemetry systems have had very limited use in coastal marine areas due to the limitations that these environments pose to the transmission of acoustic signals. This study aims at designing and testing a high-resolution acoustic telemetry system to monitor, for the first time, a natural fish population in an open marine area. First, we conducted preliminary range tests and a computer simulation study to identify the optimal design of the telemetry system. Then, we performed a series of stationary and moving tests to characterize the performance of the system in terms of positioning efficiency and precision. Finally, we obtained a dataset corresponding to the movements of 170 concurrently tagged individuals to demonstrate the overall functioning of the system with a real study case of the behaviour of a small-bodied coastal species. Our results show that high-resolution acoustic telemetry systems efficiently generate positional data in marine systems, providing a precision of few meters, a temporal resolution of few seconds, and the possibility of tracking hundreds of individuals simultaneously. Data post-processing using a trajectory filter and movement models proved to be key to achieve a sub-meter positioning precision. The main limitation detected for our system was the restricted detection range, which was negatively affected by the stratification of the water column. Our work demonstrates that high-resolution acoustic telemetry systems are an effective method to monitor the movements of free-ranging individuals at the population level in coastal sites. By providing highly precise positioning estimates of large amounts of individuals, these systems represent a powerful tool to study key ecological processes regarding the social interactions of individuals, including social dynamics, collective movements, or responses to environmental perturbations, and to extend the studies to poorly studied small-sized species or life-stages. ; The telemetry system was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. #033W024A). EA was supported by a Margalida Comas postdoctoral grant from the Government of the Balearic Islands and the European Social Fund (Grant No. PD/023/2018). JA was supported by a Ramon y Cajal Grant (Grant No. RYC2018-024488-I) and received funding from the CLOCKS R&D Project (Grant No. PID2019-104940GA-I00) and the intramural research project JSATS (Grant No. PIE 202030E002) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish National Research Council. GFB was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship (FPI-INIA 2015–0013-CPD2015-0084) from the National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology. ; Peer reviewed

Pharmaceuticals, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and their metabolites, have become a major concern due to their increasing consumption and their widespread occurrence in the environment. In this paper, we investigate the occurrence of NSAIDs and their metabolites in an urban aquifer, which may serve as a potential resource for drinking water, and propose a methodology to assess the removal of these substances in the river–groundwater interface. Then, risk quotients (RQs) are computed, in order to determine the risk posed by the single NSAIDs and their mixture to human health. To this end, six NSAIDs and two metabolites were collected from an urban aquifer located in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (NE, Spain), in which the major pollution source is a contaminated river. All of the target NSAIDs were detected in groundwater samples, where the concentrations in the aquifer were higher than those found in the river water (except for ibuprofen). Diclofenac, ketoprofen, propyphenazone and salicylic acid were detected at high mean concentrations (ranging from 91.8 ng/L to 225.2 ng/L) in the aquifer. In contrast, phenazone and mefenamic acid were found at low mean concentrations (i.e., lower than 25 ng/L) in the aquifer. According to the proposed approach, the mixing of river water recharge into the aquifer seemed to some extent to promote the removal of the NSAIDs under the sub-oxic to denitrifying conditions found in the groundwater. The NSAIDs that presented higher mean removal values were 4OH diclofenac (0.8), ibuprofen (0.78), salicylic acid (0.35) and diclofenac (0.28), which are likely to be naturally attenuated under the aforementioned redox conditions. Concerning human health risk assessment, the NSAIDs detected in groundwater and their mixture do not pose any risk for all age intervals considered, as the associated RQs were all less than 0.05. Nevertheless, this value must be taken with caution, as many pharmaceuticals might occur simultaneously in the groundwater. ; IDAEA-CSIC is a Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Project CEX2018-000794-S). A. J gratefully acknowledges the support from the Secretary for Universities and Research of the Ministry of Economy and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia and the Marie Sklodowska-Curie COFUND of the programme H2020 (BP3, contract number 801370). The authors would like to thank the European Commission, the Spanish Foundation for Science & Technology (FECYT) and State Research Agency (AEI)) for funding in the frame of the collaborative international consortium (URBANWAT) financed under the 2018 Joint call of the WaterWorks2017 ERA-NET Cofund. This ERA-NET is an integral part of the activities developed by the Water JPI. Additionally, authors would also thank the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, for funding the projects UNBIASED (Ref: RTI2018-097346-B-I00) under the 2018 call of the "Proyectos de I+D Retos Investigación" and INTEGRATE (Ref: PID2019-107945RJ-I00) under the 2019 call of the "Proyectos de I+D Retos Investigación". ; Peer reviewed

Through our study of the subject of the semiotics of the untold story in the novel "The Crow's Leg", we aimed to show the image of the religious, moral and political prohibitions through the intersection of discourses with the social and cultural levels highlighted by the semantic context in the discourse. The study used the semiotic approach that highlights the mechanisms of the narrative discourse operating on the semiotic dimensions and the significance of the untold story through the strategy of the raised issues (religion–politics–ethics). At the end of our study we get to the importance of the semiotic dimensions that extend from the signifier to the signified by devoting the untold story theme more deeply through the significance of the religious prohibition , in which we focus on the centrality of women and the mixing with men in many domains that are considered by the principality as forbidden by Sharia, which we dealt with as a religious prohibition. Also in this study we came to the essence of the semiotic concepts and what is content through methodological tools that study the semantic world of the novel and its basic minor moral units that are only achieved in its relation with the other elements and which are based on a common semantic axis in the untold story and its interpretations in the body of the novel. ; A través de nuestro estudio sobre el argumento de la semiótica de la historia no contada en la novela «The Crow's Leg», pretendíamos mostrar la imagen de las prohibiciones religiosas, morales y políticas mediante la interacción de discursos con los niveles sociales y culturales destacados por el contexto semántico en el discurso. El estudio utilizó el planteamiento semiótico que señala los mecanismos del discurso narrativo que intervienen en las dimensiones semióticas y el significado de la historia no contada a través de la estrategia de los temas planteados (religión–política–ética). Al finalizar nuestro estudio concluimos la importancia que tienen las dimensiones semióticas que se extienden desde el significante al significado centrándonos de manera más profunda en el tema de la historia no contada a través de la significación de la prohibición religiosa, en la que enfocamos la centralidad de la mujer y la interactuación con hombres en muchos dominios que son considerados por el principado como vetados por la Sharía, que abordamos como una prohibición religiosa. En este estudio también nos referimos a la esencia de los conceptos semióticos y a la definición de contenido mediante herramientas metodológicas que estudian el mundo semántico de la novela y sus unidades morales menores y fundamentales que solo se alcanzan en su relación con los demás elementos y que se basan en un eje semántico común en la historia no contada y sus interpretaciones en el cuerpo de la novela.

The present research, entitled: The National Institute: brushstrokes of its history, aims to study the history of the National Institute located in the city of Estelí, compiling some aspects from its foundation to the year 2019, the general objective being to narrate brushstrokes of its history; Regarding the materials and methods used, the following elements stand out: the research approach is qualitative, the design is narrative, the techniques and instruments for data collection are: the semi-structured interview through the questionnaire with open questions, and the documents, records and materials, in this case physical and digital, the technique of the data analysis and processing process is coding and finally the sample is non-probabilistic in chain or networks; Among the main results, it is possible to mention that it is possible to specify the educational modalities that have worked and the official names of the National Institute, in addition a project is described with the Foundation for the Support of Children's Creative Art (FUNARTE), the twinning with foreign educational institutions, School infrastructure projects carried out by the Central Government and the local Government and the various contests, competitions, fairs, Olympics and games promoted by the Ministry of Education and other institutions in which the National Institute has participated at the municipal, departmental and national, at the end the conclusions answer the research questions and the bibliography consulted is detailed. ; La presente investigación que tiene por título: El Instituto Nacional: pinceladas de su historia, tiene como objetivo de estudio la historia del Instituto Nacional ubicado en la ciudad de Estelí, recopilando algunos aspectos desde su fundación al año 2019, siendo el objetivo general narrar pinceladas de su historia; encuanto los materiales y métodos utilizados destacan los siguientes elementos: el enfoque de la investigación es cualitativo, el diseño es narrativo, las técnicas e instrumentos para la recolección de datos son: la entrevista semiestructurada a través del cuestionario con preguntas abiertas, y los documentos, registros y materiales, en este caso físicos y digitales, la técnica del proceso de análisis y procesamiento de datos es la codificación y por último la muestra es no probabilística en cadena o por redes; entre los principales resultados se puede mencionar que se logra especificar las modalidades educativas que han funcionado y los nombres oficiales del Instituto Nacional, además se describe un proyecto con la Fundación de Apoyo al Arte Creador Infantil (FUNARTE), los hermanamientos con instituciones educativas extranjeras, proyectos de infraestructura escolar realizados desde el Gobierno Central y el Gobierno local y se detallan los diversos concursos, certámenes, ferias, olimpiadas y juegos promovidos por el Ministerio de Educación y otras instituciones en los cuales ha participado el Instituto Nacional a nivel municipal, departamental y nacional, al final en las conclusiones se da respuesta a las preguntas de investigación y se detalla la bibliografía consultada.

Agricultural policies are widening the scope to contribute to environmental objectives, such as the Green Deal, Paris Climate Agreement and sustainable development goals. This leads to new monitoring and data needs. To fulfil these data needs, it is crucial to explore the opportunities and limitations of new technologies. This paper analyses the information flows within the agricultural sector and its potential to contribute to future information needs.Farmers act within a network of commercial and governmental organisations. The information exchange with these organisations could increasingly occur through digital means, but in reality, there is still a lot of data transfer on paper or in PDF format. This implies information loss. Digital information flows provide a wealth of information for policy evaluation and monitoring and have the potential to reduce transaction costs. Combining data from different sources (open data like earth observation data, data from on-farm sensor networks, accountancy data like invoices and data from food chain platforms) concerning a single farm is an even bigger challenge than the transfer from paper to digital. Based on these observations a list of requirements for a future solution for information transfer is defined.Based on these requirements, this paper presents the design of a System for Information Transfer to Reduce Administrative burdens (SITRA) to combine data from different sources and give farmers control who can access these data. SITRA will address farmers' needs to reduce the growing administrative burden placed on them by governments and the food chain sustainability and food safety schemes, especially if data would be stored in a digital farm locker and a farmer could voluntary give his consent through an authorisation mechanism to share specific data with his business partners, paying agency, statistical organisation and Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN, an EU monitoring system for the Common Agricultural Policy). A platform that provides such data lockers could also provide benchmark facilities and a tool for common (open source) maintenance of coding systems.The paper proposes some follow-up activities to test this design. As a pilot, organic farmers that participate in the Dutch Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) will be recruited to co-develop and test the design principles of the system. Given trust issues around data management, the design of the governance and business model of the system are key issues in the follow-up. This group is chosen as organic certification and FADN are the most data-intensive monitoring and evaluation tools in the CAP. The Farm to Fork communication proposes to enlarge the organic sector to 25% of the agricultural area. A new organic control regulation, based on a risk assessment approach is about to be implemented. The Farm to Fork communication also proposes to link the FADN much more with the Farm Advisory System and to extend it to a Farm Sustainability Data Network.

All the analysis presented here, once its nature and content are taken into account, is a piece that seeks to put into practice a whole legal framework whose ultimate objective is to turn all homes into simple merchandise. This approach is intertwined with an attempt to use the tax lever in order to ensure changes in land use that facilitate the capture of a higher rent from land by the economically dominant sectors of the country, while favoring the interests of large multinational companies. The population has to understand that in order to keep their homes and avoid being expropriated, through a policy of accumulation by dispossession, they must mobilize effectively to defend their human right to decent housing. The fact that the government has suspended its application does not mean that it has declined its intentions. We must demand, as a first step, the total and definitive repeal of Decree 130. The impulse to which the population's resistance to Decree 130 has given should be used so that Panamanians and Panamanians carry out a counteroffensive, which transforms the entire current legal framework that harms us, in order to ensure that the right to everyone to enjoy the human right to decent housing, as well as the right to the city, that is, to have a voice in the decisions regarding the definition of the type of city that we must develop. ; Todo el análisis aquí presentado, una vez que se toma en cuenta su naturaleza y contenido, es una pieza que busca poner en práctica todo un andamiaje jurídico cuyo objetivo último es convertir todas las viviendas en simples mercancías. Este enfoque se entrelaza con un intento de utilizar la palanca impositiva con el fin de asegurar cambios en el uso de los suelos que faciliten la captación de una mayor renta de la tierra por parte de los sectores económicamente dominantes del país, a la vez que favorecen los intereses de las grandes empresas multinacionales. La población tiene que entender que para conservar sus viviendas y evitar ser expropiadas, por una política de acumulación por desposesión, deben de movilizarse efectivamente para defender su derecho humano a una vivienda digna. El hecho de que el gobierno haya suspendido su aplicación no significa que haya declinado sus intenciones. Debemos exigir, como primer paso, la derogación total y definitiva del Decreto 130. El impulso al que ha dado la resistencia de la población al Decreto 130 debe ser aprovechado para que los panameños y panameñas adelantemos una contraofensiva, la cual transforme todo el actual andamiaje jurídico que nos perjudica, con el fin de lograr que se respete el derecho de todos y todas a gozar del derecho humano a una vivienda digna, así como el derecho a la ciudad, es decir a tener una voz en las decisiones relativas a la definición de tipo de ciudad que debemos desarrollar.

Abstract. This research is located in Kuantan Singingi Regency which is motivated by the busy activities of gold mining without permits (PETI) carried out by the local community. This is driven by promising income so that these activities are used as a livelihood and a lack of public awareness of the dangers of PETI. In addition, the low level of involvement of government actors and community participation has an impact on the weakness of regulations that form the legal basis for mining activities. This study looks at the relationship between government units that work together in managing gold mining based on their authority. The informants of this study were employees of the Riau Province ESDM Service, members of the Riau DPRD, Kuantan Singingi District Polres staff, DLH employees of Kuantan Singingi Regency and the community. The technique of determining the informants was carried out by purposive method by digging in-depth information according to the characteristics of the study. The data collection technique is done by interview, observation and documentation. The data analysis technique was used by applying a qualitative narrative approach that conveyed the results of the analysis related to PETI. The results of the study found that the importance of local regulations on community mining that involves both provincial and district governments. The weakness of the legal regarding the implementation of gold mining activities must be strengthened by coordinative efforts and cooperation between the provincial government, DPRD and district governments by sharing the perceptions, ideas of each actor.Keywords: All Units, Authority, MiningAbstrak. Penelitian ini bertempat di Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi yang dilatarbelakangi oleh ramainya aktivitas pertambangan emas tanpa izin (PETI) yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat setempat. Hal ini didorong oleh penghasilan yang menjanjikan sehingga kegiatan tersebut dijadikan sebagai mata pencaharian dan kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat akan bahaya PETI. Selain itu, rendahnya tingkat keterlibatan aktor pemerintah dan partisipasi masyarakat, berdampak terhadap lemahnya aturan yang menjadi dasar hukum kegiatan pertambangan. Penelitian ini melihat bagaimana hubungan antar unit pemerintah yang bekerjasama dalam mengelola pertambangan emas berdasarkan kewenangan yang dimiliki. Informan penelitian ini yakni meliputi pegawai Dinas ESDM Provinsi Riau, anggota DPRD Riau, Pegawai Polres Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi, Pegawai DLH Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi serta masyarakat. Teknik penentuan informan dilakukan dengan cara purposive dengan menggali informasi secara mendalam sesuai dengan karakteristik penelitian. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dengan menerapkan pendekatan narasi kualitatif yang menyampaikan hasil analisis berkaitan dengan PETI. Hasil penelitian mendapati bahwa pentingnya peraturan daerah tentang pertambangan rakyat yang melibatkan pemerintah baik provinsi maupun kabupaten. Lemahnya payung hukum tentang pelaksanaan kegiatan pertambangan emas harus diperkuat dengan upaya koordinatif dan kerjasama antara pemerintah provinsi, DPRD dan pemerintah kabupaten melalui penyamaan persepsi, ide dari masing-masing aktor.Kata Kunci: All Units, Kewenangan, Pertambangan

Th e impact of biotechnology on all living things is an interdisciplinary inquiry into some of humanity's most fundamental questions: Who are we? How do we live together? How do we relate to the biosphere, to the rest of the living world? Are the answers given to these questions shaped by various contexts: social, cultural, economic, so on? Are there universal answers to these questions? Choosing this interdisciplinary fi eld of knowledge production as object of inquiry off ers an opportunity to investigate how traditional theories and disciplines are challenged to evolve in new directions as a response to techno-scientifi c developments of our times. It also allows us to study patterns of knowledge production, to examine hierarchies of knowledge and expertise, as well as the possibilities of interdisciplinary/transdisciplinary practices in a multicultural context. I will argue that a framework that incorporates universal principles shall constitute one di-mension of an adequate ethical theory in the context of new genetics providing that its princi-ples are formulated in non-exclusionary terms that refl ect the relational context of individual lives. As Judith Butler has formulated »the problem is not with the universality, as such, but with an operation of universality that fails to be responsive to cultural particularity and fails to undergo a reformulation of itself in response to social and cultural conditions it includes within the scope of its applicability. When a universal precept cannot, for social reasons be appropriated or when .it must be refused, the universal precept itself becomes a site of contest, a theme and an object of democratic debate« (Butler, 2006, p. 6). What both feminist and critical bioethicists emphasize in connection with universalistic claims in bioethics is the necessity of refl ectivity upon such norms and concepts. Habermas also concludes that sociological reservations off er salutary corrections to normativism, but these critiques do not condemn normative theories to failure by social complexity. According to Habermas, purely normative considerations retain their relevance as long as we accept that complex societies shape themselves in a refl exive manner through law and politics (Habermas, 2008, p. 276) Th e selective readings of norms that have the grammatical form of universal statements but at the semantic level are vulnerable to particularistic interpretations of their basic concepts, such as persons, human being, call for an empirical explanation (Habermas, 2008, p. 285). Taken all these into account, and noting that the issues that are at stake in the ethical debates on the applications of various biotechnologies and genetics can deeply aff ect the ways we perceive us as humans, our relationships with others, and with the environment it would be more than desirable that in these debates a plurality of approaches to be represented, as this is stipulated in the three UNESCO Declarations on Bioethics.

En esta tesis se analiza el modo en que se llevó a cabo el proceso de densificación, la expansión residencial y también el incremento poblacional del Municipio de Sabaneta, parte del Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá (AMVA) entre los años 2000 y 2018. Se busca entender las causas exógenas y endógenas incluyendo el análisis de la escasa participación; los cambios normativos en las diversas escalas que lo permitieron, otras acciones del gobierno municipal que desembocaron en dicho proceso así como el intento posterior de modificar la estrategia; también las consecuencias del fenómeno y los impactos provocados. En la tesis se asumen, con un enfoque de ecología urbana las grandes asimetrías generadas, la presión que el centro ejerce en la periferia de las grandes ciudades y la puja por el suelo; se sostiene además que la planificación del desarrollo y el ordenamiento urbano son centrales pero en ciertas condiciones que hacen que la ciudad sea resiliente. Entre los años 2005 y 2018 en Sabaneta se edificaron alrededor de 18.500 viviendas, y según los permisos de construcción vigentes concedidos a particulares entre los años 2004 y el 2015. Para permitir este proceso el Municipio ha procedido a la aprobación e implementación de los dos Planes Básicos de Ordenamiento Territorial (PBOT) y diversos Planes especiales (PE). Como en el subcontinente, este proceso ha generado diversos impactos y por eso la cuestión ha sido fuertemente debatida. En ese marco se estudia el caso propuesto ; This thesis analyzes the way in which the densification process, the residential expansion and also the population increase of the Municipality of Sabaneta, part of the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley (AMVA) between the years 2000 and 2018 were carried out. Study exogenous and endogenous causes including the analysis of low participation; the regulatory changes in the various scales that allowed it, other actions of the municipal government that led to said process, as well as the subsequent attempt to modify the strategy; also the consequences of the phenomenon and the impacts caused. The thesis assumes, with an urban ecology approach, the great asymmetries generated, the pressure that the center produces on the periphery of large cities and the push for land; It is also argued that development planning and urban planning are central but under certain conditions that make the city resilient. Between 2005 and 2018, around 18,500 homes were built in Sabaneta, and according to the current construction permits granted to individuals between 2004 and 2015. To allow this process, the Municipality has proceeded to the approval and implementation of the two Plans Basic Land Use Planning (PBOT) and various special Plans (PE). As in the subcontinent, this process has generated various impacts and for this reason the issue has been strongly debated. In this framework, the proposed case is studied. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

The research was conducted on the coast of Sanur Kauh Village and Sidakarya Village, South Denpasar, with the background of the potential use of space for ecotourism activities in the area, in the form of mangroves, Taman Inspirasi Beach, Muntig Siokan Beach and fishing communities. This potential has been included in Perda No.3 / 2019 concerning the Regional Tourism Development Master Plan for 2018-2029, for further, on the proposal of the Government of Sanur Kauh and Sidakarya, in the Revised Regional Regulation RTRW and Ranperda RTDR for Denpasar City, the research area is included in zoning tourist areas. The research objective was to determine the characteristics and potential of area space utilization for ecotourism activities seen from the ecotourism opportunity spectrum component, as well as the suitability of the activities with the ecotourism principle, so that the results can be used as a reference for stakeholders related to the discussion of the Ranperda above. This research uses a qualitative approach, which produces descriptive data, as well as a deductive mindset, where theory becomes a research tool from selecting and finding problems as well as observing in the field to testing the data. The results showed that the Taman Inspirasi Beach area approached the eco-generalist spectrum, and the Muntig Siokan Beach Area approached the eco-specialist spectrum. The research area can apply the principles of ecotourism. The Inspiration Park management needs to be accompanied by a body formed by the government as a control, and it is necessary to form a management agency for the Muntig Siokan Area. ; Penelitian dilaksanakan pada pesisir Desa Sanur Kauh dan Desa Sidakarya, Denpasar Selatan, dilatarbelakangi usulan Pemerintah di dua desa tersebut agar menjadikan kawasan pesisirnya sebagai destinasi ekowisata, karena memiliki potensi pemanfaatan ruang untuk kegiatan ekowisata berupa hutan bakau, Pantai Taman Inspirasi, Pantai Muntig Siokan dan komunitas nelayan. Potensi tersebut telah masuk dalam Perda Nomor 3 Tahun 2019 Tentang Rencana Induk Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Daerah Tahun 2018-2029, untuk selanjutnya atas usulan tersebut, dalam Revisi Perda RTRW dan Ranperda RTDR Kota Denpasar, kawasan penelitian dimasukan kedalam zonasi kawasan wisata. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui karakteristik dan potensi pemanfaatan ruang kawasan untuk kegiatan ekowisata dilihat dari komponen ecotourism opportunity spectrum, serta kesesuaian kegiatannya dengan prinsip ekowisata, sehingga hasilnya bisa dijadikan referensi bagi stakeholder terkait pembahasan Ranperda diatas. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, yang menghasilkan data deskriptif, serta pola pikir deduktif, dimana teori menjadi alat penelitian sejak memilih dan menemukan masalah maupun melakukan pengamatan di lapangan sampai dengan menguji data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan Kawasan Pantai Taman Inspirasi mendekati spektrum eco generalist, dan Kawasan Pantai Muntig Siokan mendekati spektrum eco spesialist. Kawasan penelitian dapat menerapkan prinsip-prinsip ekowisata. Pengelola Taman Inspirasi perlu didampingi badan yang dibentuk pemerintah sebagai kontrol, serta perlu membentuk badan pengelola Kawasan Muntig Siokan.

The Sahel is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change in the world. Located in the central part, Niger is facing many complex and interconnected challenges which strongly hinder the achievement of the key sustainable development goals (SDGs). The high population growth rate (3.8% per year), weak infrastructure capacity, shortage of essential resources (including water, energy, food) coupled with the adverse impacts of variability and climate change threaten the population and reduce the country's economic growth efforts. With more than 77% of landmass area receiving less than 150 mm of precipitation yearly, and about 80% of the population depending on rainfed agriculture, water scarcity and dryness constitute serious constraints for the agriculture and livestock sectors. In addition, the unequal distribution of agricultural land and livestock worsens the poverty incidence among households, which is characterized by a GINI coefficient of 0.46 and 0.68 for land and livestock respectively. Access to drinking water remains very poor with high disparities between urban (64%) and rural areas (48%). Water sanitation amounting to only 2% in rural and 38% in urban areas, respectively, also remains a great issue. Elsewhere, several drought and flood episodes have negatively impacted agricultural productivity, causing recurrent famines and livestock losses. The situation is exacerbated by the impacts of land degradation, the advancement of desertification and also by climate change and variability threats, which are projected to increase in magnitude, intensity, duration and number over the country under all climate change scenarios. The country's high potential of renewable and non-renewable groundwater resources can be used for residential, agricultural and industrial purposes to overcome negative climate change impacts. Regarding the energy sector, the country is currently in an undesirable state, with very limited modern energy services (2% of the population), low electricity access (average rate of 18%, with around 10% in rural areas) and high dependency on traditional biomass (77% of primary energy consumption). However, the country is fortunate to have a tremendous amount of energy resources, including fossil fuels (oil, coal and gas) and renewables (solar, hydropower, and wind), that can be used to overcome many of the observed challenges and thereby contribute significantly in the achievement of various SDGs, including those related to affordable and clean energy, no poverty, and zero hunger. Indeed, in addition to resources for electricity production, Niger has a large surface water potential in the Niger River, with an average discharge of 6000 m3 /s and length of about 550 km, which can be mobilized for irrigation to enable food security. Therefore, socioeconomic development requires an integrated approach that brings all the key sectors into a common framework in order to solve the aforementioned challenges. Hence, in key development areas, several development policies and strategies from government, NGOs, and technical and financial partners have been initiated and implemented for inequality and poverty reduction to improve livelihoods in the country.

The health crisis suffered during the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic caused healthcare professionals to face an unprecedented ethical conflict. The massive and short-term consumption of life support means meant that in many cases, these treatments could not be offered, at least in due course, when under normal conditions they would have been. This situation makes the importance of uniform, consensual and fair prioritization protocols in situations of epidemic and health emergency clear. The objective of this document is to address the bioethic criteria that should guide the elaboration of the prioritization protocols, which bodies should assume the maximum responsibility in such elaboration and how they should be applied. The resource allocation model must be a mixed model in which the possibility of survival is the fundamental pillar and the first criterion and equity and the protection of vulnerability are also guaranteed. Both prejudices against older people or people with disabilities and criteria of social utility and utilitarian approaches, which subordinate individual rights to the common good or the total number of lives saved, must be avoided. The main responsibility for the preparation, organization and protection of the prioritization protocols must be assumed by the highest legal and political authorities since this inevitable prioritization could implies the denial of a fundamental right included in the Spanish Constitution as is the protection of the health of each individual. ; La crisis sanitaria sufrida durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 de 2020 nos llevó a los sanitarios a enfrentarnos a un conflicto ético sin precedentes. El consumo masivo y en corto espacio de tiempo de los medios de soporte vital hizo que en muchos casos dichos tratamientos no pudieran ser ofrecidos como mínimo en su debido momento cuando en condiciones normales sí se hubiera hecho. Esta situación hace patente la importancia de unos protocolos de priorización uniformes, consensuados y justos en situación de epidemia y emergencia sanitaria. El objetivo de este documento es abordar los criterios bioéticos que deben orientar la elaboración de los protocolos de priorización, qué estamentos deben asumir la máxima responsabilidad en dicha elaboración y cómo deben ser aplicados. El modelo de asignación de recursos debe ser un modelo mixto donde, siendo el pilar fundamental y el primer criterio la posibilidad de supervivencia, se garanticen también la equidad y la protección de la vulnerabilidad. Deben evitarse los prejuicios contrarios a las personas con más edad o con discapacidad y los criterios de utilidad social o con enfoque utilitarista que supediten los derechos individuales al bien común o a la suma global. La principal responsabilidad de la elaboración, organización y tutela de los protocolos de priorización debe ser asumida por las máximas autoridades jurídicas y políticas dado que esta inevitable priorización puede implicar la denegación de un derecho fundamental recogido en la Constitución Española como es de la protección de la salud de cada individuo.

The end of empires and the rise of nation-states have transformed the way politics and societies operate and the modern sense of these changes, transformations, events, and situations. Language, culture, and memory are essential pillars of the nation-states' projects of creating a new society. The modern form of government, the nation-state, use history not only as a means of transmission but also as a means of building identity and memory. This study examines the case files of three critical names in the Kurdish movement and the history-based debates in their trials. By applying discourse analysis, we have shown how the Turkish state and The Kurdish Workers' Party used history as a tool to "prove" and "disprove" the existence of Kurds, the Kurdish language, and Kurdistan. While the judges imposed an evidence-based approach to history and denied the existence of Kurds, Kurdish and Kurdistan, the PKK members opposed the official thesis of the state and built their arguments more on the day-to-day realities of life. The study's main argument is that the official ideology uses history to prove and convey a message to the rest of society, whereas the defendants used it as a means of protest depending on the historical reality rather than history as a science. This study discusses that by using science to make examples of these members, the judges used history to prove the Kurds' non-existence, whereas the defendants implied history as a way of protesting the ruling authority. ; El fin de los imperios y el surgimiento de los Estados-nación han transformado el funcionamiento de la política y las sociedades y el sentido moderno de estos cambios, transformaciones, acontecimientos y situaciones. La lengua, la cultura y la memoria son pilares esenciales de los proyectos de los Estados-nación para crear una nueva sociedad. La forma moderna de gobierno, el Estado-nación, utiliza la historia no sólo como medio de transmisión, sino también como medio de construcción de la identidad y la memoria. Este estudio examina los expedientes de tres nombres críticos del movimiento kurdo y los debates basados en la historia en sus juicios. Aplicando el análisis del discurso, el objetivo es mostrar cómo tanto el Estado turco como el Partido de los Trabajadores del Kurdistán conceptualizaron y utilizaron la historia como herramienta para "probar" y "refutar" en los tribunales. El argumento principal del estudio es que la ideología oficial utiliza la historia para probar y transmitir un mensaje al resto de la sociedad, mientras que los acusados la utilizaron como medio de protesta en función de la realidad histórica y no de la historia como ciencia. Los jueces utilizaron la historia para probar la inexistencia de los kurdos, mientras que los acusados implicaron la historia como forma de protesta contra la autoridad gobernante.

El presente trabajo problematiza cómo opera el Estado en el control temporal-corporal de la vida humana y el control temporal-territorial de la naturaleza, con el objetivo principal de ofrecer un enfoque unificado que denomino ecología política y que sintetiza los programas de investigación de Robert Jessop y Paul Burkett-John Bellamy Foster, a través de la demostración de las mediaciones estatales en la fractura metabólica. Se utiliza a nivel metodológico una hermenéutica marxista, la cual busca construir una interpretación del texto cuyo éxito se encuentra en la optimización que genera al momento de acercarse a la realidad. De esta manera, se sostiene que la mejor interpretación de la obra de Marx (y de Engels) y que resulta de este trabajo, es aquella que consigue integrar en un solo programa las cuestiones ecológicas, políticas y económicas que le constituyen, evidenciando el papel que desempeña el Estado en la regulación de las contradicciones socio-metabólicas del capital a través de múltiples acciones y relaciones que se desarrollan entre actores sociales en conflicto. ; The present work problematizes how the State operates in the temporal-corporal control of human life and the temporal-territorial control of nature, with the main objective of offering a unified approach that I call political ecology and that synthesizes the research programs of Robert Jessop and Paul Burkett-John Bellamy Foster, through the demonstration of state mediations in the metabolic rift. A Marxist hermeneutic is used as a method, which seeks to construct an interpretation of the text whose success is found in the optimization that it generates when approaching reality. In this way, it is argued that the best interpretation of the work of Marx (and Engels) and that results from this work, is the one that manages to integrate in a single program the ecological, political, and economic issues that constitute it, evidencing the role that the State plays in regulating the socio-metabolic contradictions of capital through multiple actions and relationships that develop between social actors in the conflict. ; Este artigo tem como objetivo principal oferecer uma abordagem unificada que eu chamo de ecologia política e que sintetiza os programas de pesquisa de Robert Jessop e Paul Burkett-John Bellamy Foster, através da demonstração de mediações estatais na fratura metabólica. No nível metodológico, é utilizada uma hermenêutica marxista, que procura construir uma interpretação do texto cujo sucesso reside na otimização que ele gera ao se aproximar da realidade. Desta forma, argumenta-se que a melhor interpretação do trabalho de Marx (e Engels), resultante deste trabalho, é aquela que consegue integrar em um único programa as questões ecológicas, políticas e econômicas que o constituem, destacando o papel desempenhado pelo Estado na regulação das contradições sócio-metabólicas do capital através de múltiplas ações e relações que se desenvolvem entre os atores sociais em conflito.

En este artículo abordaremos el problema de la relación entre el Estado y el capital como una disputa abierta en la modernidad entre la política y la economía. Desde la perspectiva de la filosofía hegeliana de la historia y el derecho, analizaremos la manera en la que la economía tiende en su proceso estructural de expansión espacial global a subsumir y subordinar las funciones administrativas y jurídicas de las formas estatales previas al ciclo sistémico inglés de acumulación capitalista. Para esto analizaremos primero la conceptualización hegeliana de la economía política, para después exponer la manera específica en que esta se traduce en una forma de comportamiento global determinado por los procesos de distribución diferencial del capital y así, finalmente, abordar la manera en la que la economía cumple sus funciones determinantes en la conformación del mercado mundial y la historia universal, teniendo siempre como referencia directa el tiempo histórico en el cual Hegel desarrolló sus reflexiones filosóficas sobre la economía. ; In this article, we will approach the problem of the relationship between the state and capital as an open dispute in modernity between politics and the economy. From the perspective of the Hegelian philosophy of history and right, we will analyze the way in which the economy tends in its structural process of global spatial expansion to subsume and subordinate the administrative and legal functions of state forms prior to the English systemic cycle of capitalist accumulation. For this, we will first analyze the Hegelian conceptualization of political economy, and then expose the specific way in which it is translated into a form of global behavior determined by the processes of differential distribution of capital and thus, finally, address the way in which the economy fulfills its determining functions in shaping the world market and universal history, always having as a direct reference the historical time in which Hegel developed his philosophical reflections on economy. ; Neste artigo, abordaremos o problema da relação entre o Estado e o capital como uma disputa aberta na modernidade entre a política e a economia. Da perspectiva da filosofia hegeliana da história e da direita, analisaremos a forma como a economia tende em seu processo estrutural de expansão espacial global a subsumir e subordinar as funções administrativas e jurídicas das formas estatais antes do ciclo sistêmico inglês de acumulação capitalista. Para isso, primeiro analisaremos a conceituação hegeliana de economia política e, em seguida, exporemos a forma específica como ela se traduz em uma forma de comportamento global determinada pelos processos de distribuição diferencial do capital e, assim, enfim, abordaremos a forma como a economia cumpre suas funções determinantes na formação do mercado mundial e da história universal, tendo sempre como referência direta o tempo histórico em que Hegel desenvolveu suas reflexões filosóficas sobre a economia.