Suchergebnisse

AbstrakRumah sakit tidak hanya menampung orang sakit saja melainkan harus lebih memperhatikan aspek kepuasan bagi para pemakai jasanya, serta diharapkan senantiasa memperhatikan fungsi sosial dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan secara prima pada masyarakat. Beberapa masalah kesehatan yang kerap kali terjadi seiring dengan kurang tanggapnya pelayanan kesehatan khususnya di wilayah Tulungagung dan sekitarnya seperti halnya tentang tingginya angka kematian kurang dari 24 jam (masa kritis), kerancuan pemilahan tingkat kegawatan, banyak komplain masyarakat atas keterlambatan pelayanan kegawatdaruratan, dan belum memiliki dokter spesialis emergency serta perawat terlatih dalam bidang kegawatdaruratan. Untuk dapat memberikan inovasi pelayanan kesehatan yang prima untuk masyarakat dan untuk menjawab masalah-masalah yang ada, RSUD Dr. Iskak merupakan satu-satunya rumah sakit milik pemerintah Kabupaten Tulungagung dengan tipe B ini telah meluncurkan program Instagram (instalasi gawat darurat modern) yang berhasil masuk dalam TOP 35 gelar inovasi pelayanan publik tingkat nasional 2016. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana pelayanan prima melalui program instagram (instalasi gawat darurat modern) di RSUD Dr. Iskak Kabupaten Tulungagung. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian di RSUD Dr. Iskak Kabupaten Tulungagung. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Daryanto dan Setyobudi (2014:117) tentang konsep A4 pelayanan prima yang meliputi 1)Attitude (sikap), 2)Attention (perhatian), 3)Action (tindakan), dan 4)Anticipation (antisipasi). Sumber data terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder yang dikumpulkan dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi langsung, dan dokumentasi. Aktivitas dalam analisis data terdiri dari pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelayanan prima melalui program Instagram di RSUD Dr. Iskak Kabupaten sudah berjalan dengan baik walaupun secara umum target belum tercapai. Dalam hal ini, sarana dan prasarana dalam mendukung pelayanan prima belum sepenuhnya memadai. Adapun hambatan dalam pelayanan prima melalui program Instagram di RSUD Dr. Iskak kabupaten Tulungagung adalah kurangnya dokter spesialis, ruang yellow zone yang terbatas dalam menampung pasien, dan beberapa alat penunjang medis yang terkadang tidak beroperasi. Saran kepada RSUD Dr. Iskak Kabupaten Tulungagung agar menambah dokter spesialis, memperhatikan manajemen ruang untuk pasien khususnya pasien yellow zone, dan menambah alat penunjang medis. Kata Kunci: Pelayanan, Publik, Prima, Instagram Abstract Government efforts to improve the health status and quality of health services are marked by the establishment of hospitals. Some health problems that often occur along with the lack of responsiveness of health services, especially in the Tulungagung and surrounding areas, as well as the high mortality rate of less than 24 hours (critical period), ambiguity in the level of emergency, many community complaints over the delay in emergency services, and do not have emergency specialist doctors and trained nurses in the field of emergency. To be able to provide excellent health care innovations for the community and to answer existing problems, Dr. Iskak is the only hospital owned by the type B district of Tulungagung that has launched the Instagram program (modern emergency installation) which successfully entered the TOP 35 title of the 2016 national level public service innovation. Based on this, the formulation of the problem in this study is how excellent service through the Instagram program (modern emergency installation) at Dr. Hospital Iskak, Tulungagung Regency. This study uses a type of descriptive research using a qualitative approach. The location of the study at the RSUD Dr. Iskak, Tulungagung Regency. This study uses the theory of Daryanto and Setyobudi (2014: 117) about the concept of A4 excellent service which includes 1) Attitude (attitude), 2) Attention (attention), 3) Action (action), and 4) Anticipation (anticipation). Data sources consist of primary data and secondary data collected by data collection techniques through interviews, direct observation, and documentation. Activities in data analysis consist of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The results showed that excellent service through the Instagram program at Dr. Iskak Regency has been running well even though in general the target has not been achieved. In this case, the facilities and infrastructure in supporting excellent service have not been fully adequate. As for obstacles in excellent services through the instagram program (modern emergency installation) at the Dr. Iskak regional general hospital Tulungagung District is a lack of specialist doctors, the yellow zone space is limited to accommodating patients, and some medical support devices are sometimes inoperative. Suggestion to Dr. Hospital Iskak, Tulungagung District, in order to add specialist doctors, pay attention to space management for patients, especially patients with yellow zones, and add medical support devices. Keywords: Service, Public, Excellent, Instagram

Abstrak Pemerintah Kota Surabaya berupaya mewujudkan pembangunan daerah dengan merencanakan pembangunan Jalan Lingkar Luar Barat (JLLB) yang sebagian besar wilayah terdampak berada di Kelurahan Sememi, Kecamatan Benowo. Pembangunan JLLB direncanakan untuk mengurai tingkat kemacetan di Kota Surabaya yang terpusat di koridor tengah kota, yaitu Jalan Ahmad Yani-Wonokromo-Perak dengan dasar pelaksanaan yang tertuang dalam Peraturan Daerah (Perda) Kota Surabaya Nomor 12 Tahun 2014 Tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Kota Surabaya 2014-2034 serta dokumen laporan hasil studi kelayakan JLLB. Seiring berjalannya proyek pembangunan JLLB tersebut ternyata menemui hambatan-hambatan baik teknis maupun operasional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan tentang bagaimana pelaksanaan perencanaan proyek pembangunan JLLB khususnya di wilyah Kelurahan Sememi yang sebagaian besar wilayahnya terdampak pembebasan lahan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Sedangkan fokus penelitian menggunakan teori perencanaan pembangunan menurut Sjafrizal (2016:130) yang terdiri dari perencanaan harus berorientasi pada pelaksanaan, perencanaan harus disesuaikan dengan perubahan kondisi sosial ekonomi, menjaga keterkaitan antara perencanaan dan penganggaran, mengembangkan kapasitas dan kualitas tenaga perencana, dan optimalisasi peran serta masyarakat. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi yang dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis data menurut Miles dan Huberman yang meliputi pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Pemerintah Kota Surabaya telah melaksanakan agenda pembangunan daerah sesuai dengan yang direncanakan berdasarkan aturan hukum dan studi kelayakan pembangunan JLLB yang melibatkan perusahaan pengembang sebagai partisipan proyek JLLB. Dalam pelaksanaan proyek yang berjalan menemui kendala terkait pelibatan peran serta masyarakat yang tidak optimal sehingga ada penolakan beberapa warga yang lahannya akan diganti rugi terdampak pembangunan JLLB. Selain itu diharapkan Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dapat meningkatkan pola koordinasi dan komunikasi dengan aktor-aktor terkait seperti Pemerintah Pusat, Pemerintah Provinsi, BUMN, hingga swasta agar dapat terwujud pembangunan yang berkelanjutan dan bermanfaat bagi masyarakat. Kata kunci : Perencanaan, Pembangunan Daerah, Jalan Lingkar Luar BaratAbstract The Surabaya City Government seeks to realize regional development by planning the construction of the Outer West Ring Road (JLLB), which most of the affected areas are in the Sememi Village, Benowo District. The construction of JLLB is planned to unravel the level of congestion in the city of Surabaya which is centered in the central corridor of the city, namely Jalan Ahmad Yani-Wonokromo-Perak on the basis of the implementation in Surabaya City Regulation No. 12 of 2014 concerning Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) Surabaya City 2014-2034 as well as report documents on the results of the JLLB feasibility study. As the JLLB development project progressed, it encountered obstacles both technical and operational. The purpose of this study is to describe how the JLLB development project planning is carried out, especially in the Sememi Village area, where most of the area is affected by land acquisition. The type of research used is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. While the focus of research uses development planning theory according to Sjafrizal (2016: 130) which consists of planning must be oriented towards implementation, planning must be adapted to changes in socio-economic conditions, maintain the linkages between planning and budgeting, develop the capacity and quality of planning staff, and optimize participation society. Data collection techniques through interview techniques, observation, and documentation were analyzed using data analysis techniques according to Miles and Huberman which included data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study indicate that the Surabaya City Government has implemented the regional development agenda in accordance with the plan based on the rule of law and the feasibility study of the JLLB development involving the development company as the JLLB project participant. In the implementation of the project that ran into obstacles related to the involvement of the community participation that was not optimal so that there was a rejection of some residents whose land would be replaced with losses affected by JLLB development. In addition, it is expected that the Surabaya City Government can improve the pattern of coordination and communication with related actors such as the Central Government, Provincial Government, State-Owned Enterprises, and the private sector in order to realize sustainable and beneficial development for the community. Keywords: Planning, Regional Development, Outer West Ring Road

В статті розглядаються основні положення і елементи теорії і практики управління структурною динамікою складних багатоструктурних систем військового призначення у оперативно-тактичній обста- новці, що динамічно змінюється у районі бойових дій угруповань збройних сил. Введені основні терміни і визначення, що властиві для області досліджень діяльності у оборонній сфері. Наведена необхідність (до- цільність) трансформації традиційних концепцій і моделей управління силами і засобами збройної боротьби з використанням інноваційних підходів для адаптації ведення операцій (бойових дій) стосовно до оператив- но-тактичної обстановки, що динамічно змінюється. В якості основи цієї трансформації обираються су- часні інформаційні технології, що забезпечують підняття рівня інформатизації, автоматизації і комплек- сної стійкості процесів у динаміці протиборства сторін конфлікту. Зазначено, що управління структур- ною динамікою складних систем воєнного призначення може стати реальною основою підтримки їх конф- ліктно-сталого стану у динаміці ведення бойових дій. ; В статье рассматриваются основные положения и элементы теории и практики управления структурной дина- микой сложных многоструктурных систем военного назначения в динамично меняющейся оперативно-тактической обстановке в районе боевых действий группировок вооруженных сил. Введены основные термины и определения, ха- рактерные для области исследования деятельности в оборонной сфере. Структурная динамика системы (организаци- онной, организационно-технической, технической) военного предназначения представляется как процесс управляемого и (или) неуправляемого изменения ее структуры, обусловленного воздействием тех или иных факторов, имеющих как объективный, так и субъективный характер. Под управлением структурной динамикой сложной многоструктурной системы военного предназначения предлагается понимать процесс формирования и реализации управленческих воздей- ствий на нее, обеспечивающих перевод системы из текущего (исходного) в заданное (требуемое) многоструктурное макросостояние с использованием располагаемых резервов ресурсов и с соблюдением принципа подчиненности струк- туры функциям системы для адекватного согласования ее структуры с происшедшими изменениями функций системы, вызванными теми или иными обстоятельствами. Задачу оперативного распределения (перераспределения) выполняе- мых функций и средств управления предлагается решать на различных этапах технологического цикла (программы) управления в соответствии с динамикой изменения обстановки и необходимостью отвлечения сил и средств против- ника на действия, не приносящие ему требуемого ощутимого успеха. Приведена необходимость (целесообразность) трансформации традиционных концепций и моделей управления силами и средствами вооруженной борьбы с использо- ванием инновационных подходов для адаптации ведения операций (боевых действий) применительно к оперативно- тактической обстановке, которая динамично меняется. В качестве основы этой трансформации выбираются современные информационные технологии, обеспечивающие повышение уровня информатизации, автоматизации и ком- плексной устойчивости процессов в динамике противоборства сторон конфликта. Указано, что управление структур- ной динамикой сложных систем военного назначения может стать реальной основой поддержания их конфликтно- устойчивого состояния в динамике ведения боевых действий. ; The article discusses the main provisions and elements of the theory and practice of managing the structural dynamics of complex multi-structured military systems in a dynamically changing operational-tactical situation in the area of combat operations of the armed forces groupings. Introduced basic terms and definitions characteristic of the field of research activities in the defense sphere. The structural dynamics of the system (organizational, organizational, technical, technical) of military purpose is represented as a process of controlled and (or) uncontrollable changes in its structure, due to the influence of certain factors that have both an objective and a subjective nature. Under the management of the structural dynamics of a complex multi-structural military mission system, it is proposed to understand the process of forming and implementing managerial influences on it, ensuring the transfer of the system from the current (initial) to a given (required) multi-structural macrostate using available resources of the system and for ensuring adequate coordination of its structure with the changes in the functions of the system caused by one or another situation. The task of quickly distributing (redistributing) the functions and controls carried out is proposed to be solved at various stages of the management cycle (program) in accordance with the dynamics of the situation and the need to divert the forces and means of the enemy to actions that do not bring him the required tangible success. The necessity (expediency) of transforming traditional concepts and models of controlling forces and means of warfare using innovative approaches to adapt the conduct of operations (combat operations) to the operational-tactical situation, which is dynamically changing, is given. As a basis for this transformation, modern information technologies are selected to ensure an increase in the level of informatics technology, automation, and complex stability of processes in the dynamics of the confrontation between the parties to the conflict. It is indicated that the management of the structural dynamics of complex military systems can be a real basis for maintaining their conflict-stable state in the dynamics of combat operations.

У статті викладенні підходи та погляди у вигляді концептуальних засад щодо впровадження станда- ртів НАТО у Головному управлінні розвідки Міністерства оборони України та адаптацію розвідки Зброй- них сил України до основних термінів та визначень, які застосовуються в країнах-членах НАТО, перспекти- вного відпрацювання керівних документів з розвідки для Збройних Сил України, інших складових сил оборони за стандартами НАТО (JP – 2.0 "Об'єднана розвідка", JP – 2.1 "Процедури розвідки"), що дасть можли- вість для вироблення єдиних поглядів щодо розробки керівних документів. ; В статье изложены подходы и предложения в виде концептуальных основ для внедрения стандартов НАТО для Главного управления разведки Министерства обороны Украины и адаптации разведки Вооруженных Сил Украины к основным определениям, которые применяются в странах-членах НАТО, перспективной разработки руководящих до- кументов разведки для Вооруженных Сил Украины, других составляющих сил обороны по стандартам НАТО (JP – 2.0 "Объединенная разведка", JP – 2.1 "Процедуры разведки"). Это даст возможность для определения единых подходов при разработке руководящих документов. ; In the requirements for a modern operational (strategic) environment, the activities of intelligence staff depends on a number of factors that will affect the ways of their actions. The commanders must take these factors into account, creating a comprehensive intelligence system, and emphasize the subordinate staff's attention to this impact. At least three main directions of influence can be distinguished: – the complexity of operations - will affect the ways of action of intelligence officers, because in the current operational environment the nature of the aggressor can vary significantly. An opponent may not have a permanent structure, material military resources, or generally only act in cyberspace. In this case, the methods of conducting intelligence need to be changed in order to provide greater access to data, mastering the latest ways of obtaining information, effectively using their professional skills; – saturation of information - a large amount of information circulating in the modern information space, limits the possibility of using available resources to timely focus them in the relevant fields. Therefore, the intelligence community's ability to search and quickly use relevant information is critical and requires an integrated approach that needs to be effective and dynamically adaptive. Commanders of all levels need to be sure that they have appropriate structures (divisions) that meet these requirements to mitigate (reduce) information saturation; Leveling the traditional boundaries - In modern operations, the traditional boundaries between levels of combat (strategic, operational and tactical) are of lesser significance in relation to intelligence. Expanding the capabilities of communications (communications) allowed commanders to tactical level of instant access to strategic intelligence information, while tactical intelligence sometimes depends on the solution of strategic tasks. The commander is fully responsible for intelligence and is the key to planning and organizing intelligence. He organizes and assigns a staff member so that he meets the intelligence and operational requirements for intelligence provision. The basic terms of intelligence in NATO member states are "intelligence". Intelligence is a product of purposeful collection and processing of information (information) about the operational situation, capabilities and intentions of the enemy in order to identify threats and provide them to decision makers. The complexity of modern operations requires the use of all types of intelligence, the use of a wide range of means and methods of obtaining intelligence information, a deep understanding of the operational environment. This is due to the processing of geospatial data, their essence and logical construction, further processing of information and bringing to consumers. Therefore, the need for integrated intelligence, which is to use a wide spectrum of sources of obtaining intelligence information on the basis of a comprehensive understanding of the operational (strategic) situation, is urgent. At this time there are three definitions of the provision of intelligence data for these levels. Strategic intelligence includes: – intelligence data intended to inform the President of Ukraine, the National Security and Defense Council (NSDC), the Verkhovna Rada, the Minister of Defense, the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, commanders of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and other government agencies and institutions of Ukraine; – intelligence data on theater of military operations (TVD), in the interests of conducting interspecific operations, as a series of separate military operations; – assessment of the current situation, forecasting of possible intentions and calculation of the potential of the enemy, which may affect national security, interests of Ukraine or allied states.

This article is produced in the context of the International Seminar on Education and Emancipation : between conversion and metamorphosis, developed within the framework of the PREFALC project, a program of support for training and research in international cooperation at the master's level, which the French government finances with universities French and their peers in Latin America and the Caribbean, in its 2018-2019 version, called "Rewrites of emancipations and modernity in the great Caribbean" France-Colombia. A brief overview is offered in a reflexive tone about the relationship between ethics and philosophy today and its permanent relevance as a matter of education. The approaches are illustrated with problematized principles from stoicism in contrast to pastoral pedagogies. It is derived towards the definition of emancipation and metamorphosis where education would be conceived as a practice for subjects to improve themselves ethically, which interrogates school practices and mediations for moral formation. This reflection focuses on how even from the restricted institutionalization of educational systems, in the field of everyday life there is a pedagogical freedom in which the educator can not only transform himself, but provide the opportunity for students to emancipation and overcoming moral autonomy. The article leaves a question about the practices in education and their true coherence with the aspiration to promote a lifelong learning. ; Resumé Cet article est réalisé dans le cadre du Séminaire international sur l'éducation et l'émancipation: entre conversion et métamorphose. développé dans le cadre du projet PREFALC, un programme d'appui à la formation et à la recherche en coopération internationale au niveau master, que le gouvernement français finance avec les universités Les Français et leurs pairs d'Amérique latine et des Caraïbes, dans sa version 2018-2019, intitulée «Réécritures d'émancipations et de modernité dans les grandes Caraïbes» France-Colombie. Un bref aperçu est proposé sur un ton réflexif sur la relation entre l'éthique et la philosophie aujourd'hui et sa pertinence permanente en matière d'éducation. Les approches sont illustrées par des principes problématiques du stoïcisme par opposition aux pédagogies pastorales. Il est dérivé vers la définition de l'émancipation et de la métamorphose où l'éducation serait conçue comme une pratique pour que les sujets s'améliorent éthiquement, qui interroge les pratiques scolaires et les médiations pour la formation morale. Cette réflexion se concentre sur la façon dont même à partir de l'institutionnalisation restreinte des systèmes éducatifs, dans le domaine de la vie quotidienne, il existe une liberté pédagogique dans laquelle l'éducateur peut non seulement se transformer, mais fournir aux étudiants la possibilité de l'émancipation et le dépassement de l'autonomie morale. L'article laisse une question sur les pratiques éducatives et leur véritable cohérence avec l'aspiration à promouvoir un apprentissage tout au long de la vie. Resumen Este artículo se produce en el contexto del Seminario Internacional sobre Educación y Emancipación entre conversión y metamorfosis desarrollado en el marco del proyecto PREFALC, programa de apoyo a la formación e investigación en cooperación internacional de nivel de maestría, que el gobierno francés financia con las universidades francesas y sus pares en América Latina y el Caribe, en su versión 2018-2019, denominado "Reescrituras de las emancipaciones y de la modernidad en el gran Caribe" Francia-Colombia. Se ofrece una panorámica breve en tono reflexivo sobre la relación entre ética y filosofía hoy y su relevancia permanente como cuestión en educación. En los planteamientos se ilustra con principios problematizados desde el estoicismo en contraste con las pedagogías pastorales. Se deriva hacia la definición de la emancipación y la metamorfosis donde la educación se concebiría como práctica para que los sujetos se mejoren a sí mismos éticamente, lo cual interroga las prácticas escolares y las mediaciones para la formación moral. Esta reflexión pone su centro en cómo aún desde lo restringido de la institucionalización de los sistemas educativos, en el ámbito de lo cotidiano existe una libertad pedagógica en la que el educador puede no solo transformarse a sí mismo, sino proveer la oportunidad a los estudiantes para la emancipación y la superación en autonomía moral. El artículo deja un cuestionamiento sobre las prácticas en educación y su verdadera coherencia con la aspiración de propiciar un aprendizaje a lo largo de toda la vida.

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004 ; En el marco de nuestras investigaciones la figura del emprendedor y sus modulaciones aparecían como significante relevante en las enunciaciones de los agentes entrevistados y en el material textual-digital que circulaba por los espacios de recreación y entretenimiento examinados. Por tal motivo, el presente artículo ahonda en las las dinámicas de este particular estilo de vida a través de un análisis de las perfomances y prácticas de los dueños y trabajadores de salones infantiles y gimnasios de fitness. En función de ello, en la introducción se ofrece una contextualización espacio-temporal del escenario político y económico donde se desarrollaron los servicios que constituyeron nuestros casos de estudio. Seguidamente se presentan algunas tramas conceptuales que atribuimos al estilo emprendedor, y luego pasamos a estudiar las dinámicas culturales e históricas a través de las cuales estos emprendimientos se configuraron como espacios para cultivar el cuerpo y la alegría de un público que hemos identificado como clase media argentina. El enfoque privilegió las regularidades emergentes de la puesta en relación de ambos casos, no obstante también destaca las particularidades que constituían los órdenes simbólicos de cada dispositivo cultural. En sus semejanzas y diferencias, los casos analizados han permitido observar cómo se formaba un ejército de virtuosos emprendedores cotidianos, generalmente jóvenes, que debían tener «actitud» y emplear toda su creatividad para cultivar un estilo de vida en pos de su reproducción económica y social. Emprender «como estilo de vida» suponía tener «actitud». ; Within the framework of our research, the entrepreneur and variations on this concept emerged as a meaningful theme in agents' statements, and in the textual-digital material circulated in the recreation and entertainment spaces we surveyed. That is why this paper delves into the actions of the lifestyle through an analysis of the performances and practices of owners and workers in children's party venues, and in fitness gyms. The paper's introduction offers a spatio-temporal contextualisation of the political and economic scenario in which the services covered by our case studies were supplied. We go on to present some conceptual plots that we attribute to the entrepreneurial lifestyle and then proceed to examine the cultural and historical dynamics through which these businesses were set up as places for cultivating both bodily well-being and joyfulness - things with which part of Argentina's middle class identifies. While our approach stresses emerging patterns linking both cases, it also highlights the special factors shaping the symbolic features of each cultural facility. The similarities and differences found between the two cases revealed how a host of entrepreneurs (usually young people) is spawned. These youngsters need certain attitudes and creative skills so that they can pursue their social and financial goals. Entrepreneurship as a lifestyle presupposes certain attitudes. ; En el marc de les nostres investigacions, la figura de l'emprenedor i les modulacions d'aquesta emergien com a significant rellevant en les enunciacions dels agents entrevistats i en el material textual i digital que circula pels espais de recreació i entreteniment rellevats. Per això, aquest article aprofundeix en les operatòries d'aquest estil de vida particular per mitjà d'una anàlisi de les performances i les pràctiques dels propietaris i treballadors de sales d'entreteniment infantil i gimnasos de fitness. Així doncs, en la introducció, s'ofereix una contextualització espaciotemporal de l'escenari polític i econòmic en què es desenvolupen els serveis que van constituir els nostres casos d'estudi. A continuació, presenta algunes trames conceptuals que atribuïm a l'estil emprenedor i desenvolupa les dinàmiques culturals i històriques per mitjà de les quals aquestes emprenedories es van configurar com a espais -per al cultiu del cos i l'alegria- d'un públic identificat amb la classe mitjana argentina. L'enfocament va privilegiar les regularitats que emergien de la posada en relació d'ambdós casos; no obstant això, també destaca les particularitats que feien als ordres simbòlics de cada dispositiu cultural. En les semblances i les diferències, els casos analitzats van permetre observar com es formava un exèrcit d'emprenedors quotidians virtuosos, generalment joves, que havien de tenir actitud i fer servir tota la creativitat per a cultivar un estil de vida a l'encalç de la seua reproducció econòmica i social. Emprendre com a estil de vida comportava tenir actitud

The university-business-government interactions in Brazil reflect the orientation of public policies and models adopted by the National Innovation System, in which the university becomes an important social actor in economic development. When considering the university's role and its relationship with the state and the market, this study analyzes how the configuration of a Triple Helix model occurs in the university-business-government relationship. The qualitative approach uses a case study of an international educational cooperation program for knowledge transfer. Data collection occurred through documents and in-depth interviews that were analyzed using content analysis. The results demonstrate that the configuration of the Triple Helix is laissez-faire. However, it presents an imbalance in the participation of the actors involved. The state government offered support and was limited to regulate and establish the intermediation between the university and the company in an institutional way. The company starred the relationship, taking responsibility for most of the actions that should have been taken by the other actors. The university sought to balance its social and economic purposes by implementing Entrepreneurial University principles in its structure and by managing intercultural obstacles to articulate other partnerships. Among the actions taken are the creation of a research and extension program and a doctoral course focused on the naval industry. This shows that this kind of interaction can promote promote innovation, although incrementally, in the long run. ; Las interacciones universidad-empresa-gobierno en Brasil reflejan la orientación de las políticas públicas y los modelos adoptados por el Sistema Nacional de Innovación, en los que la universidad se convierte en un importante actor social en el desarrollo económico. Considerando el papel de la universidad y, en consecuencia, su relación con el Estado y el mercado, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar cómo se produce la configuración de un modelo de triple hélice en la relación universidad-empresa-gobierno. El estudio cualitativo utiliza el método de estudio de caso de un programa internacional de cooperación educativa para la transferencia de conocimiento. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de documentos y entrevistas en profundidad, que se examinaron mediante análisis de contenido. Los resultados demuestran que la configuración de la triple hélice es del tipo laissez-faire, sin embargo, presenta un desequilibrio en la participación de los actores involucrados. El Gobierno estatal tuvo una participación secundaria y se limitó a regular y establecer la intermediación entre la universidad y la empresa de una manera institucional. La empresa protagonizó la relación al responsabilizarse de la mayoría de las acciones que deberían asumir los otros actores. La universidad buscó equilibrar sus propósitos sociales y económicos implementando los principios de la universidad empresarial en su estructura y manejando los obstáculos interculturales para articular otras asociaciones. Entre las acciones tomadas están la creación de un programa de investigación y extensión y un curso de doctorado enfocado en la industria naval. Esto muestra que este tipo de interacción es capaz de promover la innovación, aunque de forma incremental, a largo plazo. ; As interações universidade-empresa-governo no Brasil refletem a orientação das políticas públicas e modelos adotados pelo Sistema Nacional de Inovação, nos quais a universidade passa a ser um importante ator social no desenvolvimento econômico. Considerando o papel da universidade e, consequentemente, a sua relação com o Estado e o mercado, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar como ocorre a configuração de um modelo Hélice Tríplice na relação universidade-empresa-governo. O estudo, de natureza qualitativa, faz uso do método de estudo do caso de um programa internacional de cooperação educacional para a transferência de conhecimento. A coleta dos dados foi por meio de documentos, entrevistas em profundidade e analisados com uso da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstram que a configuração da Hélice Tríplice é do tipo laissez-faire, no entanto, apresenta um desequilíbrio na participação dos atores envolvidos. O governo estadual teve uma participação coadjuvante e se limitou a regular e estabelecer a intermediação entre a universidade e a empresa de forma institucional, a empresa protagonizou a relação, se responsabilizando por grande parte das ações que deveriam ser assumidas pelos demais atores. A universidade buscou equilibrar suas finalidades sociais e econômicas implementando princípios da Universidade Empreendedora em sua estrutura e administrando obstáculos interculturais para articular outras parcerias. Entre as ações realizadas estão a criação de um programa de pesquisa e extensão e um curso de doutorado voltado à indústria naval. Isso demonstra que esse tipo de interação é capaz de promover, a longo prazo, a inovação, mesmo que de forma incremental.

The university-business-government interactions in Brazil reflect the orientation of public policies and models adopted by the National Innovation System, in which the university becomes an important social actor in economic development. When considering the university's role and its relationship with the state and the market, this study analyzes how the configuration of a Triple Helix model occurs in the university-business-government relationship. The qualitative approach uses a case study of an international educational cooperation program for knowledge transfer. Data collection occurred through documents and in-depth interviews that were analyzed using content analysis. The results demonstrate that the configuration of the Triple Helix is laissez-faire. However, it presents an imbalance in the participation of the actors involved. The state government offered support and was limited to regulate and establish the intermediation between the university and the company in an institutional way. The company starred the relationship, taking responsibility for most of the actions that should have been taken by the other actors. The university sought to balance its social and economic purposes by implementing Entrepreneurial University principles in its structure and by managing intercultural obstacles to articulate other partnerships. Among the actions taken are the creation of a research and extension program and a doctoral course focused on the naval industry. This shows that this kind of interaction can promote promote innovation, although incrementally, in the long run. ; Las interacciones universidad-empresa-gobierno en Brasil reflejan la orientación de las políticas públicas y los modelos adoptados por el Sistema Nacional de Innovación, en los que la universidad se convierte en un importante actor social en el desarrollo económico. Considerando el papel de la universidad y, en consecuencia, su relación con el Estado y el mercado, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar cómo se produce la configuración de un modelo de triple hélice en la relación universidad-empresa-gobierno. El estudio cualitativo utiliza el método de estudio de caso de un programa internacional de cooperación educativa para la transferencia de conocimiento. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de documentos y entrevistas en profundidad, que se examinaron mediante análisis de contenido. Los resultados demuestran que la configuración de la triple hélice es del tipo laissez-faire, sin embargo, presenta un desequilibrio en la participación de los actores involucrados. El Gobierno estatal tuvo una participación secundaria y se limitó a regular y establecer la intermediación entre la universidad y la empresa de una manera institucional. La empresa protagonizó la relación al responsabilizarse de la mayoría de las acciones que deberían asumir los otros actores. La universidad buscó equilibrar sus propósitos sociales y económicos implementando los principios de la universidad empresarial en su estructura y manejando los obstáculos interculturales para articular otras asociaciones. Entre las acciones tomadas están la creación de un programa de investigación y extensión y un curso de doctorado enfocado en la industria naval. Esto muestra que este tipo de interacción es capaz de promover la innovación, aunque de forma incremental, a largo plazo. ; As interações universidade-empresa-governo no Brasil refletem a orientação das políticas públicas e modelos adotados pelo Sistema Nacional de Inovação, nos quais a universidade passa a ser um importante ator social no desenvolvimento econômico. Considerando o papel da universidade e, consequentemente, a sua relação com o Estado e o mercado, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar como ocorre a configuração de um modelo Hélice Tríplice na relação universidade-empresa-governo. O estudo, de natureza qualitativa, faz uso do método de estudo do caso de um programa internacional de cooperação educacional para a transferência de conhecimento. A coleta dos dados foi por meio de documentos, entrevistas em profundidade e analisados com uso da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstram que a configuração da Hélice Tríplice é do tipo laissez-faire, no entanto, apresenta um desequilíbrio na participação dos atores envolvidos. O governo estadual teve uma participação coadjuvante e se limitou a regular e estabelecer a intermediação entre a universidade e a empresa de forma institucional, a empresa protagonizou a relação, se responsabilizando por grande parte das ações que deveriam ser assumidas pelos demais atores. A universidade buscou equilibrar suas finalidades sociais e econômicas implementando princípios da Universidade Empreendedora em sua estrutura e administrando obstáculos interculturais para articular outras parcerias. Entre as ações realizadas estão a criação de um programa de pesquisa e extensão e um curso de doutorado voltado à indústria naval. Isso demonstra que esse tipo de interação é capaz de promover, a longo prazo, a inovação, mesmo que de forma incremental.

Зазначено, що становлення та розвиток правового регулювання сервісних відносин щодо надання земельних адміністративних послуг обумовлюються змінами у правовому регулюванні земельних відносин, які відбулися з часу проголошення незалежності. Зафіксовано, що часто зустрічаються порушення законодавства у сфері охорони земель як приватними особами, так і органами публічної адміністрації під час оформлення договорів щодо земель сільськогосподарського призначення та порушення прав власників земельних ділянок у містах у зв'язку з громадським містобудуванням. Зроблено висновок, що основним принципом раціонального використання земель та охорони земель різного цільового призначення повинен бути сформульований у Земельному кодексі України компроміс між приватними земельними інтересами й інтересами держави, який полягає у письмовій домовленості сторін стосовно цільового використання земельної ділянки та непорушності права на неї однієї із сторін. Така згода має фіксуватися одночасно із реєстрацією земельної ділянки. Держгеокадастр повинен здійснювати погодження таких реєстраційних дій, а ще краще – самостійно надавати послуги, такі як, наприклад, реєстрація права власності на земельну ділянку та на право постійного користування земельною ділянкою, реєстрація договорів оренди землі різного цільового призначення тощо. ; The author of the article has stated that the land relations reform and the start of decentralization led to changes in the system of public administration agencies in the field of land protection and expanded their powers, for example, to provide registration services. The author has paid attention to the fact that the current Land Code of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the LC of Ukraine), in particular the Section VII "Administration in the field of land use and protection", provides the execution of only management functions in the field of land protection by public administration agencies. It has been emphasized that there were no complex studies in Ukraine concerning theoretical and applied problems of legal regulation of service relations, in particular the provision of registration services, in the field of land protection with the participation of public administration agencies, which would be based on the current legislation. The author of the article has stated that the provision of services in the field of land protection is a new type of activity for public administration agencies in the field of land protection. Service legal relations ensure the realization of private and public interests and are formed in those areas of land use and protection management, where public and private land interests are interdependent. Thus, the owner is interested in fixing and publicly announcing his land rights in the field of state registration of land rights. But parties concerned cannot ensure their private interests without the assistance of the state. Thus, the state, represented by public administration agencies, guarantees that the state registration of land rights is in the interest of one and all. It has been noted that currently the legal regulation of service relations for the provision of registration services in the field of land protection has not been enshrined either in any general regulatory act, which is the Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Services" gated from September 6, 2012 No. 5203-VI, or in special regulatory acts, such as the LC of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine "On Land Protection". Such circumstances necessitate a change in the existing approaches to the legal regulation of service relations for the provision of registration services in the current legislation and to enshrine provisions for providing the registration services in the field of land protection by public administration agencies in the LC of Ukraine, namely in the Section VII "Administration in the field of land use and protection" and in the Law of Ukraine "On Land Protection". ; Отмечено, что становление и развитие правового регулирования сервисных отношения по предоставлению земельных административных услуг обусловливаются изменениями в правовом регулировании земельных отношений, которые произошли со времени провозглашения независимости. Зафиксировано, что часто встречаются нарушения законодательства в сфере охраны земель как частными лицами, так и органами публичной администрации при оформлении договоров, касающихся земель сельскохозяйственного назначения, и нарушения прав собственников земельных участков в городах в связи с общественным градостроительством. Сделан вывод, что основным принципом рационального использования и охраны земель различного целевого назначения должен быть сформулированный в Земельном кодексе Украины компромисс между частными земельными интересами и интересами государства, который заключается в письменном соглашении сторон относительно целевого использования земельного участка и незыблемости права на него одной из сторон. Такое согласие должно фиксироваться одновременно с регистрацией земельного участка. Госгеокадастр должен осуществлять согласование таких регистрационных действий, а ещё лучше – самостоятельно предоставлять услуги, такие как, например, регистрация права собственности на земельный участок и на право постоянного пользования земельным участком, регистрации договоров аренды земли различного целевого назначения и тому подобное.

The aim of the article is to verify the hypothesis about the significant influence of party militias on the formation of the Russian political scene, while assuming that the greater their participation, the more the ruling class in Russia is organized as a totalitarian party-state apparatus.The newest world's scientifical literature on party militias is largely focused on the analysis of historical cases (including the history of tsarist Russia at the beginning of the 20th century) and modern examples concerning mainly African and South-American countries. There is a lack of theoretical approaches concerning the role of party militias in the totalitarian party-state apparatus and hard military authoritarianism. The paper about Russian party militias is supposed to fill the gap regarding not only party militias in contemporary Putin's Russia, but also their place in creating or stabilizing non-democratic political regimes.The authors analyzed the activity and character of the most important party militias currently operating in Russia. It was also examined what institutions of the state apparatus control individual militias. The following militias were analyzed: SERB (Russian liberation movement) – South-East radical block, NOD (National liberation movement), Anti-Maidan, Sorok sorokov (equivalent to a "large number"), Russia Officers (All-Russian civic organisation «Russia Officers») and Neo-Kazachestvo (New-Cossacks).A careful analysis of the most important organizations fighting with opposition activities and intimidating oppositionists proves that this hypothesis should be in great part falsified. Diverse organizations that also function as party militias are few, not subordinated to one institution and, in addition, their effectiveness is not too high. ; Цель статьи заключается в проверке гипотезы о значительном влиянии партийных военизированных структур на формирование российской политической сцены при одновременном допущении, что, чем более важную роль они играют, тем в большей степени российский правящий класс организован в рамках тоталитарного партийно-государственного аппарата.Новейшая научная литература о партийных ополчениях в основном сосредоточена на анализе исторических случаев (включая историю царской России в начале 20-го века) и современных примеров, касающихся главным образом африканских и южноамериканских стран. Отсутствует теоретический подход к определению роли партийных ополченцев в тоталитарном партийно-государственном аппарате и жестком военном авторитаризме. Статья о партийных ополчениях в современной России призвана заполнить пробел, касающийся не только партийных ополченцев в современной путинской России, но и их места в создании или стабилизации недемократических политических режимов.Авторы проанализировали деятельность и характер наиболее важных партийных ополчений, действующих в настоящее время в России. Также было рассмотрено, какие учреждения государственного аппарата контролируют отдельные боевые группы. Были проанализированы следующие военизированные партийные организации: СЕРБ (Русское освободительное движение) – Юго-восточный радикальный блок, НОД (Национально-освободительное движение), Анти-Майдан, Сорок Сороков, Офицеры России (Общероссийская общественная организация «Офицеры России») и Нео-Казачество.Тщательный анализ наиболее важных организаций, ведущих борьбу с оппозиционной деятельностью и запугивающих оппозиционеров, доказывает, что исходная гипотеза должна быть отвергнута. Различные организации, выполняющие также функции партийных военизированных структур, являются немногочисленными, они не подчиняются единому центру и, кроме того, их эффективность не слишком высока. ; Мета статті полягає в перевірці гіпотези про значний вплив партійних воєнізованих структур на формування російської політичної сцени при одночасному допущенні, що, чим більш важливу роль вони відіграють, тим більшою мірою справедливе твердження про те, що російський правлячий клас організований в рамках тоталітарного партійно-державного апарату.Новітня наукова література про партійні ополчення в основному зосереджена на аналізі історичних випадків (включаючи історію царської Росії на початку 20-го століття) і сучасних прикладів, що стосуються головним чином африканських і південноамериканських країн. Відсутній теоретичний підхід до визначення ролі партійних ополченців в тоталітарному партійно-державному апараті та за умов жорсткого військового авторитаризму. Стаття про партійні ополчення в сучасній Росії покликана заповнити прогалину, що стосується не тільки партійних ополченців в сучасній путінській Росії, але і їх місця в створенні або стабілізації недемократичних політичних режимів.Автори проаналізували діяльність і характер найбільш важливих партійних ополчень, що діють в даний час в Росії. Також було розглянуто, які установи державного апарату контролюють окремі бойові групи. Були проаналізовані такі воєнізовані партійні організації: СЕРБ (Русское визвольний рух) – Південно-східний радикальний блок, НОД (Національно-визвольний рух), Антимайдан, Сорок Сороків, Офіцери Росії (Загальноросійська громадська організація «Офіцери Росії») та Нео-Казацтво.Ретельний аналіз найбільш важливих організацій, які ведуть боротьбу з опозиційною діяльністю і залякують опозиціонерів, доводить, що вихідна гіпотеза має бути відкинута. Різні організації, які виконують також функції партійних воєнізованих структур, є нечисленними, вони не підкоряються єдиному центру і, крім того, їх ефективність не дуже висока.

Abstract: Achieving equal opportunities between women and men in political competition has always been a complex process, even though the government has established affirmative policies to encourage a greater role for women in the political sphere. The issue of patriarchal culture and the challenge of religious conservatism can hamper the achievement of the objectives of the affirmation policy for women in competing for elections to occupy the position of parliament members (DPR-RI). This paper discusses the political contestation of women in reaching political positions as people's representatives and the challenges they face in fighting for issues of gender equality in the parliament. This research answers what factors are hampering women's involvement in political contestation, and what challenges are there in fighting for gender equality issues. This study used a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach. The theory used in this study was the concept of affirmative action and the theory of gender equality in politics. The results of the discussion showed that the number of women elected in the 2019 Elections increased. Thanks to the affirmative policy ruled by the Indonesian government. However, affirmative policies to meet gender quotas do not only benefit those who have gender equality agendas, but also those who stand with the anti-feminist movement that represents the voices of conservative groups. The issue they are fighting for is still trapped in the gender ideology proclaimed by a patriarchal culture, which assumes women's problems are identical to those of mothers. Therefore, not all elected women MPs explicitly have a gender perspective. الملخص:إن تحقيق تكافؤ الفرص بين النساء والرجال في المنافسة السياسية كان دائمًا عملية معقدة ، على الرغم من أن الدولة وضعت سياسات إيجابية لتشجيع دور أكبر للمرأة في المجال السياسي.يمكن أن تعوق مسألة الثقافة الأبوية وتحدي المحافظة الدينية تحقيق أهداف سياسة التأكيد للمرأة في التنافس على الانتخابات لشغل منصب أعضاء البرلمان (مجلس النواب لجمهورية إندونيسيا). تناقش هذه الورقة التنافس السياسي للمرأة في الوصول إلى المناصب السياسية كممثلة للشعب والتحديات التي تواجهها في الكفاح من أجل قضايا المساواة بين الجنسين في البرلمان.يجيب هذا البحث عن العوامل التي تعوق مشاركة المرأة في التنافس السياسي ، والتحديات التي تواجهها النساء في الكفاح من أجل قضايا المساواة بين الجنسين. تستخدم هذه الدراسة طريقة نوعية مع نهج التحليل الوصفي.النظرية المستخدمة في هذه الدراسة هي مفهوم العمل الإيجابي ونظرية المساواة بين الجنسين في السياسة. تظهر نتائج البحث أن عدد النساء المنتخبات في انتخابات 2019 زاد بنسبة 22 في المائة. بفضل السياسة الايجابية التي تحكمها الحكومة الاندونيسية.ومع ذلك ، فإن السياسات الإيجابية للوفاء بحصص النوع الاجتماعي لا تفيد فقط أولئك الذين لديهم أجندة للمساواة بين الجنسين ، ولكن أيضًا أولئك الذين يقفون إلى جانب الحركة المناهضة للنسوية التي تمثل أصوات الجماعات المحافظة.إن القضية التي يناضلون من أجلها لا تزال عالقة في الأيديولوجية الجنسانية التي أعلنتها ثقافة أبوية ، والتي تفترض أن مشاكل المرأة مماثلة لمشاكل الأمهات.لذلك ، لم يكن لجميع البرلمانيات المنتخبات منظور جنساني بشكل واضح.Abstrak: Mencapai peluang yang setara antara perempuan dan laki-laki dalam persaingan politik selalu menjadi proses yang kompleks, meskipun negara telah menetapkan kebijakan afirmatif untuk mendorong peran yang lebih besar bagi perempuan dalam ranah politik. Persoalan budaya patriarkal dan tantangan konservatisme agama dapat menghambat pencapaian tujuan kebijakan afirmasi bagi perempuan dalam memperebutkan pemilihan untuk menduduki posisi anggota DPR-RI. Kajian ini membahas kontestasi politik perempuan dalam mencapai posisi sebagai wakil rakyat dan tantangan yang mereka hadapi dalam memperjuangkan isu-isu kesetaraan gender di parlemen. Penelitian ini menjawab faktor-faktor apa yang menghambat keterlibatan perempuan dalam kontestasi politik, dan tantangan apa yang dihadapi perempuan dalam memperjuangkan isu kesetaraan gender. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis deskriptif. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah konsep affirmative action dan teori kesetaraan gender dalam politik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah perempuan yang terpilih dalam Pemilu 2019 meningkat 22 persen berkat kebijakan afirmatif yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah. Namun demikian, kebijakan afirmatif untuk memenuhi kuota perempuan tidak hanya menguntungkan mereka yang memiliki agenda kesetaraan gender, tetapi juga mereka yang mendukung gerakan anti-feminis yang mewakili suara-suara kelompok konservatif. Masalah yang mereka perjuangkan masih terjebak dalam ideologi gender yang diproklamasikan oleh budaya patriarki, yang menganggap masalah perempuan identik dengan masalah ibu. Karena itu, tidak semua anggota parlemen perempuan yang terpilih secara eksplisit memiliki perspektif gender.

Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika (MENA) Bölgesi'nin bir parçası olarak Kuzey Afrika Avrupa'nın yakın çevresidir ve dolayısıyla Avrupa güvenliği için stratejik öneme sahiptir. Akdeniz Afrikası, Avrupa Birliği (AB) için daha çok ticari ve ekonomik olarak önemli bir rol oynamaktayken Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde göç, terör, enerji güvenliği ve başarısız devlet konuları bölgenin başlıca güvenlik sorunları haline gelmiştir. 2010/11'de Kuzey Afrika'da başlayan Arap Baharı olayları, bu olayların sonuçları ve sonrası açısından Avrupa güvenliğini ve bölgedeki diğer önemli çıkarları ciddi bir şekilde tehdit eden sorunlu bir dönüşüm sürecini tetiklemiştir. Bu durum; başta Rusya ve Çin olmak üzere Kuzey Afrika'da yükselen güçlerin hızla genişleyen rolüyle birleşip, bölgede ABD ve AB'nin kendi aralarında dikkate değer etkileşim ve işbirliğine rağmen bölge mimarisini yeniden tasarlama konusunda bir rekabet yaşadıkları çok kutuplu yeni bir bölgesel oluşumu beslemektedir. Bunun bir sonucu olarak, Arap Baharı'nın başlamasından sonraki yıllar Birliğin bu zorlukların üstesinden gelmek için aldığı dış politika pozisyonunda görüleceği üzere hayatta kalma konusunu önüne daha fazla çıkarmıştır. Bir denge arayışı içinde olan AB, Akdeniz'in güneyinde statükosunu korumaya ve bölgede hayatta kalmaya çalışmakta ama aynı zamanda bölge üzerindeki hegemonik idealleri konusunda tereddüt etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma, sistemik bir teoriyi, tam adıyla savunmacı neorealizmi, AB'nin yıllar içinde uluslararası sistemik baskı altında bölgesel çıkarları, mücadeleleri ve gelecekteki hedeflerini güç hesaplamaları ve gelecekteki niyetlerine dayanarak Kuzey Afrika dış politikasına uygulamayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışma, AB'nin güneyinde kendi güvenliğini nasıl ve ne ölçüde arttırıp arttırmadığını araştırmaktadır. Çalışma, AB'nin Kuzey Afrika'daki en büyük amacının bütünsel bir yaklaşımla "güç dengesi" ve "tehdit dengesi" vasıtasıyla çeşitli dengeleme mekanizmaları kullanarak güvenliğini artıracak düzenleme ve politikalar oluşturmak olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Çalışmanın yöntemi, AB'nin bölgedeki ampirik olarak gözlemlenebilir davranışının bir teorinin (savunmacı neorealizm) belirli bir vakaya (AB'nin Kuzey Afrika ile ilişkileri) uygulanarak açıklanmasıdır. Bu çalışma, AB'nin dış politika davranışı ve savunmacı neorealist varsayımların esas olarak eşleştiğini göstermiştir. Çalışma, AB'nin güneyindeki güvenlik çıkarlarını ve tehditlerini bölgeye karşı savunmacı ve yumuşak güç projeksiyonu tutumu göstererek dengelediğini önermektedir. --- North Africa, part of the MENA region, is Europe's immediate neighborhood, hence is of strategic importance for European security. While Mediterranean Africa plays an important role in trade and economic issues for the European Union (EU); migration, terrorism, energy security and state failure have become the main security problems of the region throughout the post-Cold War era. The Arab Spring events of 2010/11 have triggered a troubled transformation process in North Africa, where the consequences and aftermath of the events seriously threatened European security and other important interests in the region. This has coupled with the rapidly expanding role of new rising powers, Russia and China in particular, fostering a new multipolar regional context in North Africa where the US and the EU have already had a competition in redesigning the architecture of the region, notwithstanding the considerable interaction and cooperation between the two. As a consequence, the years after the start of the Arab Spring has brought the survival issue to the fore of the Union ever more, evident in its foreign policy position to overcome these challenges. In search of balance, the EU has persistently sought to preserve its status quo in its Mediterranean South, seeking to survive, at the same time hesitant about its hegemonic ideals over the region. On these premises, this study aims to apply a systemic theory, namely defensive neorealism on the EU's foreign policy behavior in North Africa by examining its interests, challenges and aims toward the region over years, based on power calculations and future intentions under the international systemic pressure. It seeks to determine whether and to what extent the EU builds up and maximizes its security in its southern periphery. The study claims that the supreme aim of the EU in North Africa is to create arrangements fostering security through various balancing mechanisms, namely "balance of power" and "balance of threat" brought together in a joined-up approach. In retrospect, the method of the study is the application of a theory (defensive neorealism) to a specific case (the case of the EU's relations with North Africa) to investigate how the empirically observable behavior of the EU in the region can be explained through this theoretical lens. This study has shown that the EU's behavior and defensive neorealist assumptions mainly match. It suggests that the EU has taken a defensive and soft power-projection attitude into the region; hence balancing its security interests and threats in its south.

The logic behind a recent strain of Euroscepticism advocated by Brexiteers presents an empirical puzzle: how can voters from different economic positions publicly demand compliance with rules for fair market competition (Schmidt & Thatcher, 2014)—a key principle of neoliberal ideology—yet use nationalism to socially delegitimate the EU—whose market competition policy became increasingly neoliberal (Buch-Hansen & Wigger, 2010)? This puzzle is especially relevant given the power of nationalist and neoliberal rhetoric to mobilize popular opposition to the EU leading up Brexit (Andreouli & Nicholson, 2018). We dub this form of Euroscepticism 'nationalist neo-liberal Euroscepticism' (NNLE) and investigate it empirically. Research on Brexit builds on the Euroscepticism literature that traditionally measures opposition to the EU as an attitude at the individual level (for a summary see Hobolt and de Vries 2016; also Hobolt and Wratil 2015; de Vries 2018). For instance, Hobolt found that support for Brexit "was particularly common among less-educated, poorer and older voters, and those who expressed concerns about immigration and multi-culturalism (2016, p. 1259), while others found that ethnic, economic, and regional differences structured attitudinal support for the EU (e.g. Bonikowski 2017; Flemmen and Savage 2017; Gidron and Hall 2017; Laurence et al. 2019)(Carreras, Carreras, and Bowler 2019). However, both the Euroscepticism literature and these recent works investigate Euroscepticism from the perspective of individual citizens' privately held attitudes or voting behavior rather than by empirically analyzing the socially acceptable forms of Euroscepticism citizens encounter, use, and respond to in everyday life. In this article, we investigate socially acceptable—and thus normative—Euroscepticism. Responding to the aforementioned empirical puzzle, we analyze normative 'nationalist neo-liberal Euroscepticism' (NNLE). To do so, we must shift our focus from individual British citizens' surveyed pre-Brexit attitudes to social norms that are shared across economic divisions. In our analysis, we investigate this Euroscepticism as it manifests in a 'moral economy'— or popular consensus about moral principles of economic exchange that forms a normative basis of economic action, attitudes, and legitimacy (Thompson 1971; Mau 2003; Svallfors 2006; Sachweh 2012; Koos and Sachweh 2017; Taylor-Gooby et al. 2018). To conduct this analysis, we respond to an important gap in the contemporary literature concerning moral economy in terms of the evolution of normatively based popular outrage against market action. This type of analysis was central to foundational work on moral economy—which stressed the temporal element of moral economies as normative (see, Scott, 1977; Thompson, 1971). Returning to this diachronic comparative approach to moral economy, we study 'nationalist neo-liberal Euroscepticism' longitudinally as a form of normative market outrage as it developed over time. Our investigation into whether the Euroscepticism of UK citizens can be explained because of the EU's infringement of the nationalist and neoliberal norms at the basis of British citizens' moral economy proceeds in three steps. First, using semi-structured interview data collected right after Brexit (2016 Qualitative Election Study of Britain) we identify popular outrage against the EU as nationalist neo-liberal Euroscepticism by analyzing how Brexit supporters and opponents socially legitimated their vote. Second, relying on focus group data that predates Brexit by a decade (2005-6 CITAE) we show how the deligitimation of the EU in 2016 can be traced back to shared 3 popular norms regarding EU market action that constitute a moral economy of nationalist neoliberal Euroscepticism. Third, based on our analysis of Celine Belot's semi-structured interview data (1995-6) collected just after the Maastricht Treaty, we identify the beginning stages of this normative anti-EU popular outrage. This final step does not find evidence of a nationalist neo-liberal moral economy, but instead finds what appears to be building blocks of such a moral economy. This three-step analysis then sets the stage for an investigation into this nationalist neo-liberal moral economy as 'normative policy feedback' (Rothstein 1998; Svallfors 2006; Koos and Sachweh 2017)—a perspective that sees moral economy as structured by institutionalized norms of economic exchange. Future work can then investigate this moral economy as a form of policy feedback in order to supplement work on Euroscepticism as structured by socio-economic or ethnic divisions. This paper falls into six sections dealing with the theoretical framework on moral economies, nationalism and neo-liberalism, methodology and data, the three-step analysis and discussion and conclusions.

Colombia is undergoing a process of convergence to the international norm starting from Law 1314, for this reason the General Accounting Office of the Nation, as a regulating entity of public accounting, created three scenarios for this convergence process. However, this represents a challenge for the entities and the accountants because, due to the novelty of the process, all the findings found have not yet been documented for Group 3, which are entities of the central government. This research aims to account for the main findings that can be found in a public entity, based on the follow-up to the implementation of the rule according to resolution 533 of 2015 in the municipality of Buenavista, Boyacá, and to issue operational policies that will guide the process to avoid repeating those errors in the municipality's accounting, applying a case study methodology, with a descriptive approach, where the instruments for gathering information were observation, interviews with public officials, matrices designedaccording to the norm established for public entities, analysis of documents based on appraisals carried out with external firms and review of inventories. The main result obtained was the state of financial situation of the municipality with initial balances, evidencing an impact of 93% on the patrimony as a result of the identification, measurement and disclosure of the property, plant and equipment. ; Colombia está viviendo un proceso de convergencia a la norma internacional a partir de la Ley 1314, por ello la Contaduría General de la Nación como ente regulador de la contabilidad pública creó tres escenarios para este proceso de convergencia. Sin embargo, esto representa un reto para las entidades y los contadores pues por la novedad del proceso todos los hallazgos encontrados aún no han sido documentados para el grupo 3 que son entidades del gobierno central. Esta investigación pretende dar cuenta de los principales hallazgos que se pueden encontrar en una entidad pública, a partir del seguimiento que se hace a la implementación de la norma de acuerdo a la resolución 533 de 2015 en el municipio de Buenavista, Boyacá y emitir las políticas operativas que orientaran el proceso para evitar que se repitan esos errores en la contabilidad del municipio, aplicando una metodología de estudio de caso, con un enfoque descriptivo, donde los instrumentos de recolección de la información fueron la observación, entrevistas a funcionarios públicos, matrices diseñadas de acuerdo a la norma dispuesta para entidades públicas, análisis de documentos a partir de avalúos realizados con firmas externas y revisión de inventarios. El principal resultado logrado fue el estado de situación financiera del municipio con saldos iniciales, evidenciando un impacto sobre el patrimonio del 93% producto de la identificación, medición y revelación de la partida propiedad, planta y equipo. ; La Colombie traverse un processus de convergence vers la norme internationale, à partir de la loi 1314. Par conséquent, le Bureau de la comptabilité générale du pays, régulateur de la comptabilité publique, a créé trois scénarios pour ce processus de convergence. Cependant, cela représente un défi pour les entités et les comptables, car en raison de la nouveauté du processus, toutes les résultats trouvées n'ont pas encore été documentées pour le groupe 3, qui est une entité du gouvernement central. Cette recherche a pour objectif de rendre compte des principales résultats qui peuvent être trouvées dans une entité publique, à partir du suivi qui se fait à la mise en oeuvre de la norme conformément à la résolution 533 de 2015 dans la municipalité de Buenavista, Boyacá. Par ailleurs, émettre les politiques opérationnelles qui guideront le processus, afin d´éviter de répéter ces erreurs dans la comptabilité de la municipalité par le biais d'une méthodologie d'étude de cas, ayant une approche descriptive. Les instruments de collecte des informations ont été l'observation, des entretiens appliqués aux agents publics, des matrices conçu selon la norme établie pour les entités publiques, des analyses de documents à partir d'évaluations effectuées auprès de firmes externes et revisión d'inventaires. Bref, le résultat principal obtenu a été l'état de la situation financière de la municipalité ayant des soldes initiaux, ce qui met en évidence un impact sur le patrimoine du 93%, produit de l'identification, de la mesure et de la divulgation de biens immobiliers.

The article deals with the problem of the of Habsburg heritage in the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita) in the sphere of local political administration. Generally, the scholars are interpreting the history of the interwar Galicia as a "nationalization" of a post-imperial public space, and as a place where conflicting national narratives had successfully replaced the Habsburg traditions and practices, particularly in the field of policy. Without denying the achievements of the described historiographical approaches, in our opinion, another methodological perspective is relevant today – we have to define, classify and explain the preservation of Habsburg heritage in the Second Polish Republic after 1918. Thus, this article is an attempt to discover the motives, separate the components and explain the significance of the imperial heritage that was present in the local administrations of four provinces – "voivodeships", that existed on the territory of the former Habsburg province of Galicia – the voivodeships of Krakow, Lviv, Stanislaviv (now – Ivano-Frankivsk) and Ternopil. The main thesis of the article is focused on the analysis of the structure of Habsburg power models after 1918 under the design of unified power system of the Second Polish Republic; on the other hand, special focus is paid to a comparative analysis of the status of Galician governor and the Polish voivode.Analysis of the legal framework of the Polish State indicates two important things. Firstly, the imperial government and general administration of the second instance ("voivodeship") were based on a common model, the main components of which can be expressed in three principles: the principle of personal responsibility of the head of the administration, the principle of supreme control subjects on the administrative unit and the principle of immediate intervention in resonant cases. Secondly, the author analyzes the status of administration of four "Galician" voivodeships. Despite the aim of unification and a number of laws and regulations acts that were declared by Polish politicians and officials, it continued to be governed by separate regulations (mainly Ordinance 1921), which preserved the elements of Habsburg system.During the comparative analysis of the legal status of Galician and Polish governors, author strongly focuses on the relationship of their public status, and the reliance of the Franz Joseph's management style – the concept of a "strong hand". Like the models of the Habsburg official, governor and "voivode" granted solely responsible for the welfare and safety of the citizens. Their policies were expressed in paternalistic care and supervision of the subjects of the institutions and bodies with a marked predominance of representative and self-governing bodies, so that the total administration in Galicia was very similar to the political administration of Habsburg period. In authors opinion, the explanation of Habsburg successful adaptation of the system to the all management model can be understood through two main factors. First, the models of governship in both States were based on so-called theory of cameralism, that had its roots in the Age of lightenment. According to this theory, only a strong ruler, who would use the law and special officials could be effective in providing prosperity to his country and citizens. Secondly, it is necessary to consider the significant impact Galician lawyers, mainly the students of the Austrian school of law (especially Roman Hausner and Wladyslaw Leopold Jaworski) who had influence in the process of forming a unified system of the interwar Polish State.In conclusion, it should be emphasized that the change of political boundaries do not necessarily mean further successive transformations in State policy. The control system in the public space of the interwar Galicia continued to appeal to the Habsburg imperial model of so called "strong hand", that was based on the responsibility of the leader, and his supreme supervision that can be seen in the best way, if we look on the cases and material of local administrations of the voivodeships. ; У статті розглянуто роль габсбурзької моделі влади у публічному просторі міжвоєнної Галичини. На підставі аналізу законодавчих актів, тогочасної публіцистики й преси окреслено головні елементи імперської системи управління на рівні місцевої адміністрації південно-східних воєводств (краківського, львівського, станіславівського й тернопільського) Польської держави, розкрито мотиви та значення такої наслідуваності (характеристика структури габсбурзької системи влади на законодавчому рівні до і після 1918 року). Окрему увагу приділено порівняльній характеристиці публічних становищ галицького намісника та польського воєводи. Виділено ключові принципи функціонування влади на воєводському рівні, зокрема персональної відповідальності, верховного контролю у межах адміністративно-територіальної одиниці, негайного втручання керівника у резонансні справи.