Suchergebnisse

Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung: Anmerkungen und Erläuterungen zur Fragestellung und Darstellung; 2. "Soziologische Basisvariablen" – Bedingungen, mit denen sich pflegekulturelle Orientierungen erklären lassen – die "unabhängigen Variablen"; 2.1 Persönlich-biografische Verhältnisse; 2.2 Verankerung im gesellschaftlichen Umfeld: kirchliche Bindungen, Erwerbstätigkeit, soziale Milieus; 3. Eigene Pflegeerfahrungen; 4. Wie würde man mit der Pflegebedürftigkeit eines nahen Angehörigen umgehen?; 4.1 Entscheidungen in einer Dilemma-Situation: Wie wird die Entscheidung zur Heimversorgung der eigenen Mutter bewertet?; 4.2 "Bewältigungskompetenz": Würde man sich die Versorgung einer nahe stehenden pflegebedürftigen Person selber zutrauen oder würde man Hilfe und Beratung brauchen?; 4.3 Was ist zu tun, wenn eine nahe stehende Person pflegebedürftig wird?; 5. Was würde man bevorzugen, wenn es um die eigene Pflegebedürftigkeit geht?; 5.1 Wie "wahrscheinlich" ist Pflegebedürftigkeit? Wie esichert ist die Versorgung?; 5.2 Stellenwert des Pflegebudgets bei eigener Pflegebedürftigkeit – neue Optionen für Leistungserbringung, Organisation der Pflege und Bezahlung von Leistungen; 6. Bürgerschaftliches Engagement im Landkreis Annaberg - Sozialkapital als zivilgesellschaftliche Ressource; 6.1 Gemeinschaftsaktivitäten und Ehrenamt in den Landkreisen Annaberg und Unna; 6.2 "Nahraum"- und "Fernraumsolidarität"; 7. Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Landkreisen – zwei "Pflegekulturen"?; 8. Pflegepolitische Konsequenzen; Literatur; Anhang: Fragebogen der persönlich-mündlichen Befragung in Unna.

Separations and divorces have become much more common in the last 50 years. Almost half of the marriages or cohabiting relationships break up over time. To date, knowledge about the situation of divorced people immediately after divorce and over time has been limited in Switzerland. A study funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation therefore examined the consequences of divorce. The project provides a basis for planning measures to improve the situation of divorced people. The study focuses on the problems and risk constellations of people after a divorce. How have the social, economic and institutional conditions of divorce changed? What are the financial and health consequences of divorce? How often are social benefits received? Are there gender-specific differences in the effects?
In order to answer these questions, comprehensive analyses were carried out based on administrative and survey data and interviews were conducted with experts from the fields of social security, family law and civil society.
Divorces often lead to difficult financial situations. On average, divorced women have 30 percent less disposable income immediately after a divorce than before the divorce. Their consumption options are therefore considerably restricted. After the separation, children usually live with their mothers, who, as single parents, often live in particularly precarious income situations. For men, the loss of income is significantly lower. However, the subjective assessment of men's income situation after separation is just as poor as that of divorced women. After three to five years, divorcees are able to compensate for some of this loss of income. For women with caring responsibilities, however, this takes considerably longer.
The income situation of divorced people depends largely on whether they receive or have to pay alimony. Almost half of divorced women receive maintenance payments in the first few years after the divorce, which make a significant contribution to the household income; this is particularly important if children need to be looked after.
Divorce law in Switzerland has changed fundamentally since the 1990s. After a divorce, women have to support themselves much more often than earlier. This is because the courts now only award post-marital maintenance payments in exceptional cases and usually only for a limited period of time. The aim is for both former spouses to be able to support themselves again as quickly as possible (""clean break principle""). This means that women who had little or no employment before the divorce must find work quickly in order to maintain their standard of living. However, this is often not easy, especially if they have to look after children or do not have good access to the labor market. Only if their ex-husband has a substantial income, they are protected from poverty and welfare payments through maintenance payments.
The change in legal practice also has an impact on the situation of men after a divorce. Men with a low income have to pay less post-marital maintenance than before and are therefore relieved of this burden. However, they can still find themselves in economic hardship if they are unable to pay their debts or are not entitled to social welfare. The social welfare authorities do not take maintenance payments into account as expenses when calculating the minimum subsistence level. This can lead to men who have to pay maintenance having to live below the minimum subsistence level.

The often precarious income situation of divorced people means that they are much more likely to rely on social benefits than other population groups. Divorced women are three times more likely to receive social benefits compared to married women and seven times more likely to receive supplementary benefits at retirement age. One in ten women receive social welfare benefits in the year following their divorce.
The study shows that the division of roles in marriage influences the risk of depending on social welfare benefits after a divorce. Women who participated equally in working life during their marriage are better able to protect themselves financially. Women who worked little or not at all during the marriage find it more difficult to secure their livelihood independently. Traditional role models are still widespread among many couples.

Divorced people are exposed to severe psychosocial stress and have poorer health. Compared to married people, they suffer more frequently from chronic illnesses, experience negative emotions such as anxiety and depression more often and feel lonelier and more dissatisfied. At the time of separation, the stress caused by the challenges of the new life situation is particularly pronounced. The health situation is often already impaired before the separation. The increase in negative feelings is more pronounced among fathers during the separation process than among mothers, which can be linked to the poorer relationships with their children.
The results of the study point to a clear need for action to prevent or mitigate the negative consequences of divorce. On the one hand, preventative measures are needed. This includes early information about the consequences of role sharing in couple relationships and the associated risks in the event of separation. Agreements on the division of responsibilities and financial circumstances in the event of separation, for example in marriage contracts, can also have a preventative effect and reduce conflicts in separation situations. Measures that make it possible to combine gainful employment and childcare also have a preventative effect. This includes the sufficient expansion of childcare services outside the family, which are also accessible to those on low incomes, as well as working conditions that meet the needs of families.

More psychosocial and financial support services would be important during the separation phase. Mediation services during the separation phase can help to find amicable and fair solutions and reduce conflicts. Measures such as debt rescheduling and further education programs and living grants should also be developed for people of advanced age to help them return to work or expand their employment after separation. In order to avoid poverty after separation, financial support is needed in the event of shortfalls, for example the conversion of alimony advance payments into a benefit with needs-based transitional financing of the shortfall or supplementary benefits for families. This would reduce the relevant inequalities and provide targeted relief for women and men.

By referring to the emblematic figure of Kurt Gödel, who saw contradictions in both mathematics and constitutionalism, in this paper I present and comment on a wide panorama of views on the current crisis and deconsolidation of liberal democracy, mainly expressed in four noteworthy books published in 2018. I criticize the ideas and views of Fareed Zakaria expressed in the book The Future of Freedom in which he postulates the need for restricting the democratic component of liberal democracy toward the notion of liberal constitutionalism. I argue that this idea actually displays a very limited understanding of both components of liberal democracy and may lead to support for dictatorship. Zakaria makes a case for using accurate terminology and draws attention to the democratic as well as the liberal component of liberal democracy, this alone is a valuable contribution. However, as it appears from the following three works, it could be said that a transmutation occurred within the concept of liberal democracy, resulting in merging of both components into a clear concept that can be equated to democracy in the contemporary sense of the word. Next, I discuss How Democracy Dies by Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt. Both scholars document in detail how democracy's assassins insidiously use institutions of democracy to kill it. Particularly of value are two threads in this work. The first one is the remarkable similarities of strategies used throughout the world by elected autocrats to subvert democratic institutions. Revealing these patterns makes it easier to combat them. The second one is the set of four key indicators of authoritarian behavior compiled by the authors. Similar issues are presented by Yasha Mounk in his brilliant book The People vs. Democracy in which he analyzes insightfully the roots of disenchantment with liberal democracy. I emphasize that Mounk incisively discloses the founding myth of modern liberal democracy, i.e. the improbable fiction that representative government would facilitate the rule of the people. A very wide array of positions of American scholars is offered in a volume edited by Cass R. Sunstein under the title Can It Happen Here? Authoritarianism in America. The essays collected in this book concern the likelihood of democracy's breakdown in the US. I selectively present the original theses of a score of authors, allowing for a deeper rethinking of the liberal democracy's crisis, these include issues like constitutional rot, big government role in helping to minimize the risk of a fascist takeover, deep state, the new breed of populist autocrats being lawyers by training, and the fact that many people do not wish to live by the rules of liberal democracy. In the context of these remarks, I stress the role of culture as a social binding mechanism and human's lack of evolutionary adjustment to social diversity. In the closing section, I stress the illusory nature of constitutional precautions against the democratic breakdown, especially the deceptive reliance on judges. I also draw attention to the double value of negation following from these considerations. First, I refer to the Kim Lane Scheppele's idea of aversive constitutionalism, to show the informative dimension of the negative side of comparative constitutional analysis. Second, I suggest that the crisis of democracy should encourage to acknowledge the limits of conventional wisdom on political systems that is based on dubious assumptions. Only in this way could attempts be made to counteract the global democratic disorder which, on the one hand, is not caused by some external natural factors, but on the other hand this disorder will likely be escalated by much more efficient and more charismatic autocrats, aided by modern technology. ; Odwołując się do symbolicznej postaci Kurta Gödla, dostrzegającego sprzeczności zarówno w matematyce, jak i w konstytucjonalizmie, przedstawiam i komentuję w niniejszym tekście szeroką panoramę poglądów dotyczących współczesnego kryzysu i dekonsolidacji demokracji liberalnej, głównie w oparciu o cztery ważne prace wydane w 2018 r. Krytycznie odnoszę się do poglądów Fareeda Zakarii wyrażonych w książce Przyszłość wolności…, postulującego ograniczenie demokratycznych elementów w ramach demokracji liberalnej na rzecz liberalnego konstytucjonalizmu. Koncepcja ta w istocie stanowi bardzo ograniczone rozumienie obu elementów składowych tego ostatniego pojęcia i prowadzić może do poparcia dla dyktatur. Cenna jest w pracy Zakarii dbałość terminologiczna i zwrócenie osobno uwagi na element demokratyczny i liberalny w ramach demokracji liberalnej. Jak jednak wynika z wykorzystywanych trzech kolejnych prac, można twierdzić, że w przypadku pojęcia demokracji liberalnej doszło do transmutacji zespalającej oba człony w czytelną koncepcję, która nie bez racji utożsamiana jest w skrócie z demokracją we współczesnym rozumieniu. Następnie omawiam pozycję Stevena Levitsky'ego i Daniela Ziblatta Jak umierają demokracje…, której autorzy szczegółowo dokumentują, jak skrytobójcy demokracji używają podstępnie instytucji demokratycznych do obalenia tej formy ustrojowej. Wartościowe w tej pracy są szczególnie dwa wątki. Pierwszy to uderzająco podobne strategie stosowane na świecie przez legitymowanych wyborczo autokratów. Ujawnienie takiego wzorca pozwala na łatwiejsze przeciwstawianie się mu. Drugim jest proponowany przez autorów zestaw czterech behawioralnych symptomów pozwalający na rozpoznanie polityków o skłonnościach autorytarnych. Podobną problematykę przedstawia Yascha Mounk w błyskotliwej książce Lud kontra demokracja…, analizujący głębiej źródła współczesnego rozczarowania demokracją liberalną. Akcentuję zwłaszcza, że Mounk przenikliwie odsłania mit założycielski współczesnej demokracji liberalnej w postaci fikcji, że rządy przedstawicielskie umożliwiają władzę ludu. Bardzo szeroką panoramę poglądów amerykańskich autorów na temat prawdopodobieństwa upadku demokracji w Stanach Zjednoczonych zawarto w obszernej pracy zbiorowej Czy to może się u nas zdarzyć? Autorytaryzm w Ameryce pod redakcją Cassa R. Sunsteina. Wybiórczo przedstawiam oryginalne tezy kilkunastu autorów pozwalające na pogłębione przemyślenie kryzysu demokracji liberalnej, m.in. konstytucyjne zepsucie, rozbudowany aparat władzy jako czynnik minimalizujący ryzyko faszyzmu, rolę tzw. ukrytego państwa, udział prawników w zawłaszczaniu władzy, permanentną niezgodę znacznej części społeczeństwa na życie według zasad demokracji liberalnej. W ramach tych uwag akcentuję m.in. rolę kultury jako spoiwa społecznego oraz ewolucyjne niedostosowanie człowieka do różnorodności społecznej. W uwagach końcowych podkreślam iluzoryczność konstytucyjnych gwarancji mających zapobiegać załamaniu demokratycznemu, zwłaszcza zwodnicze poleganie na sędziach. Zwracam również uwagę na podwójny walor negacji płynący z przedstawianych refleksji. Po pierwsze odwołuję się do koncepcji awersyjnego konstytucjonalizmu autorstwa Kim Lane Scheppele, aby wskazać na pouczający wymiar negatywnej strony komparatystyki ustrojowej. Po drugie sugeruję, że kryzys demokracji zachęcać winien do uświadomienia sobie ograniczeń ortodoksyjnej refleksji ustrojowej opartej na wątpliwych założeniach. Tylko w ten sposób można podejmować próby przeciwdziałania narastającemu globalnemu nieładowi demokratycznemu, który z jednej strony nie jest wywołany zewnętrznymi czynnikami naturalnymi, ale z drugiej strony rozwijany będzie zapewne przez znacznie sprawniejszych i bardziej charyzmatycznych autokratów, wspomaganych nowoczesnymi technologiami.

The aim of this paper was to review current religious slaugtering processes and dillemas in EU. Stunning of animals before slaughter is a legally prescribed requirement in the EU intended to reach animal unconsciousness so that slaughter does not cause anxiety, pain, suffering or distress. In some European Union countries, religious slaughter is exceptionally allowed without stunning. Animals intended for religious slaughter must be healthy and undamaged. In order to meet these requirements, religious slaughtering in the EU is being implemented only in allowed and approved slaughterhouses. Slaughter can only be performed by authorized and educated operators. Regarding religious slaughter, there are many dilemmas in the EU about whether this methods of slaughter causes additional suffering of animals. Insofar as Muslim slaughter in some cases allows some methods of the preslaughter stunning, Jewish slaughter does not allow any stunning. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the fact that in the future, it will be necessary to examine alternative stunning methods which will ensure the integrity of live animals before bleeding. At the same time, it is necessary to harmonize the guidelines for a harmonized procedures of handling animals before and after slaughtering and certifying of the meat originating from religious slaughter in order not to mislead consumers. ; Cilj ovog rada bio je razmotriti trenutne postupke religijskog klanja i dileme s kojima se suočava Europska unija. Omamljivanje životinja prije klanja zakonski je propisan zahtjev u EU kojemu je cilj izazivanje nesvijesti životinja kako klanje kod njih ne bi izazivalo tjeskobu, bol, patnju, ili stres. U nekim državama EU uvjetno je dozvoljeno religijsko klanje bez predhodnog omamljivanja, ili omaljivanjem odmah nakon iskrvanjenja. Životinje namijenjene religijskom klanju moraju biti zdrave i za vrijeme klanja neozlijeđene. Kako bi se ispunili ti zahtjevi, religijsko klanje provodi se isključivo u odobrenim i ovlaštenim klaonicama. Klanje mogu obavljati samo ovlaštene i posebno educirane osobe. U EU postoji mnogo dilema oko religijskog klanja, primjerice, uzorkuju li ove metode klanja dodatnu patnju kod životinja. Iako muslimansko klanje u nekim slučajevima dopušta prethodno omamljivanje s određenim metodama, židovsko klanje nikada ne dopušta nikakav postupak omamljivanja. Stoga je važno nastaviti s ispitivanjem alternativnih načina omamljivanja koji će osigurati integritet živih životinja prije iskrvarenja. Istodobno je nužno uskladiti smjernice i postupke rukovanja sa životinjama prije i poslije klanja kao i certificiranje mesa iz vjerskog klanja kako bi se izbjeglo dovođenje potrošača u zabludu. ; Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die aktuellen Verfahren der religiösen Schlachtung und die Dilemmas in Erwägung zu ziehen, mit welchen die Europäische Union konfrontiert ist. Die Betäubung von Tieren stellt eine in der EU gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Forderung dar, welche sicherstellen sollte, dass das Tier bewusstlos ist, damit die Schlachtung keinen Stress, Schmerzen, Leiden oder Unwohl verursacht. Einige Länder der Europäischen Union lassen ausnahmsweise religiöse Schlachtungen ohne eine vorangehende Betäubung oder die Betäubung unmittelbar nach dem Halsschnitt zu. Die für religiöse Schlachtungen vorgesehenen Tiere müssen gesund und unversehrt sein. Um den Anforderungen gerecht zu werden, dürfen religiöse Schlachtungen ausschließlich in zugelassenen und ermächtigten Schlachthöfen stattfinden und nur durch berechtigte und speziell ausgebildete Personen durchgeführt werden. Die EU setzt sich mit zahlreichen Dilemmas in Zusammenhang mit religiösen Schlachtungen auseinander, z.B. rufen die Verfahren der religiösen Schlachtung ein zusätzliches Leiden bei Tieren hervor. Obwohl religiöse Schlachtungen im Islam den Einsatz bestimmter Betäubungsmethoden in einigen Fällen zulassen, ist im Judentum die Betäubung bei religiösen Schlachtungen keinesfalls zugelassen. Daher müssen alternative Betäubungsverfahren auch weiterhin geprüft werden, um die Integrität der Tiere vor dem Ausbluten sicherzustellen. Zugleich müssen die Richtlinien und Verfahren des Umgangs mit den Tieren vor der Schlachtung und danach sowie das Bescheinigungsverfahren, dass das Fleisch aus religiösen Schlachtungen gewonnen wurde, übereingestimmt werden, damit die Verbraucher nicht irregeführt werden. ; Lo scopo di quest'articolo consiste nel riflettere sui procedimenti attuali finalizzati alla macellazione rituale e ai dilemmi con i quali si confronta l'Unione europea. Lo stordimento degli animali prima della loro macellazione rappresenta un requisito sancito dalla legge comunitaria il cui scopo è quello di garantire che l'animale, al momento della macellazione, sia privo di sensi affinché la macellazione non provochi in esso stress, dolore, sofferenza o disagio. Alcuni stati dell'Unione europea consentono eccezionalmente la macellazione rituale non preceduta dallo stordimento, oppure con lo stordimento immediatamente successivo allo sgozzamento. Gli animali destinati alla macellazione rituale devono essere sani e privi di ferite. Per soddisfare a detti requisiti, la macellazione rituale viene eseguita soltanto in macellerie abilitate e autorizzate. La macellazione rituale può essere eseguita soltanto da persone autorizzate e all'uopo abilitate. L'UE si confronta con numerosi dilemmi legati alla macellazione rituale, ad esempio se i procedimenti di macellazione rituale causino o meno ulteriore sofferenza negli animali. E mentre la macellazione rituale nella cultura islamica in determinati casi prevede l'utilizzo di alcuni metodi di stordimento preventivo, la macellazione rituale nella cultura giudaica non consente lo stordimento in nessun caso. È perciò importante proseguire nella ricerca di modalità alternative di stordimento che garantiscano l'integrità degli animali vivi prima che muoiano dissanguati. Nel contempo, è necessario armonizzare le direttive e i procedimenti di manipolazione degli animali prima e dopo la macellazione oltre ai certificati che attestano la provenienza della carne da macellazione rituale, al fine di evitare d'indurre il consumatore in errore. ; El fin de este trabajo fue discutir los procedimientos actuales de la matanza religiosa y los dilemas con los que se enfrenta la Unión Europea. El aturdimiento de los animales antes de la matanza es un requisito prescrito por la ley de la UE y su fin es asegurar que el animal sea inconsciente para que la matanza no le cause la ansiedad, el dolor, el sufrimiento o el malestar. Algunos países de la Unión Europea permiten la excepción de la matanza religiosa sin aturdimiento previo o el aturdimiento inmediatamente después de la degollación. Los animales destinados a la matanza religiosa tienen que ser sanas y sin lesiones. Para cumplir con esos requisitos, las matanzas religiosas tienen lugar solamente en los mataderos autorizados y aprobados. La matanza religiosa pueden llevar a cabo únicamente las personas autorizadas y educadas. UE se está enfrentando con muchos dilemas en relación con la matanza religiosa, por ejemplo, si los procedimientos de la matanza religiosa causan el sufrimiento adicional a los animales. Aunque la matanza religiosa en islam permite en ciertos casos el uso de algunos métodos del aturdimiento previo, la matanza religiosa en judaísmo no permite el aturdimiento bajo ninguna circunstancia. Por eso es importante continuar con las investigaciones de las maneras alternativas del aturdimiento que asegurarían la integridad de los animales vivos antes del sangrado. Al mismo tiempo, es necesario armonizar las pautas y los procedimientos del manejo de los animales antes y después de la matanza y del certificado que la carne es de la matanza religiosa para evitar la desinformación de los consumidores.

Die Lichtensteinhöhle ist eine Klufthöhle im Berg Lichtenstein in den Harzausläufern. Im anthropogenen Teil der Höhle wurden größere Mengen disoloziert vorliegender Menschenknochen gefunden. Über assoziierte archäologische Artefakte und 14C-Datierungen erfolgte eine Einordnung ins 10.–9. Jh. v. Chr. Aufgrund eines Überzuges mit Gipssinter und konstant niedriger Temperaturen war ein herausragend guter Erhaltungszustand der Knochen und der enthaltenen aDNA gegeben. Dies ermöglichte umfangreiche anthropologische Forschungsarbeiten an den menschlichen Überresten aus der Lichtensteinhöhle. Eine zentrale Fragestellung zu Beginn der Forschungsarbeiten war, ob es sich um eine Opferstätte oder einen Bestattungsplatz handelt. Es konnte für die zunächst identifizierten 40 Individuen ein ausgewogenes Geschlechterverhältnis und eine Altersverteilung über alle Altersklassen hinweg nachgewiesen werden. Zudem konnten mittels molekulargenetischer Methoden verwandtschaftliche Beziehungen zwischen den Individuen aufgedeckt werden. Die Verwandtschaftsrekonstruktion ergab den Stammbaum eines Familienclans. Damit lagen eindeutige Hinweise für eine Nutzung als Bestattungsplatz vor. Während molekulargenetischer Reihenuntersuchungen verschiedener Skelettelemente und morphologischer Zuordnungen von Skelettelementen zu Individuen wurde deutlich, dass Knochen von mehr Individuen als den 40 bislang identifizierten vorhanden waren. Zudem deutete sich an, dass für nahezu alle Individuen nicht alle Knochen in der Höhle aufgefunden worden waren. Das Fehlen von Skelettelementen warf die Frage auf, ob es sich bei der Lichtensteinhöhle nicht um einen Primär- sondern um einen Sekundärbestattungsplatz handeln könnte. Im aktuell durchgeführten Forschungsprojekt wurden, unter Verwendung morphologischer und molekulargenetischer Methoden, die Zuordnungen der dislozierten Knochen zu Individuen zu Ende geführt. Die rekonstruierten Individuen wurden umfassend morphologisch und molekulargenetisch untersucht, mit dem Ziel, die demografische Struktur der Population zu erschließen und die Verwandtschaftsrekonstruktion auszuweiten. Zudem wurde den Fragen der Nutzungsdauer und der genauen Nutzungsart der Höhle nachgegangen. Es konnten 60 Individuen identifiziert werden. Nur für zwei der Individuen wurden alle bei den Zuordnungen berücksichtigten Skelettelemente vorgefunden. An den Knochen zeigten sich nur wenige Fälle degenerativer Veränderungen. Dies ließ darauf schließen, dass die in der Lichtensteinhöhle bestatteten Menschen nicht übermäßig harter körperlicher Belastung ausgesetzt waren. Spuren massiver Gewalteinwirkung fehlten vollständig. Dies macht es unwahrscheinlich, dass die bestattete Population in kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen involviert war. Einige wenige verheilte Frakturen an Rippen oder Schlüsselbein lassen sich problemlos auf Alltagsunfälle zurückführen. Spuren von Mangel- oder Stressphasen waren nur in Einzelfällen nachweisbar. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Bestatteten zu Lebzeiten kontinuierlichen Zugang zu ausreichenden Nahrungsressourcen hatten. Das Geschlechterverhältnis war ausgewogen und die Altersverteilung entsprach in den Grundzügen der für eine historische Population zu erwartenden. Eine fesgestellte Unterrepräsentanz von Individuen der Altersklasse Infans I könnte als Hinweis darauf interpretiert werden, dass tatsächlich Sekundärbestattungen praktiziert wurden und die sehr kleinen, fragilen Knochen der Infans I Individuen zum Zeitpunkt der Umbettungen bereits vergangen waren. In begleitenden Arbeiten durchgeführte statistischen Analysen verschiedener Merkmale, wie z.B. Unterschiede im Grad der DNA-Degradierung, lieferten weitere Hinweise in die Richtung, dass es sich bei der Lichtensteinhöhle um einen Sekundärbestattungsplatz handeln dürfte. Für alle neu identifizierten Inividuen wurden mittels molekulargenetischer Analysen die genetischen Fingerabdrücke sowie die mitochondraialen und Y-chromosomalen Haplotypen bestimmt. Die anschließende Verwandtschaftsrekonstruktion ergab einen erweiterten Stammbaum, in dem für 47 der 60 Individuen entweder direkte Verwandtschaft oder aber Verwandtschaft in mütterlicher oder väterlicher Familienlinie belegt ist. Der Stammbaum umfasst insgesamt sechs Generationen. Dies entspricht – bei einer angenommenen Generationendauer von 20 Jahren – einer Nutzungsdauer von 120 Jahren und passt somit gut zum archäologisch ermittelten Nutzungszeitraum. Die Auswertung der Diversität der mitochondrialen und Y-chromosomalen Haplotypen ergab Hinweise auf eine patrilokale Gesellschaftsform. In begleitenden Arbeiten wurden weitere genetische Marker – z.B. für die Augen- und Haarpigmentierung, die immungenetische Ausstattung oder auch für den Laktosetoleranzstatus – analysiert. Insgesamt zeigte sich, dass sich in vielerlei Hinsicht die genetische Ausstattung heutiger Populationen im Vergleich zu der vor 3.000 Jahren nicht grundlegend unterscheidet. Lediglich für die Frequenz des Laktosetoleranz verursachenden Allels war eine deutliche Zunahme seit der Bronzezeit zu verzeichnen. ; The Lichtenstein Cave is a cleft cave in the Lichtenstein a mountain located in the Harz Mountains. Large numbers of human bones were found spread over the anthropogenic part of the cave. According to the associated archeological artifacts and radiocarbon dating the bones dated back to the 10th–9th century BC. Because of a cover with gypsum sinter and constantly low temperatures the bones were found in an exelent state of preservation as well as the DNA enclosed in them. This enabled extensive anthropological research on the human skeletal remains from the Lichtenstein Cave. One of the main questions at the beginning was, whether the cave was used as a sacrificial site or as a burial place. For the initially identified 40 individuals a balanced sex ratio and an age distribution over all age groups were determined. In addition, kinship relations between the individuals could be detected by molecular genetic analyses. The kinship reconstruction resulted in a family tree of a family clan. These were clear indications that the cave has been used as a burial place. During molecular genetic serial examinations of different skeletal elements and morphological assignments of bones to individuals it became obvious, that bones from more individuals than the 40 identified before were present. Furthermore, it appeared that for almost all individuals some bones had not been found in the cave. The absence of skeletal elements raised the question, whether the Lichtenstein Cave had been used as a primary burial place or as a secondary burial place. In the currently conducted research the assignments of bones to individuals using morphological and molecular genetic methods were completed. The reassembled individuals were analysed extensively using both morphological and molecular genetic methods with the aim to explore the demographic structure of the population and to expand the kinship reconstruction. Furthermore, the issues of time and manner of use of the Cave were persued. In total 60 individuals were identified. For only two individuals all observed skeletal elements could be assigned. Only few cases of degenerative alterations were found on the bones. This suggests that the people who were buried in the cave had not experienced pronounced physical stress. Signs of massive trauma were lacking completely. This makes it unlikely that the population experienced military conflicts. A few healed fractures at ribs or clavicles are easily ascribed to accidents. Osteological manifestations of periods of depletion or stress were only found as single cases. This indicates that the people had continuous access to sufficient food resources. The sex ratio was balanced and the age distribution met the expectations for a historic population in the main features. An observed under-representation of infans I individuals could be interpreted as indication that the context had indeed be used for secondary burials and the small and fragile infans I bones had already been completely degraded at the time of reburial. Statistical analyses of various features conducted in accompanying studies, e.g. differences in the degree of DNA degradation, provided more indications for a usage of the Lichtenstein Cave as a secondary burial place. For all newly identified individuals the genetic fingerprints as well as mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplotypes were determined by molecular genetic analyses. The following kinship reconstruction resulted in an extended family tree showing direct relations or relationship in maternal or paternal lineages for 47 of the 60 individuals. The family tree spans six generations. Assuming a generation time of 20 years this equates to a period of use of 120 years and thus matches the archeologically determined timespan well. Differential diversity patterns observed for mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplotypes indicated patrilocality. In addition to populationgenetics and the kinship reconstruction other genetic markers were analyzed, e.g. for eye and hair pigmentation, immunogenetics or the lactose tolerance status. Overall, these analyses showed that the genetic constitution nowadays seems to be the same as 3,000 years ago. Only the frequency of the lactose tolerance associated allele showed a clear increase since the Bronze Age.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an important occupational and environmental disease caused by topical exposure to low molecular weight chemical allergens. The development of ACD requires the activation of innate immune cells, such as keratinocytes (KC), necessary for the maturation and the migration of dendritic cells (DC), which in turn are required for the activation of specific T cells. Human KC constitutively express several cytokines, including pro IL-1 alpha, pro IL-1 beta and pro IL-18. In vivo it has been demonstrated that IL-18 plays a key proximal role in the induction of allergic contact sensitization, favoring Th-1 type immune response by enhancing the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-8 and IFN-γ (Shornick et al., 1996; Wang et al., 1999, Cumberbatch et al., 2001). Toxicologists have the responsibility of identifying and characterizing the skin and respiratory allergenic potential of chemicals, and estimating the risk they pose to human health. Growing political and practical resistance to toxicity testing in animals has driven the development of animal-free methods for screening and prioritization of toxicants, including those causing allergic hypersensitivity. The purpose of this thesis was to develop an alternative in vitro test based on the keratinocytes and IL-18 to characterize the allergenic potential of low molecular weight chemicals, and to understand the molecular mechanism(s) underlying chemical allergen-induced IL-18 production. In addition to human keratinocytes cell lines (NCTC2544, HaCaT, HPKII), commercially available reconstituted human epidermis 3D-epidermal models were also used as experimental model. Due to their anatomical location and critical role in skin inflammatory and immunological reactions, the use of the KC and skin organotypic culture as a simplified in vitro model to evaluate the potential toxicity of chemicals destined for epicutaneous application is amply justified. To perform these studies 22 contact allergens, 12 photoallergens/photoirritant compounds, 3 respiratory allergens and 9 irritants chemicals were used. The choice of chemicals was dictated by the SENS-IT-IV programme as relevant and representative of the 'universe' of irritants, respiratory and contact allergens. Phototoxic chemicals were selected based on compounds used in similar published studies and reported to cause phototoxicity. Results obtained indicate that the NCTC2544 IL-18 assay is able to discriminate contact allergens and photoallergens from irritants/photoirritants and respiratory allergens. Important factors including compound solubility, chemical reactivity and metabolic activation, which may mask the potential allergenicity of some chemicals, must be considered in the development of in vitro tests. Submerged cell culture may be unfavourable for many of the respiratory sensitizers, due to chemical instability; for this reason we have tested IL-18 production also in reconstituted human epidermis, which allows application in organic solvent, i.e. acetone: olive oil. The lack of metabolic activation may be a relevant problem in case of proaptens. However, NCTC 2544 cells posses both phase I and II metabolic activation capacity (Gelardi et al., 2001), and positive results were indeed obtained with the proaptens tested (eugenol and cinnamic alcohol). A sensitivity of 87%, specificity of 95% and an accuracy of 90% was obtained (Corsini et al., 2009; Galbiati et al., 2011). In addition to being able to determine whether or not a chemical is a sensitizer (labelling) it is also equally important to determine the potency of a sensitizer (classification) in order to identify a maximum safe concentration for human exposure (risk assessment). The combination of the epidermal equivalent potency assay with the release of IL-18 lead to the development of an in vitro model able to identify contact allergens and rank them according to their potency. One other objective of this thesis was to study the signal transduction pathways involved in PPD, DNCB and citral-induced IL-18. For such purpose several inhibitors were used. To investigate the intracellular source of ROS, specific inhibitors of the three main cellular sources of ROS, namely DPI, a NADPH synthetase inhibitor; rotenone, a mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor; allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, were used. Z-VAD-FMK, a cell-permeant pan caspase inhibitor, that irreversible binds to the catalytic site of caspases, and a neutralizing anti-TLR4 antibody were used to investigate the role of the inflammasome and TLR4. Glycirrizic acid, a direct inhibitor of HMGB1 protein, was used to establish the role of HMGB1 as possible DAMP associated with allergen-induced IL-18. To specifically investigate the signal transduction pathway involved in PPD-induced IL-18 production selective inhibitors were used: GF109203X to inhibit PKC, PDTC and Bay 11-70-85 to inhibit NF-κB, and SB203580, as p38 MAPK inhibitor. The results obtained during this three year of research activity have clearly shown that the in vitro methods based on NCTC2544 and IL-18 production are able to discriminate contact/photocontact allergens from irritants/photoirritants and respiratory allergens. Furthermore, the combined use of the epidermis in vitro model with the IL-18 production, beside the ability to identify sensitising compounds, is able to rank them according to their potency. With respect to the molecular mechanisms behind skin sensitization I could demonstrate that different intracellular sources of ROS are triggered by different contact allergens. Allergens-induced IL-18 production is dependent upon NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation and TLR4 and inflammasome activation. Among the DAMPs, the evolutionarily conserved non-hystone chromatin-binding protein HMGB1 is released into the extracellular space following exposure to contact allergens, resulting in TLR4 activation and IL-18 neosynthesis. Even if more studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms that are involved in chemical allergens-induced oxidative stress, the signalling pathways activated and their role in contact allergy, data clearly indicated a pivotal role of ROS in chemical allergy. Consequently, the redox state of the cell becomes imbalanced, with the activation of several pathways, including MAPK, such as SAPK/JNK, ERK1/2 and p38, NF-κB, Akt/ASK1 or Keap1/Nrf2 pathways, resulting in a inflammatory and cytotoxic response with the production of costimulatory molecules, cytokines, chemokines, and phase 1 detoxifying enzymes. On the basis of the results obtained, the following scenario could be imagined: chemical sensitisers can induce oxidative stress owing to their elecrophilicity, which in turn activates the inflammasome and HMGB1 release (and possible other DAMPs), which can activate TLR4. Activation of TLR4 will results in NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation and in the neosynthesis of IL-18.

Verbreitung und Relevanz der räumlichen Mobilität. Mobilität und
Arbeit.

A: Identifikation von Jobmobilität: Erwerbsstatus, bezahlte Arbeit in
der Vergangenheit, Ende der letzten Erwerbstätigkeit; tägliche Wegezeit
zur Arbeit; Veränderungen durch mehrere Arbeitsplätze; 1 Stunde pendeln
an mindestens 12 Tagen pro Monat; gleiche Dauer für den Weg nach Hause;
Dauer der Pendelfahrt von der Arbeit zurück nach Hause; Anzahl der
Pendelfahrten pro Woche; Übernachter wurden gefragt: Zahl der
arbeitsbedingten Übernachtungen pro Jahr; Befragter arbeitete Teile
des Jahres nicht am Wohnort; mindestens 60 Übernachtungen; kürzlich
Umgezogene wurden gefragt: Umzüge über mindestens 50 km Entfernung;
Anzahl der Umzüge; Umzüge aus beruflichen Gründen.

Personen mit Fernbeziehung: Stabile Beziehung; gemeinsamer Haushalt
mit dem Partner; Erwerbsstatus des Partners; gemeinsamer Haushalt, wenn
die Arbeitsplätze es erlauben würden; Reisedauer zwischen den beiden
Wohnungen.

Jobmobilität des Partners: Tägliche Fahrzeit für den Arbeitsweg;
Anzahl der Pendeltage pro Woche, Anzahl der beruflichen Übernachtungen
pro Jahr, pro Monat und pro Woche; Anzahl der Übernachtungstage und
Wochen am Stück; Zahl der Übernachtungsfahrten pro Monat; beruflicher
Umzug seit 2004 über 50 km.

B) Herkunft und Wohnort: Persönliche Biographie: Alter (Geburtsjahr);
Geburtsland; Jahr und Alter des Zuzugs in das Befragungsland;
mindestens ein Jahr außerhalb des Landes, Auslandsaufenthalte für ein
Jahr oder länger; Staatsbürgerschaft (Mehrfachantworten); gleiches
Herkunftsland wie die Eltern des Befragten; Herkunftsland von Vater und
Mutter (Migrationshintergrund); Zeitpunkt und Alter des Auszugs aus dem
Elternhaus; Miete oder Kauf der ersten Wohnung; Entfernung zum
Elternhaus mindestens 50 km; Jahr dieses Umzugs und bis zu 15
zusätzliche Umzüge; Umzug aus beruflichen Gründen; Umzug über die
nationalen Grenzen hinweg.

2. Wohnort: Aktueller Wohnort (NUTS-Code), Anzahl der Wohnorte; Anzahl
der Wohnsitze; Wohnstatus; Verbundenheit mit den eigenen vier Wänden
und dem Wohnort (Skalometer); Verbundenheit mit der Region (nur in
Belgien und Spanien); Verbundenheit mit dem eigenen Land, mit dem
Geburtsland und mit Europa; Entfernung zu Freunden; (nur in der
Schweiz: Häufigkeit des Kontakts mit guten Freunden, Interaktion im
Freundeskreis).

C) Familienleben 1. Partnerschaft: Jahr und Monat des Beginns der
Beziehung; Jahr der Eheschließung; erste Ehe; Familienstand
verheiratet; Partner: Geburtsjahr, Staatsbürgerschaft, höchster
Bildungsabschluss, Erwerbsstatus, mehr als ein Job; derzeitige
Beschäftigung (nur in Frankreich und Deutschland);
Wochenarbeitsstunden; Haupttätigkeit; befristeter oder unbefristeter
Arbeitsvertrag; freie Arbeitszeitwahl; Anzahl der bisherigen
Partnerschaften und Anzahl der Partnerschaften mit gemeinsamem
Haushalt.

2. Kinder, Kinderbetreuung, Enkel, Haushalt und Eltern: Kinderzahl;
Anzahl der Stief-, Pflege-oder Adoptivkinder; alle Kinder leben im
Haushalt; Geburtsjahr der Kinder; eigene Kinder, Stiefkinder,
adoptierte Kinder, Pflegekinder, Kinder von Angehörigen leben im
Haushalt; Grund für die Unterbringung von Kindern außerhalb des
Haushalts; Häufigkeit des Kontakts mit diesen Kindern; Befragter
befindet sich derzeit in Elternzeit; Kinderbetreuung durch
Kindermädchen oder Tagesmutter; Häufigkeit der bezahlten
Kinderbetreuung; Kind besucht einen Kindergarten oder eine
Kinderkrippe; Zeitpunkt der Rückkehr aus der Schule (Stunde und
Minute); Großeltern kümmern sich um die Kinder und Häufigkeit dieser
Betreuung; Großeltern sind verstorben; Kinderbetreuung durch Verwandte
oder Freunde und Häufigkeit dieser Betreuung; Anzahl der Enkel;
Bedeutung beruflicher Gründe für die Entscheidung gegen Kinder; Gründe
für fehlenden Kinderwunsch; geplanter Kinderwunsch in den nächsten 3
Jahren; Eltern, Großeltern und Schwiegereltern leben in unmittelbarer
Nähe.

3. Qualität der Partnerschaft, Arbeitsteilung und Hausarbeit:
Freizeitaktivitäten gemeinsam mit dem Partner; Notwendigkeit des
täglichen persönlichen Kontakts für eine gute Partnerschaft; Besuche
bei Freunden zusammen mit dem Partner; Partner, der sich um die Kinder
kümmert und die Hausarbeit erledigt; bezahlte Haushaltsunterstützung.

D) Arbeit 1. Job Biographie: Jahr des ersten Jobs, Anzahl der
verschiedenen Arbeitgeber; für frühere Jobs wurde gefragt: tägliches
Pendeln von mindestens einer Stunde für einen Arbeitsweg; Teil der
Woche und Teil des Jahres weg von zu Hause; lange Geschäftsreisen;
Fern-Umzug; Umzug in ein anderes Land; Bildungsniveau des Befragten;
derzeitige Universitäts-oder Berufsausbildung.

2. Aktuelle berufliche Situation: Bezahlte Arbeit: Befragte in
Elternzeit wurden gefragt: mehr als ein Job, Anzahl der verschiedenen
Jobs; Arbeitsstunden pro Woche; ein Hauptjob oder mehrere gleichwertige
Jobs; Charakteristika des wichtigsten Jobs: Angestelltenverhältnis oder
selbständige Tätigkeit; Jahr des Jobbeginns; Alter bei Jobbeginn;
privater oder öffentlicher Sektor; Branche; Weisungsbefugnis;
Anweisungen von Dritten, befristeter oder unbefristeter Arbeitsvertrag;
Vertragslaufzeit; Häufigkeit der Arbeit zu Hause; freie Entscheidung
über Beginn und Ende des Arbeitstages (flexible Arbeitszeit);
Unternehmen hat Zweigstellen; Verteilung dieser Zweigstellen (regional,
national, europaweit, weltweit); Angebot eines Ortswechsels innerhalb
des Unternehmens; Annahme dieses Transferangebotes.

3. Aktuelle berufliche Situation von Befragten ohne bezahlte Arbeit:
Beschäftigung; Jahr des Beginns der neuen Beschäftigung .

E) Jobmobilität 1. Tägliche Fernpendler: Arbeitsweg im Zusammenhang
mit dem ersten oder zweiten Job; Entfernung zwischen Wohnung und
Arbeitsplatz; Transportmittel (Anzahl und Art); Beginn des Pendelns
(Jahr und Monat).

Übernachter: Reisen im Zusammenhang mit dem ersten oder zweiten Job,
zusammenhängende Übernachtungstage und -wochen; Mittel und Häufigkeit
der Kommunikation mit dem Partner, Informiertheit über die Fahrzeit
über Fahrpläne; Möglichkeit der freien Einteilung von Dauer und
Häufigkeit des Aufenthalts; wechselnde Arbeitsorte; Unterkunft in der
Nähe des Arbeitsplatzes.

Pendler: Unterkunftsart; Reisedauer vom wichtigsten Haushalt
(Hauptwohnsitz) zur Unterkunft; Transportmittel; Beginn der
Übernachtung.

Personen mit variierender Mobilität: Reiseebene (regional, national,
europaweit oder weltweit); Unterkunftsart; direkte Fahrt von
Arbeitsplatz zu Arbeitsplatz, Häufigkeit der Besuche von Partner und
Kind bei den verschiedenen Arbeitsplätzen, Beginn der gelegentlichen
Reisen (Jahr und Monat).

Fernbeziehungen: Bezug zum ersten oder zweiten Job, gemeinsamer
Haushalt mit dem Partner; Jahr und Monat der Trennung des Haushalts;
Entfernung zwischen den Haushalten; Haushalt des Partners im gleichen
Land; Land des Haushalts des Partners, Mittel und Häufigkeit der
Kommunikation mit dem Partner; wer besucht wen am häufigsten; Anzahl
und Art der genutzten Transportmittel.

Aktuell Umziehende: Bezüglich des letzten beruflichen Umzugs über
mindestens 50 km Entfernung wurde erfragt: Umzug aufgrund des
aktuellen, ehemaligen, ersten oder zweiten Jobs; bereits vorher in der
gleichen Region gelebt; Freunde oder Verwandte waren vor dem Umzug am
neuen Ort; Bedeutung der Pflege von Beziehungen am bisherigen Standort;
gleichzeitiger Umzug des Partners; gleichzeitiger oder späterer Umzug
des Partners; gleichzeitiger oder späterer Umzug der Familie; Dauer bis
zum Nachzug von Partner oder Familie; Mieter oder Eigentümer der
letzten Wohnung; Verkauf, Nutzung oder Vermietung der letzten Wohnung;
Wohnort der letzten Wohnung (NUTS); Überschreiten einer Sprachbarriere
(nur in der Schweiz und Belgien); Nennung des Auswanderungslands und
des Einwanderungslands; Arbeitgeberwechsel als Umzugsgrund; zurück aus
dem Einsatz; ursprüngliche Bleibeabsicht; Rückkehrpläne; Datum der
geplanten Rückkehr (Jahr und Monat).

Umstände der Jobmobilität: Personen, die die Mobilitätsentscheidung
unterstützten bzw. nicht unterstützten; Mobilitätsentscheidung war sehr
schwierig; freie Mobilitätsentscheidung; Befragter würde die
Mobilitätsentscheidung wieder treffen; Dauer der Mobilität war
absehbar; beabsichtigte Verringerung der Mobilität; eigene Bewertung
und wahrgenommene Bewertung der Mobilität durch Dritte; Mobilität als
Notlösung oder dauerhafte Lebensweise; Bewertung der beruflichen
Mobilität als Chance.

Folgen der Jobmobilität: Vorteile der beruflichen Mobilität (einzige
Chance für beide Partner oder den Befragten zu arbeiten,
Karrieremöglichkeiten, größeres Einkommen, Kinder bleiben in vertrauter
Umgebung, Haus behalten, Aufenthalt in der Nähe von Freunden und
Verwandten, Spaß, Unabhängigkeit, mehr intensive Zeit mit dem Partner,
schöne Gegend); Nachteile (Zeitdruck, oft erschöpft, nirgendwo zu
Hause, nicht genug Einsatz bei der Hausarbeit, weniger effizient bei
der Arbeit, Vernachlässigung zwischenmenschlicher Kontakte, hohe
finanzielle Kosten, zu wenig Zeit für den Partner und die Kinder,
weniger Freizeit, schwierig für den Aufbau einer Partnerschaft);
Beurteilung der Unterstützung durch den Arbeitgeber; Art der
Unterstützung durch das Unternehmen (Kommunikationsmittel für den
privaten Gebrauch, Reisekostenerstattung, Übernahme von Umzugskosten
und Extra-Miete, Hilfe bei der Arbeitsplatzsuche für den Partner oder
bei der Suche nach einem Kindergarten oder einer Schule für die Kinder,
Hilfe bei Verwaltungsangelegenheiten); Beurteilung möglicher weiterer
Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten, z.B. Steueranreize oder Unterstützung
durch den Partner; Entwickeln guter Strategien zur Organisation des
eigenen mobilen Lebens und zur Integration am neuen Standort; Reisezeit
als Zeitverschwendung.

F) Work II: Bereitschaft zur Jobmobilität: Wunsch nach einem Job;
Bereitschaft zum Umzug in eine andere Region, in ein fremdes Land, zu
langen Fahrten, Pendeln an Wochenenden und zu häufigen Geschäftsreisen;
frühere Ablehnung einer Arbeitsstelle wegen der Mobilität.

G) Individuelle Merkmale: Einstellung zu Job, Jobmobilität und
Familie: Schwierigkeit im Falle von Arbeitslosigkeit einen
gleichwertigen Arbeitsplatz zu finden; Schwierigkeiten, einen
ordentlichen Job zu finden, Sorgen nicht genug Arbeit zu haben bzw.
Angst vor einem Arbeitsplatzverlust, Mobilität ist notwendig für die
Karriere, Arbeitgeber können Mobilität erwarten, erfolgreichere
Karriere mit weniger anderen Verantwortlichkeiten; Geschlechterrolle:
Männer als Haupternährer und Frauen pflegen Heim und Familie,
Selbst-Charakterisierung: Problemlösungskompetenz, guter
Orientierungssinn beim Lesen von Karten, Zukunftsorientierung oder
Vergangenheitsorientierung (Vorteile der neuen Stelle oder Aufgabe des
aktuellen Lebens, Selbsteinschätzung als familien- oder
karriereorientiert); Job-Unterbrechung bzw. Arbeitszeitreduzierung
länger als ein Jahr wegen der Betreuung von Kindern oder
Familienmitgliedern (Befragter und Partner); Zeit der
Arbeitszeitreduzierung, Kinder und Karriere; Aufschieben des Wunsches
nach weiteren Kindern.

Gesundheit, Stress und Zufriedenheit: Selbsteinschätzung der
Gesundheit; psychische Befindlichkeit: Häufigkeit von Zeitdruck, müde
und erschöpft, energiegeladen, depressiv, ausgeglichen, einsam, Stress
wegen Überlastung, berufliche Situation, Konflikte mit dem Partner,
Sorgen die Kinder betreffend, Grad der Belastung in den letzten drei
Monaten (Skalometer); Zufriedenheit mit: der Verfügbarkeit von
öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln in der Region, der eigenen finanziellen
Situation, der Partnerschaft, im Bezug auf die Kinder, berufliche
Situation, Lebenszufriedenheit (Skalometer).

Demographie: Geschlecht; Sprachkenntnisse; Verfügbarkeit von: Laptop,
Internet-Zugang, Auto oder Motorrad, Autobahn, Bahnhof mit regionalen
Züge, Station mit Hochgeschwindigkeitszügen und Flughafen;
Verwendungshäufigkeit von öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln;
Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Partner mit dem größten Beitrag zum
Haushaltseinkommen.

Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Gewichtungsfaktoren; Indikatoren:
Jobmobilität, Bildung (ISCED), Beruf (ISCO-88), berufliche Stellung
(SIOPS, ISEI), Region (NUTS, LAU); Bundesland, NUTS-Code LAU (Local
Administrative Unit); höchster Bildungsabschluss des Partners und des
Befragten; gruppierte Regionen in 8 Zonen (Frankreich), Big Region der
Schweiz, Gemeindegröße, Gemeindeart (Schweiz); Region, Bildungsniveau;
derzeitiger bzw. letzter Wohnort.

The purpose of this Field Experience document is to chronologically record all of the work necessary to plan for and successfully carry out the first-ever Statewide Principals' Conference on Instructional Leadership. In fact, that was the exact title of the Conference, "THE PRINCIPAL AS THE INSTRUCTIONAL LEADER." The proposal request for the funds for this conference was made to the Illinois State Board of Education through the federal government's Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Title IV, Part C Division. It was that group, after having submitted our request to a Committee of Readers, who approved the request and agreed to allow our Center for Educational Improvement to have the funds. The amount asked for and approved was $20,000. This money, the proposal emphasized, was to be spent totally on resources that would be needed for the conference. It was to be a "bare-bones conference," which meant there was to be no money spent on dinners or entertainment of any type for the attendees. All of the money was to be used to reimburse the speakers and pay for the activities that developed because of the instructional leadership theme of the conference. This accounting and related documentation was the Field Experience of this writer, Dan Mash, Director of the Illinois Center for Educational Improvement (ICEI), who acted in the positions of Chairman of the Planning Committee and Coordinator of this particular conference. It is very important to note that while the Attachments to this paper seem "endless,'' they are a small portion of the actual paperwork needed to accomplish this conference. The need for this conference had become apparent sometime earlier, because, as the Illinois Center for Educational Improvement moved into its third year of operation, it had become increasingly clear that building principals in the region served were inundated with operational problems. All of these nitty-gritty concerns left little or no time for those principals to assume the very necessary and critical role as instructional leaders to the students and particularly to the staffs in their attendance centers. The East Central Region of the Illinois Center for Educational Improvement decided to try to change that priority by making the principals more aware of their roles as instructional leaders. Thus, this Field Experience and this product. This manual is actually a documented description of what was done to meet this much needed priority. The objectives and, if the conference was successful, the outcomes of this conference were as follows: 1. Because of the strength and attractiveness of the conference and the absence of any registration fee, to gather as many principals as possible from all over the state. 2. To stress that principals become aware of and accept the critical importance of their becoming effective in the major roles of instructional leadership. An undertaking of the magnitude and scope of a Statewide Principals' Conference should never be and was not taken lightly. In addition to the amount of people who need necessarily to be involved in the planning and the number of people who have to be part of the input for a conference such as this, there are a myriad of details to carry out. To have speakers of national prominence that you would hope would please a vast majority of those who would be attracted to such a conference, is indeed a job of gigantic proportions. The logistics in arranging the necessary formal business contracts for their appearances and the arrangements for their travel, meals, and lodging are almost mind boggling. The point of attendance attraction is a most important one. In this day and age, it is not enough to speak of our students being satiated with top-flight entertainment from television and the movies. The same is essentially true of the principals. Today, they are not going to be attracted to anything that does not carry the allure and glamour of speakers that have "name recognition" or are known in the education profession as renowned experts. To have a conference that would hopefully attract the numbers that were attracted to this particular one takes a lot of the so-called "star quality" of the presenters. The attraction, also, must assure these sophisticated, potential attendees that there will be a conference that will cover the items that they want covered and will present them with enough quality and depth in the proper amount of time so that they feel that something has been accomplished during the conference. Fortunately for this conference, the evaluations bore out the fact that these goals were achieved by the conference planners and particularly by the Director/Coordinator and his staff. It is important that this good effort continue. Therefore, this Center's recommendation for next Fiscal Year, 1982, if federal funds allow, will be to undertake the task of developing an Inservice Conference. This presently dreamed of conference is the result of the evaluations of the Principals' Conference as one that would lend itself to the methods and process of inservicing staff, a natural and logical follow up to the principal who is an instructional leader. It is no secret that with reduced district budgets, teachers today are remaining longer in one, usually their original, district. Statistics show that there is very little mobility among teachers today. In addition, Reduction in Force is resulting in those with seniority remaining on teaching staffs while those who are newer teachers are being cut. The teachers who remain need to be constantly retrained, reinvigorated and reinforced in their teaching skills, their teaching methodology, and their effectiveness as teachers. The conference that we will recommend we have in the fall of 1981 will be on the process of inservice for staff development. It will not be our intention to go into any cognitive learning areas. It will only be to stress process so that administrators such as superintendents, assistant superintendents, principals, curriculum directors, staff development directors, and others with similar administrative responsibilities will be able to know better how to plan and structure more effective inservicing of their staff. This constant reteaching by districts and nonpublic schools must be instigated, reinforced and continued if education as we know it, or perhaps would hope that it would be, is to continue serving the children of our country in the face of the adversities that are mounting toward education and educators today.

"Coaching is the universal language of learning, development and change." style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /> style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" />Imagine a workplace without fear, stress or worry. Instead, you're acknowledged as a valued, contributing team player who doesn't sacrifice priorities, values, happiness or your life for your job. Sound ludicrous' Consider this is a reality in many thriving organizations. style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /> style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" />Most leadership books don't apply to sales leadership. Sales leaders are uniquely and indispensably special and need to be coached in a way that's aligned with their role, core competencies, and individuality to achieve their personal goals and company objectives. style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /> style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" />What if you can successfully coach anyone in 15, 5 or even 60 seconds using one question'>'Sales Leadership makes delivering consistent, high-impact coaching easy. For busy, caring managers, this removes the pressure and misconception that, "Coaching is difficult, doesn't work, and I don't have time to coach." style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: underline;" /> style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: underline;" />Since most managers don't know how to coach, they become part of the non-stop, problem-solving legion of frustrated Chief Problem Solvers who habitually do other's work, create dependency and nourish the seed of mediocrity. style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: underline;" /> style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: underline;" />Great business leaders shift from doing people's job to developing them by learning the language of leadership - coaching. style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: underline;" /> style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: underline;" />In its powerful simplicity, Sales Leadership delivers a chronological path to develop a thriving coaching culture and into a coaching leader who develops top performing teams and sales champions. style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: underline;" /> style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: underline;" />Using Keith's intuitive'LEADS Coaching Framework, 'the coaching talk tracks for critical conversations, and his Enrollment strategy to create loyal, unified teams - you will inspire immediate change. Now, coaching is easily woven into your daily conversations and rhythm of business so that it becomes a natural, healthy habit. style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: underline;" /> style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: underline;" />In his award-winning book, 'Coaching Salespeople Into Sales Champions>, Keith was the first Master Certified Coach to share his person.

?This volume is the most comprehensive reference book on community sentiment available. The classic book about community sentiment is Norm Finkel's 'Commonsense Justice: Jurors' Notions of the Law' (1995). A similarly influential book called 'Justice, Liability, and Blame' was published at the same time, examining lay sentiment about a variety of criminal issues and suggesting ways in which the substantive criminal law could be reformed in light of such lay responses (Robinson Darley, 1995). Although these books were influential and important for their time (and since), this Handbook expands significantly on them, both by updating research since that time and broadens the scope of topic areas to ones that are not limited to trial and criminal justice issues. Each chapter is original/unpublished and focuses on an area related to children/families, many of which are 'hot topic' areas in the news and courts today. For instance, the U.S. Supreme Court decided a case in June 2012 about the constitutionality of 'life without parole' for juvenile offenders-a topic discussed in the Fass and Miora chapter. Thus, it is of interest to those interested in family law topics as well.? Monica Miller, J.D., Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of the Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Social Psychology and also the department of Criminal Justice at the University of Nevada, Reno. She is also affiliated with the Grant Sawyer Center for Justice Studies and the Women's Studies program at UNR. Monica has written two books (most recently 'God in the Courtroom' which was published by Oxford University Press in 2009), has edited two books (most recently 'Stress and Wellbeing in the Courtroom,' expected in 2012 from Oxford University Press), and has published dozens of articles, many on topics related to this book. Together with Jared Chamberlain, she is currently editing a book for Oxford University Press called 'Developmental psychology, law, and the wellbeing of children.' The volume focuses on the developmental issues related to legal actions affecting children. Monica is co-editor of the Psychology and Crime book series published by New York University Press and is on the editorial board of the journal Psychology, Crime, and Law. Jeremy A. Blumenthal, J.D., Ph.D., is Professor of Law at Syracuse University College of Law. He is Affiliate Faculty in the Psychology Department at Syracuse University and a Research Associate at the Maxwell School of Public Policy. Blumenthal is an editor of the treatise Modern Scientific Evidence, and has published widely in legal and psychological journals on a variety of topics, a number of which examine public perceptions and community sentiment. Jared Chamberlain, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the Clinical Psychology Graduate Program at the Arizona School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, Phoenix. Jared has published several articles in the area of psychology and the law and has extensive experience editing graduate level work (e.g., dissertations and manuscripts). Together with Monica Miller, Jared is currently editing a book for Oxford University press called 'Developmental psychology, law, and the wellbeing of children.' The volume focuses on the developmental issues related to legal actions affecting children.

During a pandemic, resilience must be considered not only as an attribute of the health care system, but also of the surrounding research environment. To provide reliable evidence-based advice from university medicine to health policy and decision makers, scientific evidence must be generated, synthesized and communicated in a rapid, integrative and multidisciplinary manner. The resilience of public health systems and the health research systems are thus closely linked. However, the response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Germany was hampered by the lack of an adequate health research infrastructure. The Network University Medicine (NUM) was founded at the beginning of the pandemic with the aim of preparing Germany for future pandemics. The aim of the project "PREparedness and PAndemic REsponse in Deutschland (PREPARED)" is to develop a holistic concept for a cooperative, adaptable and sustainable health research infrastructure within the NUM and thus contribute to pandemic preparedness and rapid response.
The proposed concept for a health research infrastructure includes four core and three supporting functionalities in four different fields of action. The functionalities aim to ensure efficient functioning within the health research system and a rapid translation to other systems in future health crises. The four fields of action are (a) monitoring and surveillance, (b) synthesis and transfer, (c) coordination and organization, and (d) capacities and resources. The seven functionalities include 1) a monitoring and surveillance unit, 2) a pathogen competence platform, 3) evidence synthesis and trustworthy recommendations, 4) a regional networking and implementation unit, 5) a strategic communication unit, 6) human resources management, and 7) a rapid reaction and the response (R3)-cockpit. A governance will be established as a control and regulatory system for all structures and processes, testing agile management in non-pandemic times to improve responsiveness and flexibility and to investigate the suitability of the methods for scientific pandemic preparedness. The establishment of the PREPARED health research infrastructure must take place before the next pandemic, as training and regular stress tests are its fundamental prerequisites.

Während einer Pandemie muss Resilienz nicht nur als Eigenschaft des Gesundheitssystems, sondern auch des umgebenden Forschungsumfelds betrachtet werden. Um verlässliche, evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen aus der Universitätsmedizin an die Gesundheitspolitik und die Entscheidungsträger bereitstellen zu können, müssen wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse schnell, integrativ und multidisziplinär generiert, synthetisiert und kommuniziert werden. Die Resilienz der öffentlichen Gesundheitssysteme und der Gesundheitsforschungssysteme sind somit eng verknüpft. Die Reaktion auf die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie in Deutschland wurde jedoch durch das Fehlen einer adäquat vernetzten Gesundheitsforschungsinfrastruktur erschwert. Das Netzwerk Universitätsmedizin (NUM) wurde zu Beginn der Pandemie mit dem Ziel gegründet, Deutschland auf zukünftige Pandemien vorzubereiten. Ziel des Projektes "PREparedness and PAndemic REsponse in Deutschland (PREPARED)" ist es, ein ganzheitliches Konzept für eine kooperative, adaptierbare und nachhaltige Gesundheitsforschungsinfrastruktur innerhalb des NUM zu entwickeln und damit einen Beitrag zu einer umfassenden Pandemiebereitschaft zu leisten.
Das vorgeschlagene Konzept der Gesundheitsforschungsinfrastruktur vereint vier Kern- und drei Unterstützungsfunktionalitäten in vier verschiedenen Handlungsfeldern. Die Funktionalitäten gewährleisten im Falle zukünftiger Gesundheitskrisen ein effizientes Funktionieren des Gesundheitsforschungssystems und eine rasche Übertragung entsprechender Implikationen in andere Systeme. Die vier Handlungsfelder sind (a) Monitoring und Surveillance, (b) Synthese und Transfer, (c) Koordination und Organisation sowie (d) Kapazitäten und Ressourcen. Die sieben Funktionalitäten umfassen 1) eine Monitoring- und Surveillance-Einheit, 2) eine Pathogenkompetenz-Plattform, 3) Evidenzsynthese und vertrauenswürdige Empfehlungen, 4) eine Einheit zur regionalen Vernetzung und Implementierung, 5) eine Strategische Kommunikationseinheit, 6) Human Resources Management und 7) ein Rapid Reaction & Response (R3)-Cockpit. Die Governance wird als Kontroll- und Regulierungssystem eingerichtet, wobei agile Management-Methoden in interpandemischen Phasen trainiert werden, um die Reaktionsfähigkeit zu verbessern sowie die Eignung agiler Methoden für die wissenschaftliche Infrastruktur für die Pandemiebereitschaft zu untersuchen. Der Aufbau der PREPARED-Forschungsinfrastruktur muss vor der nächsten Pandemie erfolgen, da Training und regelmäßige Stresstests grundlegende Voraussetzungen für deren Funktionieren sind.

Purpose: The purpose of the presented study was to develop a set of recommendations for decision-makers (policymakers and public managers) and public employees to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of organisational elements in the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in public institutions. Design/methodology/approach: Utilising a systematic literature review following the PRISMA protocol, the study examines the organisational enablers of AI adoption in public institutions. Comprehensive search queries in the Scopus database identified relevant literature focusing on the intersection of AI technologies and various organisational elements. The analysis was facilitated by NVivo 12, enabling a structured examination of key organisational facets for people, culture, structure, processes, and technology within public institutions. Findings: Previous studies on AI adoption in public institutions identified numerous enablers of AI adoption associated with organisational elements like people/employees, structure, culture, technology, and processes. Several surveys and case studies stress the importance of concentrating on the introduction or transformation of these organisational elements prior to or concurrently with the adoption of AI. Academic contribution to the field: By applying a systematic literature review protocol, the study represents the first holistic and systematic review of specific organisational elements that can serve as enablers of AI adoption in public institutions. Research limitations/implications: This systematic literature review was subject to several limitations. Firstly, the division of AI literature between natural and social sciences, with the former focusing on technical aspects and the latter on broader organisational themes, may have resulted in an incomplete depiction of the intersection of AI and organisational change. Secondly, despite the broad search queries, inherent limitations of keyword-based searches may have excluded some relevant studies. Thirdly, considering the rapid evolution of AI technology, our review may not fully encapsulate the very latest developments in the field as it covers literature published until May 2023. Finally, the interpretation and coding of literature, despite the use of NVivo 12, involved subjective elements that could affect the study's outcomes. Practical implications: Drawing from experiences in the private sector, public institutions are increasingly adopting AI technologies across various subsectors such as public finance (taxation), research, healthcare, law enforcement, defence, education. This requires a transformation in both hard (structure, processes etc.) and soft aspects (people, organisational culture etc.). Therefore, the enablers identified in the study can serve as guidelines for decision-makers and implementers of AI at all levels of public institutions. Social implications: If adopted effectively and efficiently and used professionally and ethically, the use of AI in public institutions can bring many benefits to society, such as transparency, justice, cost and time efficiency, high quality services, and improved collaboration between different stakeholders in society. Originality/significance/value: Our study makes a distinct contribution by shifting the focus from technological barriers to organisational enablers of AI adoption in public institutions. It bridges a critical gap in the literature by integrating both technical and social science perspectives, providing valuable insights for theory and practice in the fields of organisation and management.

Partindo da ideia de que a docência pode não ser uma escolha natural, mas sim o caminho encontrado pelos professores para conseguir ou manter uma posição no mercado de trabalho, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar a relação entre o perfil socioeconômico de professores que trabalham na rede pública ou rede privada na cidade de São Paulo e a escolha pela trajetória profissional. Com vistas a responder tal objetivo, os conceitos de Pierre Bourdieu direcionam nossa análise. Como hipótese, trabalhamos com a ideia de que o volume de capitais e disposições incorporadas ao habitus, proveniente dos variados campos sociais, orienta a trajetória e a posição que cada professor pode ocupar no campo profissional e, ainda, regular a hierarquia das posições no campo profissional pela desigual distribuição dos capitais. Como metodologia, por se tratar de uma pesquisa qualitativa com delineamento descritivo, optou-se pelo uso de questionário socioeconômico e escala de estresse no trabalho, utilizando como técnica para interpretação dos dados o método de análise de conteúdo, proposto por Laurence Bardin. Quanto à escolha dos sujeitos, pretende-se analisar o perfil socioeconômico de 12 professores da rede privada, 12 professores da rede estadual e 12 professores da rede municipal. Os resultados indicam que os docentes da rede privada possuem um perfil socioeconômico que difere dos professores da rede pública. Por fim, os conceitos de Bourdieu permitiram compreender que os professores da rede privada possuem um volume de capital herdado e disposições incorporadas ao habitus capaz de determinar a mecânica do campo profissional.
Palavras-chave: Perfil Socioeconômico. Formação Profissional. Retorno Econômico.
Abstract
Starting from the idea that teaching may not be a natural choice, but rather the path found by teachers to achieve or maintain a position in the labor market, the objective of this article is to analyze the relation between the socioeconomic profile of teachers who work in the public or private network in the city of São Paulo and their choice of professional trajectory. In order to answer this objective, Pierre Bourdieu's concepts direct our analysis. As a hypothesis, we work with the idea that the volume of capitals and dispositions incorporated into the habitus, coming from the various social fields, guides the trajectory and the position that each teacher can occupy in the professional field, and also regulates the hierarchy of positions in the professional field through the unequal distribution of capitals. As methodology, because it is a qualitative research with descriptive design, we chose to use socioeconomic questionnaire and work stress scale, using the content analysis method proposed by Laurence Bardin as technique for data interpretation. As for the choice of subjects, we intend to analyze the socioeconomic profile of 12 private network teachers, 12 state network teachers and 12 municipal network teachers. The results indicate that teachers from the private network have a socioeconomic profile that differs from teachers from the public network. Finally, Bourdieu's concepts made it possible to understand that private school teachers possess a volume of inherited capital and dispositions incorporated into the habitus capable of determining the mechanics of the professional field.
Keywords: Socioeconomic Profile. Professional Training. Economic Return.

The relevance of the article is due to the definition of aspects of community resilience during the war period. Since the full-scale invasion of Russian troops, volunteer activities in Ukrainian communities have increased. The growth of people's resistance was one of the reasons for the creation of new volunteer groups, strengthening the activities of charitable structures of the informal sector. The change in motivational features of the active part of the population of communities in de-occupied territories contributed to the mass volunteering and the initiative to create and provide various volunteer services. The purpose of this article is to explore the peculiarities of the formation of social cohesion, resilience and the increase in social capital in the context of community volunteer group's activities. Novelty is the presentation and analysis of the results of a questionnaire survey of a volunteer group of one of the communities in the Kyiv region. The results of the survey were analyzed, which became the basis for determining the resiliency and opportunities for increasing social capital in the Nemishayeve settlement territorial community. The survey was conducted in late January and early February 2023, with 63 respondents. The article uses the authors' own experience in volunteering in this volunteer group. The reasons for the creation of the group are substantiated, and the study determines its importance for rallying the population, the formation of trust in volunteer entities through the systematic submission of transparent report filings and the presence of constant feedback from individual units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which are directly assisted by the volunteers of the group. This includes, in particular, weaving camouflage nets, making instant food kits, sewing camouflage suits, making dugout candles and mini-stoves, collecting donations for the purchase of off-road vehicles, medicines and hygiene products, etc. The features of the group's activities since its inception in June 2022 until today have been determined. Attention is focused on the use of existing and formation of new resources of community's social capital, the importance of logistics chains, social ties between the existing entities of the informal sector both within the community and beyond. The probable reasons for the decrease in volunteer activity in the grouping have been determined and the directions for improving the activity of the volunteer group have been proposed, which will contribute to strengthening its resilience, increasing volunteer activity. Conclusions on the effectiveness of the group are drawn, new approaches and opportunities are proposed to improve the organizational component by improving the professional level of volunteer management and transition to institutional form. The intensification of volunteer activities in the community is influenced by transformational changes in terms of greater involvement of young people, which at the same time contributes to strengthening the process of their social integration. In turn, the presence of stress-resistant entities of the informal sector in communities with their powerful social capital is one of the weighty priorities in increasing the capacity of territorial communities, forming the space of public trust and rapid reconstruction of Ukraine in the post-war period.