Suchergebnisse

Half of the European Union (EU) land and the livelihood of 10 million farmers is threatened by unsustainable land-use intensification, land abandonment and climate change. Policy instruments, including the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) have so far failed to stop this environmental degradation. BESTMAP will: 1) Develop a behavioural theoretical modelling framework to take into account complexity of farmers' decision-making; 2) Develop, adapt and customize a suite of opensource, flexible, interoperable and customisable computer models linked to existing data e.g. LPIS/IACS and remote sensing e.g. Sentinel-2; 3) Link economic, individual-farm agent-based, biophysical ecosystem services and biodiversity and geostatistical socio-economic models; 4) Produce a simple-to-use dashboard to compare scenarios of Agri-Environmental Schemes adoption; 5) Improve the effectiveness of future EU rural policies' design, monitoring and implementation.

The policies that shape early childhood education and care (ECEC) in Australia are formulated within overlapping national and international contexts. Globalisation, the development of international law and the spread of electronic communication technologies all play a role in the rapid diffusion of ideas and practices to the broader policy community surrounding ECEC internationally. In recent decades ECEC has grown as a component of the in-kind service provision of all Western welfare states (Meyers & Gornick 2003). Women's rising labour force participation and government policies mandating 'workfare' rather than 'welfare' are important reasons for this. So, too, are ideas about the significance of the early years for the intellectual, social and emotional development of children. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), ' … the education and care of young children is shifting from the private to the public domain, with much attention to the complementary roles of family and early childhood education and care institutions in young children's early development and learning' (OECD 2000, p. 9). This chapter provides an overview of the domestic ('home') and international ('away') contexts surrounding Australian child care and early education policy. The broad argument is that there is a lack of fit between the emerging international agenda around ECEC which is increasingly child-focused and the Australian Government's adult-centred, instrumentalist approach to ECEC which sees it as a service linked primarily to supporting workforce participation. The chapter begins with an overview of international developments and moves on to discuss the domestic policy framework established by the Coalition government since 1996.

PurposeThe purpose of the article is to analyze the contradictory trends in the development of the modern world economic system. The relevance of the topic is due to the multifaceted and ambiguous nature of regionalization, glocalization and fragmentation tendencies formed as the most important trends in the crisis of globalism.Design/methodology/approachBased on the classical methods of historical and functional analysis, system approach and comparative studies, the authors realized the research potential of modern methodological tools, alternative forecasting methods and comparative modeling, as well as special methods of economic globalistics and global political economy. Heuristic possibilities of the methodological–theoretical concept of glocalization of international economic relations are used.FindingsNew directions and opportunities for attaining regional and global geo-economic leadership are revealed and demonstrated. It is justified that glocalization does not lead to economic isolation in previously known historical forms but to priority realization of the interests of local economic entities included in the processes of globalization and subordinated to its patterns. Glocalization causes an increase in the role of local factors in the global development of the society, in particular of the global economy.Originality/valueIt is established that the so-called equilibrium zones (enjoying the advantages of an intermediary role in the interrelationships of large areas of the world economy, which are headed by geo-economic leaders) possess the potential for novelty in the dynamics of a globalizing economy. The article predicts the formation of a multidimensional and multilevel geo-economic multipolarity due to the reshaping of the global system of leadership in the world economy and due to the contradictory competitive relationships of its main centers.

The European debt crisis has brought about permanent changes in the Eurozone (EZ). The no-bailout rule was - de facto - removed, new institutions such as the ESM and the banking union were designed and partially implemented, new monitoring and surveillance schemes, such as the macroeconomic imbalance procedure, were introduced. In this way, the functioning of the EZ has been irreversibly transformed. Now, as a consequence of the Covid-19 pandemic, a new - even more devastating - crisis has hit the EU. In response to this crisis, it is taking place a substantive - if not also formal - infringement of well-established principles such as those preventing the ECB from monetizing government deficits and the EU from acting as a transfer union with a common debt. The latter development was made possible by German Chancellor Angela Merkel's abandonment of her reiterated opposition to substantial intercountry transfers and any form of debt mutualization. This turnaround was motivated by the exceptional circumstances due to the pandemic and was presented by the German Chancellor as a one-off policy change. The risk that Italy's fragile financial, economic and political situation, exacerbated by the current crisis, could destabilize the entire EZ in the absence of sizeable external assistance was probably one of the main determinants of the German government's policy shift. We argue that, although this shift is sufficient to prevent Italy from plunging into a major financial and political crisis in the short term, thus buying time, it is far from sure that it will be sufficient to drive Italy into a sustainable and satisfactory growth path, so as to avoid that in the longer term it will be in need of further financial support from EU institutions and member states. Hence, the latter may again face the dilemma of whether to provide financial assistance to the EZ most vulnerable countries, thus making permanent what was supposed to be temporary, or exposing the EZ to a possible implosion.

pt. 1. Introduction to the volume -- pt. 2. Dynamics of contention and collective mobilization in planning conflicts -- pt. 3. Knowledge, power and hegemony : exploring the governmentality of planning conflicts -- pt. 4. Interpretive policy analysis and deliberative approaches to planning conflicts.

Pakistan is now widely regarded as a successful case of
movement toward self-sustaining economic growth. If one lets it become
known that he has spent some time in Pakistan, other economists
immediately want to know: What happened? What were the "real" causes? Is
the success a mirage? How long will it last? An attitude of enthusiasm
is a sharp contrast to the air of pessimism that prevailed as recently
as two years ago. The notes here are not an attempt to establish what
has happened to Pakistan's economy, or why it happened now and not five
years ago. The aim is much more modest, but may have some bearing on the
larger question. My primary interest is in examining certain aspects of
government policy in general and fiscal policy in particular, excluding
policy on government expenditures. I shall not be concerned with Plan
allocations and government outlays. In the macroeconomic framework of
Pakistan's plans, present investment is the only determinant of future
output. The problem of "mobilizing" resources is one of finding offsets
to investment expenditure from either domestic or foreign sources. The
Third Plan states [16, p. 20] that "the main task in the Perspective
Plan will be to institutionalise the growth process and to finance it
increasingly from domestic resources." The "domestic resources" with
which the Plan is primarily concerned are domestic saving (to offset
investment) and exports (to pay for imports). A related variable not
treated in the discussion of the Perspective Plan is taxation, which is
necessary to offset government expenditure on current and capital
account. In order to reduce and eventually eliminate foreign assistance,
while maintaining or increasing the proportion of income invested,
domestic saving must increase more rapidly than investment, taxation
must increase more rapidly th?a government current and capital
expenditures, and exports must increase mote rapidly than imports, since
foreign assistance now offsets a large proportion of investment,
government expenditure, and imports.

Machine generated contents note:1.Introduction: Theory formation at the intersection of international relations and European integration studies --1.1.A brief history of the EU's external relations --1.2.Approaches within the field of international relations --1.3.European integration theories --1.4.Conclusion --Suggestions for further reading --2.Foreign policy theories and the external relations of the European Union Factors and actors --2.1.The study of foreign policy --2.2.The EU as an actor in the world: internal power and external power --2.3.Conclusion --Suggestions for further reading --3.The European Union's trade policy --3.1.The EU as a power factor (and actor) in international relations --3.1.1.The remarkable renaissance of the superpower thesis --3.1.2.The proliferation of adjectives: power as a grab bag --3.2.EU trade policy --3.2.1.The EU as a trading state and as an external power: who are the principals and who are the agents? --3.2.2.The partnership between the European Commission and European business: commercial internationalism explained --3.3.Case study I: the TTIP as a source of (trans)national conflict --3.4.Case study II: the Common Agricultural Policy and the Janus face of the EU --3.5.Conclusion --Suggestions for further reading --4.Decolonisation and enlargement: the European Union's development policy --4.1.A brief history of the EU's development policy --4.2.The most important characteristics of EU development policy since the Cotonou Treaty (2000) --4.2.1.The development of development theory: from hope to nihilism? --4.2.2.Trade and aid: Two sides of the same coin? --4.3.EU actorness and the position of development policy in EU external relations: challenges or contradictions? --4.4.Conclusion --Suggestions for further reading --5.The end of the Cold War, the enlargement strategy, and the European Union's Neighbourhood Policy --5.1.Deepening or widening, enlargement and disintegration? --5.1.1.Previous enlargement rounds and the dynamics of deeper integration --5.1.2.Big bang enlargement in comparative perspective --5.2.The EU as transformative power? --5.3.Beyond big bang enlargement: dilemmas of a larger Europe --5.3.1.Enlargement and Euroscepticism: incompatible quantities? --5.3.2.Beyond conditionality: the spectre of populism --5.3.3.Enlargement as security strategy: the EU and the Western Balkans --5.4.The new neighbours as friends: the Neighbourhood Policy --5.5.Conclusion --Suggestions for further reading --6.Internal-external: Security in a liberal and multipolar world order --6.1.European integration and Atlantic security during the Cold War --6.2.The trans-Atlantic impasse: EU-US relations after the Cold War --6.2.1.Hegemonic stability under fire --6.2.2.Towards a post-American Europe? --6.3.New security threats and old reflexes --6.4.European security and defence policy --6.4.1.A brief history of the CSDP --6.4.2.The Global Strategy of the European Union and the CSDP --6.4.3.Factors and actors --6.5.Towards a multipolar world? Changing power relations in the international system --6.6.Conclusion --Suggestions for further reading.

ABSTRACTThis article examines two narratives on the subject of child undernutrition in India espoused by competing sides of the policy elite. It argues that undertaking narrative policy analysis in a structured fashion helps to elucidate a clearer sense of the underlying positions within this important area of development discourse. India's high rates of child undernutrition have become a battleground of positions on the country's growth trajectory, revealing of the wider assumptions, ideologies and manifestations of power of the various actors espousing particular positions. Recent debates have brought into focus not only the contestation of various causalities and remedies, but also the politics of measurement, data and their interpretation. The results of this analysis are relevant elsewhere in their illumination of the politically public nature of technocratic debates on nutrition and the way in which this public discourse extends beyond the immediate topic to wider ideological divisions and assumptions on growth, equity and recent history.

This work focuses on bureaucracy and bureaucratic politics in developing and industrialized countries. It emphasizes administrative performance and policy implementation, as well as political system maintenance and regime enhancement. This second edition contains 20 new chapters and 76 essays

THE 1950S AND 1960S WITNESSED A RAPID GROWTH OF PUBLIC MEASURES ALL OVER THE WESTERN WORLD. GOVERNMENT PROGRAMMES, DESIGNED TO CURE SOCIAL EVILS AND TRIGGER OFF BENEFICIAL CHANGE, WERE INTRODUCED IN ALL SECTORS OF SOCIETY. A GROWING ROLE FOR SOCIAL AND POLICY RESEARCH WAS PART AND PARCEL OF THIS DEVELOPMENT: FUNDING FOR SUCH ACTIVITIES WAS FORTHCOMING ON A SCALE PREVIOUSLY UNHEARD OF.