Suchergebnisse

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development announced on April 8, 1959, a loan equivalent to $25 million to India for the Koyna hydro-electric power project inthe State of Bombay. This loan was expected to cover most of the foreign exchange requirements of the total cost of the first stage of the project, estimated at the equivalentof $118 million. It was for a term of 25 years and bore interest of 5¾ percent, including the I percent commission allocated to the Bank's Special Reserve. Amortization was to begin in May 1965.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development on March 1, 1958, announced a loan equivalent to $75 million to the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, a governmental agency for industry, agriculture, and electric power development in southern Italy. The loan, in which more than twenty financial institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany, the United States, and Canada participated, was for a term of twenty years and bore interest of 5½ percent, including the 1 percent commission allocated to the Bank's Special Reserve. Amortization on the loan, which was guaranteed by the Republic of Italy, was to begin on February 15, 1961.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development made twelve loans to seven countries during the period under review. On June 26, 1957, it loaned an equivalent of $4.8 million to the trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi for improvement of transport. The loan, guaranteed by Belgium, was for a term of twenty years and bore interest of 5⅝ percent, including the 1 percent commission allocated to the Bank's Special Reserve. Amortization payments were to begin January 15, 1961. The Belgian-American Banking Corporation, without the Bank's guarantee, participated in the loan to the extent of $359,000.

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit den konventionellen und unkonventionellen Formen der politischen Beteiligung im internationalen Vergleich. Zunächst wird ein theoretischer Überblick über die Definition und die Formen politischer Partizipation gegeben. In Trendstudien wird der veränderte Modus von konventioneller zu unkonventioneller Beteiligung sowie das niedrige politische Beteiligungsmuster in den ehemaligen kommunistischen Ländern Europas hervorgehoben. Zudem beteiligen sich verschiedene sozio-demographische Gruppen politisch unterschiedlich. Der empirische Teil dieser Arbeit soll einen besseren Überblick über die konventionellen und unkonventionellen Formen der Beteiligung im Ländervergleich schaffen. Des Weiteren werden mehrere unkonventionelle Formen der Beteiligung verschiedener sozio-demographischer Gruppen im Zeitvergleich untersucht. Darüber hinaus werden Effekte des Alters, des Geschlechts und der Bildung auf die konventionelle und unkonventionelle Beteiligung in mehreren Ländern Europas betrachtet. Es konnte beobachtet werden, dass die Online-Partizipation im Zeitvergleich über alle Länder hinweg zugenommen hat und die konventionelle und unkonventionelle Beteiligung in fast allen Ländern im Norden und Westen Europas hoch und eher homogen ist. In den meisten Ländern Osteuropas ist die politische Beteiligung niedriger und eher heterogener als in Nord- und Westeuropa. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Alter und politischer Partizipation ist fast überall linear. Jüngere Personen beteiligen sich politisch eher im unkonventionellen Sinn. Ältere Personen wählen eher konventionelle Formen, um sich politisch zu beteiligen. In nahezu allen Ländern Osteuropas ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Geschlecht und politischer Beteiligung stärker. Ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen Bildung und politischer Partizipation wurde in beinahe allen Ländern Europas erkannt. ; This master thesis deals with conventional and unconventional forms of political participation in several European countries. First, a theoretical overview of the definition and forms of political participation is given. Previous trend studies have emphasized a change from conventional to unconventional participation and low levels of political participation in the former communist countries of Europe. Furthermore, different sociodemographic groups participate in different political ways. The empirical part of this thesis aims to provide a better overview of conventional and unconventional forms of political participation in country comparison. In addition, various unconventional forms of participation of different sociodemographic groups will be investigated in a time comparison. Furthermore, effects of age, gender and education on conventional and unconventional participation are considered in several European countries. It could be observed that online participation has increased over time across all countries and that conventional and unconventional participation is high and rather homogeneous in almost all countries in Northern and Western Europe. In most countries in Eastern Europe, political participation is lower and rather heterogenous than in Northern and Western Europe. The relationship between age and political participation is linear almost everywhere. Younger people tend to participate politically in an unconventional way. Older people choose conventional forms of political participation. In almost all countries in Eastern Europe, the relationship between gender and political participation is stronger. A positive relationship between education and political participation was identified in all European countries. ; Anja Rainer, BA ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2020 ; (VLID)5698428