Suchergebnisse

'Es gibt einige neue Versuche, die Kluft zwischen quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden in den Sozialwissenschaften zu überbrücken (vgl. auch Berg-Schlosser & Quenter 1996). Dieser Beitrag illustriert und testet einerseits ausschließlich einige dieser Methoden wie etwa Regressions-, Cluster- oder Diskriminanzanalyse und andererseits neuere Fall- und Diversität-orientierte Methoden wie QCA, MultiValue QCA (MVQCA) und Fuzzy-Set QCA (fs/ QCA). Dazu werden Daten genutzt, um Lipsets Theorie der sozio-ökonomischen 'Anforderungen' von Demokratie auf der Basis von 18 Fällen in Europa in der Zeit zwischen den Kriegen zu testen. Dadurch werden die spezifischen Stärken und Schwächen der jeweiligen Methoden gezeigt.' (Autorenreferat)

'Häufig wird die mangelnde Integration von Jugendlichen in Vereinen und Verbänden beklagt und mit Sorgen um das politische Interesse und die politische Beteiligung von Jugendlichen verbunden. In Anbetracht der Sorge über den Rückgang des Sozialkapitals und der deshalb befürchteten Konsequenzen für die politische Partizipation untersucht dieser Artikel anhand der Daten des European Value Survey (1999/ 2000), inwiefern westeuropäische Jugendliche im Alter zwischen 18 und 25 Jahren Sozialvermögen im Sinne von Mitgliedschaften in formellen Organisationen und informellen Netzwerken haben, ob Jugendliche tatsächlich politikverdrossen sind, und ob bzw. wie dies mit einem möglicherweise fehlenden Sozialvermögen in Zusammenhang steht.' (Autorenreferat)

ZUMA beteiligt sich seit langem an der öffentlichen Diskussion über die Qualität der Umfrageforschung in Deutschland, so durch verschiedene Symposien. Dringlich wurde diese Diskussion deshalb, weil heutzutage in Deutschland auch qualitätsorientierte Umfragen faktisch kaum eine Ausschöpfungsquote von mehr als 50% erzielen. Die oft genannten Gründe für das Absinken der Ausschöpfungsquote - wie schwierigere Erreichbarkeit von Zielpersonen (z.B. aufgrund steigender Frauenerwerbsquoten, der Zunahme von Einpersonenhaushalten u.a.) oder ein verschlechtertes 'Umfrageklima' - können die schlechten Ausschöpfungsresultate nur bedingt erklären. Tatsache ist auch, dass in anderen europäischen Ländern wie Dänemark oder Schweden auch streng kontrollierte Erhebungen Ausschöpfungsquoten jenseits der 60%-Marke erreichen. Wenn also weder die unwilligen Bürger (Survey Climate) noch die verbesserten Kontrollen (wie z.B. bei den im ALLBUS eingesetzten Registerstichproben) hinreichende Gründe für die schlechten Ausschöpfungsergebnisse in Deutschland sind, müssen andere Gründe vorliegen. Die Erfahrungen der Autoren mit dem ALLBUS und anderen Studien deuten hier als Erklärung auf die Form des Produktionsprozesses der Umfrageforschung selbst als einem zentralen, bislang vernachlässigten Faktor hin. (ICA2)

Reform of the Croatian legal system and the adjustment of its legislation to EU law is one of the main conditions for the Republic of Croatia to be able to join the Union. This paper analyses the existing requirements for gender equality inside the EU, the current situation in the applicant countries and the existing problems and challenges for states that are only on the way towards European integration. In the Republic of Croatia gender equality is not guaranteed to a sufficient
extent, which has resulted in negative public reactions from NGOs and organisations for the protection of human rights and the rights of women. In addition, individuals are exposed everyday to various forms of sexual harassment in the workplace, in schools, universities and public places. So far, except at the constitutional level, no kind of legal approach has been adopted to guarantee gender equality or freedom of sexual orientation, which is an obligation of Croatia according to international treaties and the SAA.

'Beobachter der Sozialpolitik sind sich weitgehend einig darüber, dass die europäischen Sozialstaaten mit einer Reihe von neuen Problemen fertig werden müssen. Bei unterschiedlicher Akzentuierung des genauen Reformbedarfs und der genau einzuschlagenden Reformrichtung besteht jenseits politischer Lagerbildungen doch weitgehender Konsens bezüglich der folgenden Punkte: (1) Der Übergang von der Industriegesellschaft zur postindustriellen Gesellschaft bringt neue und veränderte Bedarfslagen mit sich, so dass eine Neuausrichtung des Sozialstaats weg von der Konzentration auf inzwischen recht gut gelöste Probleme und hin zur Inangriffnahme neuer ungelöster Probleme erforderlich ist. Zu dieser Neuorientierung gehört eine Umschichtung von Renten zu Kinder-/Familienleistungen, insbesondere die Versorgung mit Kinderbetreuungseinrichtungen und Ganztagsschulen, welche den Familien die Bewältigung der Doppelaufgabe von Berufstätigkeit und Kindererziehung erleichtert; darüber hinaus zählt dazu innerhalb der Zielgruppe der Altenbevölkerung eine Umschichtung von Rentenzahlungen auf Pflegeleistungen sowie generell eine Umschichtung von Transferzahlungen zu Dienstleistungen und von passiver sozialer Sicherung zu aktivierenden Bildungsmaßnahmen als Zukunftsinvestition. (2) Die Finanzierungsbasis des Sozialstaats muss durch eine breitere Streuung der Kosten erweitert werden, so dass der Faktor Arbeit entlastet und seine sinkende wirtschaftliche Bedeutung kompensiert wird. Da sich die Relation zwischen Erwerbstätigen und Abhängigen in den nächsten zwei bis drei Jahrzehnten krass verschlechtern wird, sind große gemeinsame Anstrengungen erforderlich, um den Anteil erwerbstätiger Personen so zu erhöhen, dass auch künftig auskömmliche Altersrenten bei erträglicher Beitragsbelastung gesichert werden. (3) Der ethnischen und kulturellen Heterogenisierung der Gesellschaften muss Rechnung getragen werden, denn sie impliziert wohl, dass bedingungslos gewährte universelle Sozialleistungen mit Grundsicherungscharakter künftig auf erhöhte Legitimierungsprobleme stoßen werden. Im Folgenden soll kurz skizziert werden, inwiefern sich dieser Anpassungsbedarf bereits in beobachtbaren Veränderungen der westeuropäischen Sozialstaaten niedergeschlagen hat.' (Autorenreferat)

"Gleichwertige Lebensumstände sind das erklärte Ziel föderaler Politik in Deutschland. Dennoch gibt es Differenzen in den Lebensbedingungen und den darauf bezogenen Einschätzungen der Menschen. Seit 1990 wurde dies besonders durch den gern benutzten Ost-West Vergleich sichtbar. Doch nicht nur hier gibt es deutliche Unterschiede, sondern auch zwischen den einzelnen Bundesländern. Mit 25 Indikatoren aus vier Lebensbereichen wird ein systematisches Bild der Lebensqualität in Deutschland gezeichnet. Das Ergebnis ist ein 'Atlas' der differenten Lebensbedingungen und darauf bezogener Perzeptionen. Eine Betrachtung über die Zeit bescheinigt sogar eine wachsende Unterschiedlichkeit der Bundesländer in einigen gesellschaftlichen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Aspekten. Allerdings wird in einem europäischen Vergleich deutlich, dass sich innerdeutsche Differenzen auf tolerablem Niveau befinden und sich kein bedeutendes Stadt-Land-Gefälle, wie es für andere Länder typisch ist, ausmachen lässt." (Autorenreferat)

Die vorliegende Publikation ist die Zusammenfassung von Ergebnissen einer Untersuchung in der Bistritzer Region (Nordosten Siebenbürgens), die in der siebenbürgisch-deutschen Fachliteratur Nösnerland bezeichnet wird. Die Daten aus den Untersuchungen in dieser Region lassen auch einige Verallgemeinerungen für den ländlichen Raum Rumäniens zu, vor allem im Bereich der Entwicklung von wirtschaftlichen Strukturen. Dabei wird die Rolle bestimmter regionsspezifischer Einflussfaktoren hervorgehoben. Die Analyse endet mit der normativen Auswertung von regionalen Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten. In diesem Teil wird zwischen der Ebene der Perspektive der Betroffenen und der Ebene des Beobachters unterschieden. Die Ergebnisse der regionalen Studie werden anschließend in einen allgemeingesellschaftlichen Rahmen eingefügt, wobei die Analyse sich mehr auf die Rolle der sozialen Gruppen im ländlichen Raum konzentriert. Die vorgestellte empirische Regionalstudie unter stützt die allgemeine Tendenz der Stärkung der Subsistenzorientierung der rumänischen Landwirtschaft, begleitet von einer Agrarisierung der gesellschaftlichen Strukturen und von zunehmender Homogenisierung der ländlichen sozialen Strukturen. Mit dem Rückzug des Staates werden die Erwartungen an die lokalen Akteure immer größer und solche Siedlungen, in denen die dynamischen Haushaltstypen eine geringe Rolle spielen, verlieren an Konkurrenzfähigkeit. Der soziale Wandel nach 1989 hat auch die Bedeutung der Stadt Bistritz für ihr ländliches Umland verändert. Die Zahl der Arbeitspendler verringerte sich drastisch, da sowohl in der Industrie als auch im Dienstleistungssektor weniger Arbeitsplätze zur Verfügung stehen. In dieser Phase erfolgt eine Umorganisierung des ländlichen Raumes. Deren Grundlage sind die bereits analysierten Prozesse: • Agrarisierung des ländlichen Raumes, • Land-Stadt Migration. • Soziale Homogenisierung der ländlichen Bevölkerung und • Reduzierung der Intensität von Stadt-Landbeziehungen Sie stellen einen Anfang der Herausbildung einer veränderten Lebensform dar, als soziale Antwort auf die neuen wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Bedingungen nach der Wende 1989.

In his now classic essay on the « Régimes d'historicité », the French historian François Hartog (2003) has very well described the effect of globalisation, democratisation and mass consumerism on our relation with the past and thus, with heritage. In the course of the 1970's, at a time when the ink of the Venice Charter was barely dry, postmodernity triggered a loss of collective anchoring and memory, paradoxically accompanied by an amplification of the thirst for commemorations, in the name of identity or heritage. Pierre Nora's great endeavour « Les lieux de mémoire », fully corresponds to this « presentism » era, including aside from monuments, museum and archives, intellectual constructions such as the Larousse encyclopaedia (Nora 1989). It very well illustrates the « extension of the heritage domain » as defined by the sociologist Nathalie Heinich (2009). In our « post-monumental » era, anything can possibly become heritage, regardless of scale, of artistic qualities, of age or ontological degree – from tangible to intangible. This is a sign of times. Following the example of Nelson Goodman replacing the essentialist definitions of art with the question « When is there art ? » (Goodman 1976), we should consider focusing on a dynamic and operational definition of heritage. The question « When is there heritage ?» better correspond to contemporary cultural studies and our attempt to understand « heritagization »; it contains the idea of a performative action, implying new actors, new dynamics, new process, new research questions, new difficulties and new opportunities. And by necessity new concepts. We are far from rejecting theories from the past which provided us with effective and stimulating tools. But who could still imagine today, in the situation we described, that any system could fully encompass the heritage reality as the grand theories – Brandi, Riegl,… – succeeded to do? The repeated attempts to get the Venice charter revised from the 1970's on (Houbart 2014), and the multiplication of thematic documents and charters are the best illustration of this impossibility. But while postmodern thinkers made us suspicious towards large systems, they also made us more modest and above all, more inclined to respect « bricolage », as a most helpful attitude after a shipwreck. We believe that the current return to a case by case approach – as promoted from the interwar period by theoreticians such as Ambrogio Annoni (1946) – often mostly relying on practical constraints such as reuse and technical performances, combined with the use of decontextualised concepts – separated articles from the Venice Charter, for example – and practices – using the Ise shrine periodical rebuilding to advocate any reconstruction project – doesn't mean to accept a cynical relativism in answer to the cause of a capital-intensive machine. But in practice, we cannot deny that it has sometimes been the case: the clearest examples are the debates addressing the reconstruction of monuments all over Europe, based on a jumble of arguments confusing the pure mercantilism of the tourism industry or unconfessed political reasons with post-conflict identity issues or religious traditions (Monumental 2010). Reflecting on such reconstruction projects, raising questions of identity, has convinced us of the incompleteness of the toolkit we inherited from 20th century theoreticians. Though still perfectly relevant to address the issues that were already present at the time when they were elaborated, they might prove inappropriate to address new types of heritage, new concerns, new issues such as cultural tourism, inclusive approaches, modern heritage or the digital turn. In this context, we have been drawn to look at texts outside the conservation sphere, starting from ontology of art and analytical philosophy. We discovered that taking a step to the side could provide a stimulating insight on heritage conservation problems. In fact, it is not surprising that, facing what many have called a heritage inflation, some new actors could help us. Now that heritage has quitted the monuments sphere to encompass any material or immaterial reality worthy of conservation and that the expert point of view is challenged by the ones of a broad range of stakeholders, from the user to the investor, it becomes interesting to look at this reality from different points of view borrowed to a wide range of human sciences such as law, communication, aesthetics, semiotics, anthropology or philosophy, to name a few. Together with our colleague Muriel Verbeeck, we are currently gathering texts in order to propose an anthology that could complement the existing ones in helping to fill conceptual gaps and throw a reinvigorating light on new problems raising old questions. The originality of the project is to chose most texts outside the conservation world, and to address movable and immovable heritage at the same time. During our presentation, we will provide some examples of the usefulness of these new concepts, some already known by a number of conservators – such as the distinction proposed by Nelson Goodman between allography and autography (Goodman 1976) –, some not – the impact of intention on identity, based on texts by Theodore Scaltsas (1981), for example –, and will encourage the members of the committee who might be interested in this approach to contribute to the project. ; Peer reviewed

Temporary or permanent, local or international, voluntary or forced, legal or illegal, registered or unregistered migrations of individuals, whole communities or individual groups are an important factor in constructing and modifying (modern) societies. The extent of international migrations is truly immense. At the time of the preparation of this publication more than 200 million people have been involved in migrations in a single year according to the United Nations. Furthermore, three times more wish to migrate, mostly from sub-Saharan Africa towards some of the most economically developed areas of the world according to the estimates by the Gallup Institute (Esipova, 2011). Some authors, although aware that it is not a new phenomenon, talk about the era of migration (Castles, Miller, 2009) or the globalization of migration (Friedman, 2004). The global dimensions of migration are definitely influenced also by the increasingly visible features of modern societies like constantly changing conditions, instability, fluidity, uncertainty etc. (Beck, 2009; Bauman, 2002).The extent, direction, type of migrations and their consequences are affected by many social and natural factors in the areas of emigration and immigration. In addition, researchers from many scientific disciplines who study migrations have raised a wide range of research questions (Boyle, 2009, 96), use a variety of methodological approaches and look for different interpretations in various spatial, temporal and contextual frameworks. The migrations are a complex, multi-layered, variable, contextual process that takes place at several levels. Because of this, research on migrations has become an increasingly interdisciplinary field, since the topics and problems are so complex that they cannot be grasped solely and exclusively from the perspective of a single discipline or theory. Therefore, we are witnessing a profusion of different "faces of migration", which is reflected and at the same time also contributed to by this thematic issue of the journal Ars & Humanitas.While mobility or migration are not new phenomena, as people have moved and migrated throughout the history of mankind, only recently, in the last few decades, has theoretical and research focus on them intensified considerably. In the last two decades a number of research projects, university programs and courses, research institutes, scientific conferences, seminars, magazines, books and other publications, involving research, academia as well as politics and various civil society organizations have emerged. This shows the recent exceptional interest in the issue of migration, both in terms of knowledge of the processes involved, their mapping in the history of mankind, as well as the theoretical development of migration studies and daily management of this politically sensitive issue.Migration affects many entities on many different levels: the individuals, their families and entire communities at the local level in the emigrant societies as well as in the receiving societies. The migration is changing not only the lives of individuals but whole communities and societies, as well as social relations; it is also shifting the cultural patterns and bringing important social transformations (Castles 2010). This of course raises a number of questions, problems and issues ranging from human rights violations to literary achievements. Some of these are addressed by the authors in this thematic issue.The title "Many faces of migration", connecting contributions in this special issue, is borrowed from the already mentioned Gallup Institute's report on global migration (Esipova, 2011). The guiding principle in the selection of the contributions has been their diversity, reflected also in the list of disciplines represented by the authors: sociology, geography, ethnology and cultural anthropology, history, art history, modern Mediterranean studies, gender studies and media studies. Such an approach necessarily leads not only to a diverse, but at least seemingly also incompatible, perhaps even opposing views "on a given topic. However, we did not want to silence the voices of "other" disciplines, but within the reviewing procedures actually invited scientists from the fields represented by the contributors to this volume. The wealth of the selected contributions lies therefore not only in their coherence and complementarity, but also in the diversity of views, stories and interpretations.The paper of Zora Žbontar deals with the attitudes towards foreigners in ancient Greece, where the hospitality to strangers was considered so worthy a virtue that everyone was expected to "demonstrate hospitality and protection to any foreigner who has knocked on their door". The contrast between the hospitality of ancient Greece and the modern emergence of xenophobia and ways of dealing with migration issues in economically developed countries is especially challenging. "In an open gesture of hospitality to strangers the ancient Greeks showed their civilization".Although the aforementioned research by the United Nations and Gallup Institute support some traditional stereotypes of the main global flows of migrants, and the areas about which the potential migrants "dream", Bojan Baskar stresses the coexistence of different migratory desires, migration flows and their interpretations. In his paper he specifically focuses on overcoming and relativising stereotypes as well as theories of immobile and non-enterprising (Alpine) mountain populations and migrations.The different strategies of the crossing borders adopted by migrant women are studied by Mirjana Morokvasic. She marks them as true social innovators, inventing different ways of transnational life resulting in a bottom-up contribution to the integrative processes across Europe. Some of their innovations go as far as to shift diverse real and symbolic boundaries of belonging to a nation, gender, profession.Elaine Burroughs and Zoë O'Reilly highlight the close relations between the otherwise well-established terminology used in statistics and science to label immigrants in Ireland and elsewhere in EU, and the negative representations of certain types of migrants in politics and the public. The discussion focusses particularly on asylum seekers and illegal immigrants who come from outside the EU. The use of language can quickly become a political means of exclusion, therefore the authors propose the development and use of more considerate and balanced migration terminology.Damir Josipovič proposes a change of the focal point for identifying and interpreting the well-studied migrations in the former Yugoslavia. The author suggests changing the dualistic view of these migrations to an integrated, holistic view. Instead of a simplified understanding of these migrations as either international or domestic, voluntary or forced, he proposes a concept of pseudo-voluntary migrations.Maja Korać-Sanderson's contribution highlights an interesting phenomenon in the shift in the traditional patterns of gender roles. The conclusions are derived from the study of the family life of Chinese traders in transitional Serbia. While many studies suggest that child care in recent decades in immigrant societies is generally performed by immigrants, her study reveals that in Serbia, the Chinese merchants entrust the care of their children mostly to local middle class women. The author finds this switch of roles in the "division of labour" in the child care favourable for both parties involved.Francesco Della Puppa focuses on a specific part of the mosaic of contemporary migrations in the Mediterranean: the Bangladeshi immigrant community in the highly industrialized North East of Italy. The results of his in-depth qualitative study reveal the factors that shape this segment of the Bangladeshi diaspora, the experiences of migrants and the effects of migration on their social and biographical trajectories.John A. Schembri and Maria Attard present a snippet of a more typical Mediterranean migration process - immigration to Malta. The authors highlight the reduction in migration between Malta and the United Kingdom, while there is an increase in immigration to Malta from the rest of Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. Amongst the various impacts of immigration to Malta the extraordinary concentration of immigrant populations is emphasized, since the population density of Malta far exceeds that of nearly all other European countries.Miha Kozorog studies the link between migration and constructing their places of their origin. On the basis of Ardener's theory the author expresses "remoteness" of the emigratory Slavia Friulana in terms of topology, in relation to other places, rather than in topography. "Remoteness" is formed in relation to the "outside world", to those who speak of "remote areas" from the privileged centres. The example of an artistic event, which organizers aim "to open a place like this to the outside world", "to encourage the production of more cosmopolitan place", shows only the temporary effect of such event on the reduction of the "remoteness".Jani Kozina presents a study of the basic temporal and spatial characteristics of migration "of people in creative occupations" in Slovenia. The definition of this specific segment of the population and approach to study its migrations are principally based on the work of Richard Florida. The author observes that people with creative occupations in Slovenia are very immobile and in this respect quite similar to other professional groups in Slovenia, but also to the people in creative professions in the Southern and Eastern Europe, which are considered to be among the least mobile in Europe. Detailed analyses show that the people in creative occupations from the more developed regions generally migrate more intensely and are also more willing to relocate.Mojca Pajnik and Veronika Bajt study the experiences of migrant women with the access to the labour market in Slovenia. Existing laws and policies push the migrants into a position where, if they want to get to work, have to accept less demanding work. In doing so, the migrant women are targets of stereotyped reactions and practices of discrimination on the basis of sex, age, attributed ethnic and religious affiliation, or some other circumstances, particularly the fact of being migrants. At the same time the latter results in the absence of any protection from the state.Migration studies often assume that the target countries are "modern" and countries of origin "traditional". Anıl Al- Rebholz argues that such a dichotomous conceptualization of modern and traditional further promotes stereotypical, essentialist and homogenizing images of Muslim women in the "western world". On the basis of biographical narratives of young Kurdish and Moroccan women as well as the relationships between mothers and daughters, the author illustrates a variety of strategies of empowerment of young women in the context of transnational migration.A specific face of migration is highlighted in the text of Svenka Savić, namely the face of artistic migration between Slovenia and Serbia after the Second World War. The author explains how more than thirty artists from Slovenia, with their pioneering work in three ensembles (opera, ballet and theatre), significantly contributed to the development of the performing arts in the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad.We believe that in the present thematic issue we have succeeded in capturing an important part of the modern European research dynamic in the field of migration. In addition to well-known scholars in this field several young authors at the beginning their research careers have been shortlisted for the publication. We are glad of their success as it bodes a vibrancy of this research area in the future. At the same time, we were pleased to receive responses to the invitation from representatives of so many disciplines, and that the number of papers received significantly exceeded the maximum volume of the journal. Recognising and understanding of the many faces of migration are important steps towards the comprehensive knowledge needed to successfully meet the challenges of migration issues today and even more so in the future. It is therefore of utmost importance that researchers find ways of transferring their academic knowledge into practice – to all levels of education, the media, the wider public and, of course, the decision makers in local, national and international institutions. The call also applies to all authors in this issue of the journal.

Temporary or permanent, local or international, voluntary or forced, legal or illegal, registered or unregistered migrations of individuals, whole communities or individual groups are an important factor in constructing and modifying (modern) societies. The extent of international migrations is truly immense. At the time of the preparation of this publication more than 200 million people have been involved in migrations in a single year according to the United Nations. Furthermore, three times more wish to migrate, mostly from sub-Saharan Africa towards some of the most economically developed areas of the world according to the estimates by the Gallup Institute (Esipova, 2011). Some authors, although aware that it is not a new phenomenon, talk about the era of migration (Castles, Miller, 2009) or the globalization of migration (Friedman, 2004). The global dimensions of migration are definitely influenced also by the increasingly visible features of modern societies like constantly changing conditions, instability, fluidity, uncertainty etc. (Beck, 2009; Bauman, 2002).The extent, direction, type of migrations and their consequences are affected by many social and natural factors in the areas of emigration and immigration. In addition, researchers from many scientific disciplines who study migrations have raised a wide range of research questions (Boyle, 2009, 96), use a variety of methodological approaches and look for different interpretations in various spatial, temporal and contextual frameworks. The migrations are a complex, multi-layered, variable, contextual process that takes place at several levels. Because of this, research on migrations has become an increasingly interdisciplinary field, since the topics and problems are so complex that they cannot be grasped solely and exclusively from the perspective of a single discipline or theory. Therefore, we are witnessing a profusion of different "faces of migration", which is reflected and at the same time also contributed to by this thematic issue of the journal Ars & Humanitas.While mobility or migration are not new phenomena, as people have moved and migrated throughout the history of mankind, only recently, in the last few decades, has theoretical and research focus on them intensified considerably. In the last two decades a number of research projects, university programs and courses, research institutes, scientific conferences, seminars, magazines, books and other publications, involving research, academia as well as politics and various civil society organizations have emerged. This shows the recent exceptional interest in the issue of migration, both in terms of knowledge of the processes involved, their mapping in the history of mankind, as well as the theoretical development of migration studies and daily management of this politically sensitive issue.Migration affects many entities on many different levels: the individuals, their families and entire communities at the local level in the emigrant societies as well as in the receiving societies. The migration is changing not only the lives of individuals but whole communities and societies, as well as social relations; it is also shifting the cultural patterns and bringing important social transformations (Castles 2010). This of course raises a number of questions, problems and issues ranging from human rights violations to literary achievements. Some of these are addressed by the authors in this thematic issue.The title "Many faces of migration", connecting contributions in this special issue, is borrowed from the already mentioned Gallup Institute's report on global migration (Esipova, 2011). The guiding principle in the selection of the contributions has been their diversity, reflected also in the list of disciplines represented by the authors: sociology, geography, ethnology and cultural anthropology, history, art history, modern Mediterranean studies, gender studies and media studies. Such an approach necessarily leads not only to a diverse, but at least seemingly also incompatible, perhaps even opposing views "on a given topic. However, we did not want to silence the voices of "other" disciplines, but within the reviewing procedures actually invited scientists from the fields represented by the contributors to this volume. The wealth of the selected contributions lies therefore not only in their coherence and complementarity, but also in the diversity of views, stories and interpretations.The paper of Zora Žbontar deals with the attitudes towards foreigners in ancient Greece, where the hospitality to strangers was considered so worthy a virtue that everyone was expected to "demonstrate hospitality and protection to any foreigner who has knocked on their door". The contrast between the hospitality of ancient Greece and the modern emergence of xenophobia and ways of dealing with migration issues in economically developed countries is especially challenging. "In an open gesture of hospitality to strangers the ancient Greeks showed their civilization".Although the aforementioned research by the United Nations and Gallup Institute support some traditional stereotypes of the main global flows of migrants, and the areas about which the potential migrants "dream", Bojan Baskar stresses the coexistence of different migratory desires, migration flows and their interpretations. In his paper he specifically focuses on overcoming and relativising stereotypes as well as theories of immobile and non-enterprising (Alpine) mountain populations and migrations.The different strategies of the crossing borders adopted by migrant women are studied by Mirjana Morokvasic. She marks them as true social innovators, inventing different ways of transnational life resulting in a bottom-up contribution to the integrative processes across Europe. Some of their innovations go as far as to shift diverse real and symbolic boundaries of belonging to a nation, gender, profession.Elaine Burroughs and Zoë O'Reilly highlight the close relations between the otherwise well-established terminology used in statistics and science to label immigrants in Ireland and elsewhere in EU, and the negative representations of certain types of migrants in politics and the public. The discussion focusses particularly on asylum seekers and illegal immigrants who come from outside the EU. The use of language can quickly become a political means of exclusion, therefore the authors propose the development and use of more considerate and balanced migration terminology.Damir Josipovič proposes a change of the focal point for identifying and interpreting the well-studied migrations in the former Yugoslavia. The author suggests changing the dualistic view of these migrations to an integrated, holistic view. Instead of a simplified understanding of these migrations as either international or domestic, voluntary or forced, he proposes a concept of pseudo-voluntary migrations.Maja Korać-Sanderson's contribution highlights an interesting phenomenon in the shift in the traditional patterns of gender roles. The conclusions are derived from the study of the family life of Chinese traders in transitional Serbia. While many studies suggest that child care in recent decades in immigrant societies is generally performed by immigrants, her study reveals that in Serbia, the Chinese merchants entrust the care of their children mostly to local middle class women. The author finds this switch of roles in the "division of labour" in the child care favourable for both parties involved.Francesco Della Puppa focuses on a specific part of the mosaic of contemporary migrations in the Mediterranean: the Bangladeshi immigrant community in the highly industrialized North East of Italy. The results of his in-depth qualitative study reveal the factors that shape this segment of the Bangladeshi diaspora, the experiences of migrants and the effects of migration on their social and biographical trajectories.John A. Schembri and Maria Attard present a snippet of a more typical Mediterranean migration process - immigration to Malta. The authors highlight the reduction in migration between Malta and the United Kingdom, while there is an increase in immigration to Malta from the rest of Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. Amongst the various impacts of immigration to Malta the extraordinary concentration of immigrant populations is emphasized, since the population density of Malta far exceeds that of nearly all other European countries.Miha Kozorog studies the link between migration and constructing their places of their origin. On the basis of Ardener's theory the author expresses "remoteness" of the emigratory Slavia Friulana in terms of topology, in relation to other places, rather than in topography. "Remoteness" is formed in relation to the "outside world", to those who speak of "remote areas" from the privileged centres. The example of an artistic event, which organizers aim "to open a place like this to the outside world", "to encourage the production of more cosmopolitan place", shows only the temporary effect of such event on the reduction of the "remoteness".Jani Kozina presents a study of the basic temporal and spatial characteristics of migration "of people in creative occupations" in Slovenia. The definition of this specific segment of the population and approach to study its migrations are principally based on the work of Richard Florida. The author observes that people with creative occupations in Slovenia are very immobile and in this respect quite similar to other professional groups in Slovenia, but also to the people in creative professions in the Southern and Eastern Europe, which are considered to be among the least mobile in Europe. Detailed analyses show that the people in creative occupations from the more developed regions generally migrate more intensely and are also more willing to relocate.Mojca Pajnik and Veronika Bajt study the experiences of migrant women with the access to the labour market in Slovenia. Existing laws and policies push the migrants into a position where, if they want to get to work, have to accept less demanding work. In doing so, the migrant women are targets of stereotyped reactions and practices of discrimination on the basis of sex, age, attributed ethnic and religious affiliation, or some other circumstances, particularly the fact of being migrants. At the same time the latter results in the absence of any protection from the state.Migration studies often assume that the target countries are "modern" and countries of origin "traditional". Anıl Al- Rebholz argues that such a dichotomous conceptualization of modern and traditional further promotes stereotypical, essentialist and homogenizing images of Muslim women in the "western world". On the basis of biographical narratives of young Kurdish and Moroccan women as well as the relationships between mothers and daughters, the author illustrates a variety of strategies of empowerment of young women in the context of transnational migration.A specific face of migration is highlighted in the text of Svenka Savić, namely the face of artistic migration between Slovenia and Serbia after the Second World War. The author explains how more than thirty artists from Slovenia, with their pioneering work in three ensembles (opera, ballet and theatre), significantly contributed to the development of the performing arts in the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad.We believe that in the present thematic issue we have succeeded in capturing an important part of the modern European research dynamic in the field of migration. In addition to well-known scholars in this field several young authors at the beginning their research careers have been shortlisted for the publication. We are glad of their success as it bodes a vibrancy of this research area in the future. At the same time, we were pleased to receive responses to the invitation from representatives of so many disciplines, and that the number of papers received significantly exceeded the maximum volume of the journal. Recognising and understanding of the many faces of migration are important steps towards the comprehensive knowledge needed to successfully meet the challenges of migration issues today and even more so in the future. It is therefore of utmost importance that researchers find ways of transferring their academic knowledge into practice – to all levels of education, the media, the wider public and, of course, the decision makers in local, national and international institutions. The call also applies to all authors in this issue of the journal.

Der Band analysiert die gesetzlichen Regelungen zur Gefangenentelefonie und ihre praktische Umsetzung in Deutschland. Spürbare Unterschiede bei Zugang, Umfang, Überwachung und den technischen und organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen berühren grundsätzliche verfassungsrechtliche Fragen zur Gleichbehandlung und Chancengleichheit im Hinblick auf das Grundrecht auf Resozialisierung sowie das strafrechtliche Prinzip der Einheitsfreiheitsstrafe. Die Situation in Deutschland wird darüber hinaus mit den einschlägigen Europaratsempfehlungen kontrastiert. Eine umfangreihe Dokumentation aller Feststellungen des Europäischen Anti-Folter-Komitees (CPT) zur Gefangenentelefonie aus den Länderberichten seit 2010 rundet die Publikation ab.

Das 20. Jahrhundert als "Zeitalter der Extreme" (Eric Hobsbawm) ist in starkem Maße durch kriegerische und genozidale Auseinandersetzungen geprägt. Bei deren Untersuchung nahm die Geschichtsschreibung jahrzehntelang mehrheitlich eine androzentrische Perspektive ein und ignorierte die in den 1980er-Jahren besonders im angelsächsischen Raum einsetzende Forschung zu Geschlecht, Militär und Krieg. Die internationalen Beiträger*innen des Bandes widmen sich daher aus interdisziplinärer Perspektive der Geschlechterfrage in der Kriegsforschung. Ihre Analysen zu den Weltkriegen, zum Spanischen Bürgerkrieg sowie u.a. zu den Themen Mobilisierung, Wissenschaft und Kultur liefern einen wichtigen Beitrag zur geschlechtergeschichtlichen und -theoretischen Durchdringung der Kriegsgeschichte.

Die Initiative der "Europäischen Kulturhauptstadt" soll dazu beitragen, interkulturelle Prozesse auf städtischer, nationaler und europäischer Ebene zu reflektieren und zu fördern. Mit diesem Anspruch gehen jedoch zahlreiche gesellschaftliche, räumliche, kulturelle und ästhetische Probleme einher, die nicht immer befriedigend zu lösen sind. Der daraus entstehenden Gemengelage von Europa und Regionalität, Identität und Pluralität, Kommerz und Kunst widmet sich dieser Sammelband aus einer interdisziplinären Perspektive. Er vergleicht erstmals exemplarisch die Kulturhauptstadtjahre in Luxemburg und der Großregion (2007), im Ruhrgebiet (2010) und in Istanbul (2010) und stellt dabei Interkulturalität als raum- und kulturübergreifendes Phänomen kontrastiv ins Zentrum der Analysen.