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It is not just since the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic that the need for solidarity has become a commonly heard diagnosis – particularly in the European Union: But what exactly is meant by it and why is such importance attributed to it? In light of this status quo, this dissertation aims to answer two questions in particular: What is solidarity? And: What kind of solidarity should we envision for the European Union? I start by examining in what sense solidarity is inherently normative and my dissertation concerned with a normative problem. By clarifying the distinction between concept and conception, I explain that the contribution to the debate is to suggest a further conception of the (general) notion of solidarity, given that a review of previous literature does not provide a satisfactory comprehensive definition. The initial chapter also offers a brief history of the term and its historical significance and diverse usages in order to clarify why my methodological approach for defining solidarity is not focused on its historical applications. Rather, it offers a definition of solidarity that comprehends a social phenomenon in a way that other related notions cannot. The subsequent chapter introduces the definition of solidarity that I propose to work with. The chapter is guided by the diagnosis that solidarity is always relational (having to do with an "other") and expressed through practices (acts). The two guiding questions for my definition are consequently: 1. What makes me concerned about the other? – dealing with the relational question and 2. What does it mean to stand up for the other? – dealing with the question of solidary action. A further, evaluative step is necessary for the answers to both questions to clarify the normative dimension, i.e., to determine a desirable type of solidarity. Essentially, my definition first argues that solidarity is both social and political: social in its relational sense and political in its "expressive" sense as an action. The term social is to be understood as ...

Preliminary Material /E. Guild and P. Minderhoud -- Introduction: Migration And Law In Europe /Kees Groenendijk -- Citizenship In Motion: The Development Of The Freedom Of Movement For Citizens In The Case-Law Of The Court Of Justice Of The European Union /Jonathan Tomkin -- EU Free Movement Of Persons And Member States' Solidarity Systems: Searching For A Balance /Herwig Verschueren -- The Privileged Treatment Of Turkish Nationals /Denis Martin -- Has Europeanization Silenced Criticism On Intergovernmental External Border Cooperation? /Helen Oosterom-Staples -- The EU Acquis On Irregular Migration Ten Years On: Still Reinforcing Security At The Expense Of Rights? /Ryszard Cholewinski -- The Good, The Bad And The Ugly In EU Migration Law: Is The European Parliament Becoming Bad And Ugly? (The Adoption Of Directive 2008/115: The Returns Directive) /Diego Acosta Arcarazo -- Detention Of Foreigners /Galina Cornelisse -- The Impact Of The Treaty Of Lisbon Over EU Policies On Migration, Asylum And Borders: The Struggles Over The Ownership Of The Stockholm Programme /Sergio Carrera -- Common EU Standards On Asylum – Optional Harmonisation And Exclusive Procedures? /Jens Vedsted-Hansen -- The Externalisation Of European Migration Control And The Reach Of International Refugee Law /T. Gammeltoft-Hansen -- The Long-Term Residents Directive: A Fulfilment Of The Tampere Objective Of Near-Equality? /Louise Halleskov Storgaard -- Love Thy Neighbour: Family Reunification And The Rights Of Insiders /Betty De Hart -- An Ideal Husband? Marriages Of Convenience, Moral Gate-Keeping And Immigration To The United Kingdom /Helena Wray -- Effective Remedies For Third Country Nationals In EU Law: Justice Accessible To All? /Evelien Brouwer -- Access To An Effective Remedy Before A Court Or Tribunal In Asylum Cases /Marcelle Reneman -- Immigration, Asylum And The European Union Charter Of Fundamental Rights /Steve Peers -- Appendix /E. Guild and P. Minderhoud -- List of Contributors /E. Guild and P. Minderhoud -- Index /E. Guild and P. Minderhoud.

The aim of the article is to analyze the level of the knowledge-based economy (KBE) in the European Union countries in terms of sustainable development. The added value of the work is the presentation of research results at different levels of data aggregation (EU countries, EU macro-regions, EU regions). This type of approach was used for the first time in this study. The research assumes that knowledge and skills are one of the basic factors in implementing the concept of sustainable development. Currently, there are very large disproportions at the level of KBE in the countries, macro-regions, and regions of the EU. It also translates into their socio-economic situation and thus into competitiveness and innovation. The highest level of KBE is in north-western and central Europe countries, while the lowest is in the countries of eastern and south-eastern Europe. This regularity also applies to macro-regions and regions located in these countries.

The Brussels I Regulation has undergone a lengthy review process, resulting in Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012, of 12 December 2012, on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters (recast), the provisions of which apply from 10 January 2015. This work, written by a number of leading experts, provides a a concise article-by-article commentary on all the recast Regulation's provisions with reference to the existing case law of the European Court of Justice and leading national decisions. It also offers additional focus on the newly introduced changes, in particular to the provisions on lis pendens and the recognition and enforcement of judgements.

Which countries are most vulnerable to a virus such as COVID-19? Which countries should take the most stringent precautions to prevent the spread of such a virus? The EIB COVID-19 Economic Vulnerability Index covers countries outside the European Union and helps give us an idea of regions that need the most help. The comprehensive index takes into account risk factors such as the quality of healthcare, age of the population, structure of the economy – including reliance on tourism, remittances, commodity exports, global value chains, the capacity of the countries to implement countercyclical financial policy, strength of the banking sector, and more.

In the European Union, unemployment rates differ markedly across regions, both within and across nations. This study presents a coherent theoretical approach to explain the emergence and persistence of such regional unemployment disparities. The analysis builds on the wage curve literature, and on regional agglomeration theories like the new economic geography. These theoretical strings are combined and extended, in order to provide a unified framework.

This article contributes to the literature on price convergence in Europe by investigating the existence of stochastic and deterministic convergence of car prices in the EU15 countries. We apply recently developed econometric techniques that allow for multiple structural breaks to an up-to-date dataset. We find considerable evidence of both types of convergence in our sample of countries and car models, therefore suggesting a tendency for relative prices to equalize over time. In addition, we find evidence regarding the importance in this convergence process of both legislative changes taking place in the years 1996 and 2002, and the implementation of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).

Chapter 1. Introduction: Safeguards and Limits of Judicial Power -- Chapter 2. The Independence of the Belgian Constitutional Court -- Chapter 3. Between Judicial Independence and Democratic Accountability: The Function and Legitimacy of the German Federal Constitutional Court -- Chapter 4. Italy and its Constitutional Court -- Chapter 5. Bipolar Constitutionalism in The Netherlands and its Consequences for the Independence and Accountability of the Judiciary -- Chapter 6. '... destroy all sense of dependence': On the Selection and Independence of the Judiciary in Norway -- Chapter 7. Judicial Independence and Accountability in the British Constitution -- Chapter 8. Independence and Accountability of the South African Judiciary -- Chapter 9. Judicial Independence and Accountability in the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights -- Chapter 10. Accountability through Transparency and the Role of the Court of Justice of the European Union -- Chapter 11. The Last Soldier Standing? Courts versus Politicians and the Rule of Law Crisis in the New Member States of the EU -- Chapter 12. The Last Soldier Standing? Courts versus Politicians and the Rule of Law Crisis in the New Member States of the EU -- Chapter 13. The Strasbourg Court: Judges Without Borders -- Chapter 14. The Strasbourg Court: Acting Within its Limits.

Research, innovation and education constitute the Knowledge Triangle and are the three central and strongly interdependent drivers of the knowledge economy (European Commission, ERA, 2012). The EU's Framework Programme is the main instrument for funding research and for implementing the EU's research and innovation policy agenda. This paper examines Malta's participation in the EU's 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development and compares the performance with other small Member States, namely Cyprus, Estonia, Luxembourg and Slovenia, within the context of previous Framework Programmes. The performance of Small States has also been benchmarked with the performance of larger Member States to identify success factors and any barriers which could hinder successful participation of Small States. ; peer-reviewed