Suchergebnisse

A decade ago Professor Henkin remarked that "there has been almost no examination at all of the relation between international human rights and the American Constitutional version of human rights." Since then he has done much to fill this gap in the literature, as has, more recently, a distinguished barrister/scholar from Great Britain. Nevertheless, it may be useful, in this symposium celebrating the bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution, to survey both the contribution it has made to the development of international human rights law and the extent to which the latter has influenced the evolution of U.S. constitutional law.

This book focuses on the influence of food safety and quality requirements on international trade in food. Drawing on the case of Benin and other fishery products exporting countries in West and East Africa, the book explores the consequences of EU requirements on market access and food safety regulation in exporting developing countries. Moreover, it examines the processes through which UEMOA Member States intend to overcome their food safety challenges thanks to regional cooperation. In this regard, the book dwells on the conditions and mechanisms of regulatory convergence within the UEMOA. In addition to exploring the differences in approaches to food safety regulation (proactive or reactive approaches) between the EU and most West African developing countries, the book further analyses the case of Benin shrimp exports to the EU in the light of the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Essentially, the book assesses whether WTO rules provide sufficient leverage to enable weaker countries to press for reforms in other WTO Members' food safety laws so as to avoid protectionism and unnecessary obstacles to trade

A review essay on books by (1) Edward A. Parson, Protecting the Ozone Layer: Science, Strategy, and Negotiation in the Shaping of a Global Environmental Regime (Oxford: Oxford U Press, 2002); & (2) Reiner Grundmann, Transnational Environmental Policy: Reconstructing Ozone (London: Routledge, 2001). Parson & Grundmann analyze national & international regulation of ozone-depleting substances, like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, & others, since the Montreal Protocol (1987), as an example of progressive action & utilization of science to address a global environmental problem. Grundmann is praised for his focus on the political context for the negotiations; however, he is criticized for his prose & poor construction of his theoretical framework. Parson clearly presents his analysis of the behavior of the negotiators themselves, but his neglect of the role of ideas in politics is cited as a shortcoming. Both are commended for their compelling documentation of advocates successfully converting scientific knowledge into politically compelling form for incorporation into environmental policies. 3 References. L. Collins

Secularism is an important source of political authority in International Relations theory and practice. Secularists identify something called 'religion' and separate it from the domains of the state, the economy and science. This separation facilitates a consensus which is sustained by a powerful yet historically contingent set of beliefs, including secularism as the realization of God's will, secularism as the natural evolution toward universal morality and secularism as a normal consequence of economic modernization. Despite these aspirations, secularism is unequipped to serve as a universal model of public life, either domestically or internationally. The creation of the category of religion and its demarcation from politics is a highly politicized decision that is not subject to a final settlement, and the pretense of a final settlement exacerbates international conflict rather than diminishing it. The religion/politics negotiation is a fluid site of authority with complex relations to the state system, the global economy, international ethics and other more heavily theorized locations of power in international relations.

This research discussed the impact of Permanent Court of Arbitration's decision on the dynamic of South China Sea dispute. Court's decision in July 2016 to give South China Sea based on UNCLOS's regulation has provoked China's objection. This research question is on How to understand the crisis of international law in the international political economy using English School Theory in the case of South China Sea dispute? To answer the research question, this research is using English School Theory (ES) with its two pillars namely pluralism and solidarism. This research shows two findings. First, the PCA decision has been used by the Philippines to be bargaining tool to obtain economic cooperation and appeased the failure of PCA ruling. Secondly, the PCA decision has provided momentum for China to transform their policy related to the South China Sea dispute with its role as the great power. Thirdly, the structure of international law as the primary institution would be consists of great power politics, ASEAN and economic diplomacy. Key words: South China Sea, English School, Permanent Court of Arbitration, international political economy, international law Abstrak Penelitian ini membahas dampak keputusan Pengadilan Arbitrase mengenai sengketa Laut Cina Selatan. Keputusan pengadilan pada bulan Juli 2016 untuk memberi Laut Tiongkok Selatan berdasarkan peraturan UNCLOS telah memancing keberatan Tiongkok. Pertanyaan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana memahami krisis hukum internasional dalam ekonomi politik internasional dengan menggunakan Teori English School dalam kasus perselisihan Laut Tiongkok Selatan? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian, penelitian ini menggunakan Teori English School (ES) dengan dua pilarnya yaitu pluralisme dan solidarisme. Penelitian ini menunjukkan tiga temuan. Pertama, keputusan PCA telah digunakan oleh Filipina untuk menjadi alat tawar menawar untuk mendapatkan bantuan ekonomi dari China dan meredakan ketegangan akibat keputusan PCA. Kedua, keputusan PCA telah memberi momentum bagi Tiongkok untuk mengubah kebijakan mereka terkait dengan perselisihan Laut Cina Selatan dengan memainkan perannya sebagai negara adikuasa. Ketiga, struktur hukum internasional sebagai institusi primer terdiri atas politik negara adikuasa, ASEAN dan diplomasi ekonomi. Kata Kunci: Laut Tiongkok Selatan, English School, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Ekonomi Politik Internasional, hukum internasional

Die Autoren bieten, neben einem Überblick über 50 Jahre internationale Forschung auch einen kritischen Rückblick auf die jüngere Geschichte der deutschen Teilnahme an solchen internationalen Schulvergleichsuntersuchungen, indem sie die vergangenen Dekaden dem jeweils vorherrschenden Zeitgeist in Deutschland gegenüberstellen. In dem Beitrag bleibt es jedoch nicht bei der kritischen Rückschau, abschließend wird vielmehr auch der (positiv bewertete) qualitative Wandel der Untersuchungen hervorgehoben und zusammenfassend auf mögliche Wirkungen, Desiderate und Perspektiven des Forschungsfeldes hingewiesen. (DIPF/Orig.) ; This paper provides an overview over half a century of international large-scale assessments from the viewpoint of the German participation in such studies. Since the Pilot Twelve Country Study was launched in the late 1950s, the international interest in large-scale assessments has constantly grown so that these studies now form an integral part of educational research and policy in many countries worldwide. In Germany and its Federal States, however, this kind of research does not have such a continuous tradition. Despite participating in a number of early studies, Germany refrained from participation for most of the 1970s and 1980s. The rekindled interest since the mid-1990s reveals a change in educational approaches and reflects a certain backlog in view of empirical research. This review of five decades of international large-scale assessments retraces the German involvement in such studies and points out a number of relevant assessment results in international comparison. Further, this paper reveals how the studies have grown over time, not only in numbers of participating countries but also in terms of the subject areas they cover as well as the target groups they assess. The paper also reflects on the development of some major lines of argument that prevail in current discussions among and between educational researchers and practitioners, politicians, and the general public. The paper's summary attempts to mediate this discussion and includes a cautious outlook on a number of possible future areas of research in international large-scale assessments. (DIPF/Orig.)

AbstractOver the last decade, there has been a spate of incidents in Canada and the United States involving Saudi Arabian nationals who, while out on bail for predominantly sexual crimes, were able to abscond from the countries despite having surrendered their passports. Investigation has revealed evidence supporting a reasonable inference that the government of Saudi Arabia has, in fact, assisted its nationals to escape on these occasions. This article makes the case that this kind of conduct amounts not just to unfriendly acts but also to infringements upon the territorial sovereignty of both states and serious breaches of the international law of jurisdiction. It surveys the possible remedies available to both injured states and, in light of the fact that neither state has sought any such remedy, examines possible remedial routes for the victims of the Saudi nationals' crimes. It remarks upon the utter failure of either Canada or the United States to address these acts, concluding that such wilful neglect both corrodes sovereignty and undermines the will to address sexual crimes.