Suchergebnisse

Статья посвящена 120-й годовщине от дня рождения выдающегося украинского кинорежиссера А.Довженка. Рассматривается деятельность и творческое наследие гения. Говорится о необходимости творческого осмысления гуманистических идей А.Довженка в связи с развитием современного украинского киноисскуства. ; Problem. Another anniversary of any Ukrainian artist encourages us to leave our current affairs and to understand the unique artistic heritage of the people who wrote the letters of gold in the constellation of the Ukrainian elite. An important place among them is occupied by a prominent Ukrainian film director and innovator, a writer and artist Olexander Dovzhenko. In September this year we marked 120 years since his birth. His work and artistic heritage is an era in the Ukrainian Soviet cinema. It was the most difficult period in the history of the national culture, the so-called period of the socialist realism.Dovzhenko's activity deserves careful study, especially the crucial role of cinema, which forms the consciousness of millions. These studies are particularly important for the current state of the Ukrainian cinema, which has a solid legacy, but now it hardly shows the signs of life.It is necessary to study thoroughly the inheritance of the genius Ukrainian artist because of the urgent tasks of the Ukrainian statehood and culture. In our opinion, the study of O. Dovzhenko's art and life can contribute into the development of the national idea, which is realized in the inspired creations of the artist.The aim is to analyze the creative heritage of O. Dovzhenko and the possibility of its use in connection with the important tasks of modern Ukrainian culture. Analysis of the publications. Among generalizing papers on O. Dovzhenko of modern period the researches by A. Zamlynsky and M. Palienko dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the artist's birth can be mentioned. Among the articles in the current periodicals thorough works by L. A. Bryukhovetska, R. Korogodsky, L. Pryhorovska, J. Trymbach, A. Sharvark, A. Yaremchuk can be distinguished. Little-known archival materials were used in these publications. Noteworthy methodical work by A. Matosova in which the materials from the recently opened to the public«Diary» by O. Dovzhenko is of great interest. Also, in our opinion, a worthwhile thorough analytical article was published in the newspaper «Day» by well-known Ukrainian writer and philosopher S. Grabowsky.Conclusions. It has long been undisputed that creativity by O. Dovzhenko, filled with love for Ukraine and its people, gained immortality. And it belongs not only to Ukraine but for the whole world because it is organically combined with the national culture and the world one. Despite the fact that the main period of the artist's work took place in the period of the socialist realism in the USSR, Ukrainian cinematography genius went far beyond it. His worldview, identity of his dramatic and directing style, poetry, emotion, creating his own film school put him in a number of the greatest artists of the Ukrainian and world cinema.But for us, the citizens of Ukraine, it is important also that O. Dovzhenko was not only a talented artist. Ranked a high place in the Soviet cultural elite, he not only observed the deficiencies of the system, but also he tried to pay attention to the needs of the ordinary people (the government regarded them as «screws»), defended the need for a true study of history and national education. Humanistic ideas of our talented cultural leader have not lost their relevance. He is truly an artist with a capital letter, Ukraine.is proud of himThus, the 120-year anniversary of O. Dovzhenko's birth is a good opportunity to pay attention of the responsible citizens of our homeland to the problems of modern Ukrainian cinema, as a powerful means of education, promotion of the Ukrainian national idea, attracting masses to the culture using the samples of high art.

Задача. В статье через призму анализа новелл уголовного законодательства и судебно-нормативного толкования исследуются возможности дальнейшего совершенствования правоприменительной практики и норм УК Казахстана об ответственности за торговлю людьми. Модель. Методологической основой проведенного исследования помимо формально-логического, конструктивно-критического стал также компаративистский анализ уголовно-правовых норм Казахстана и России. Кроме того, автором был проведен обзор авторефератов диссертаций (23 ед.), защищенных в России и Казахстане за последние 10 лет по изучаемой проблеме (Акимова А.Ю., Буряк М.Ю., Гетман И.Б., Горбань Е.Г., Громов С.В., Душко Д.А., Егорова Л.Ю., Жинкин А.А. и др.), 54 выпуска Бюллетеней Верховного Суда РК на предмет практики применения уголовно-правовых норм о торговле людьми. В целях корреляции с общим уголовно-политическим курсом проведена взаимосвязь с процессами модернизации антикриминального законодательства и изучены публикации казахстанских (Акимжанов Т.К., Джансараева Р.Е., Джекебаев У.С., Мизанбаев А.Е., Молдабаев С.С. и др.) и российских ученых (Бабаев М.М., Козаченко И.Я., Наумов А.В., Ревин В.П. и др.). Выводы. В статье автор приходит к выводу, что, несмотря на значение акта судебного толкования о практике применения норм УК о торговле людьми, оно имеет ряд пробелов и недочетов. Кроме того отдельные правовые пробелы присуще и самому УК РК. Главные выводы заключаются в необходимости расширения рамок судебного толкования с учетом формулировки «преступления, связанные с торговлей людьми», дополнения УК нормами об использовании рабского труда, совершения деяния лицом в составе транснациональной организованной группы. Новизна и теоретико-прикладная значимость публикации заключается в том, что автор первым предпринял попытку критического осмысления судебно-нормативного толкования уголовного законодательства об ответственности за торговлю людьми. Наряду с этим в публикации обосновывается необходимость дальнейшего совершенствования соответствующих норм УК, выдвигается ряд конкретных предложений по внесению в него изменений и дополнений. ; Task. In article through a prism of the analysis of short stories of the criminal legislation and judicial and standard interpretation possibilities of further improvement of law-enforcement practice and norms of the Criminal code of Kazakhstan about responsibility for human trafficking are investigated. Model. Methodological basis of the research conducted in addition to the formal-logical, constructive-critical was also the comparative analysis of the criminal law of Kazakhstan and Russia. In addition, the author conducted a review of the theses (23), protected in Russia and Kazakhstan over the past 10 years on the problem under study (Akimov, A., M. Buriak, Hetman I.B, Gorban E.N., Gromov S.V., Dushko D.A., Egorova L.U, Jinkin A.A. and others), 54 Bulletins of the Supreme Court on the subject of practice of application of criminal law on trafficking. In order to correlate with the General criminal policy made to the relationship with the processes of modernization of anti-crime legislation and studied publishing Kazakhstan (Akimzhanov T., Dzhansaraeva R.E., Mizanbaev AU, Moldabayev S.S. and others) and Russian scientists (Babayev M.M., Kozachenko IA, Naumov A.V., Revin VP, etc). The conclusions. In the article the author comes to the conclusion that, despite the importance of the act of judicial interpretation of the practice of application of norms of the criminal code on trafficking in persons, it has a number of gaps and shortcomings. In addition a separate legal gaps inherent in most UK RK. The main findings are the need to broaden the scope of the judicial interpretation given to the phrase "offences related to trafficking in persons, supplementing the criminal code of regulations about the use of slave labour, the act is committed by a person as part of transnational organized groups. The novelty of the theoretical and applied significance of publishing is that the author first attempted critical review of judicial and regulatory interpretation of the criminal law on the responsibility for human trafficking. In addition, the publication of the necessity to further improve the relevant rules of the criminal code, put forward a number of concrete proposals for amendments and additions

International audience ; To estimate the seismic hazard, the geometry (dip, length and orientation) and the dynamics (type of displacements and amplitude) of the faults in the area of interest need to be understood. In this paper, in addition to geomorphologic observations, we present the results of two ground penetrating radar (GPR) campaigns conducted in 2010 and 2011 along the Emeelt fault in the vicinity of Ulaanbaatar, capital of Mongolia, located in an intracontinental region with low deformation rate that induces long recurrence time between large earthquakes. As the geomorphology induced by the fault activity has been highly smoothed by erosion processes since the last event, the fault location and geometry is difficult to determine precisely. However, by using GPR first, a non-destructive and fast investigation, the fault and the sedimentary deposits near the surface can be characterized and the results can be used for the choice of trench location. GPR was performed with a 50 MHz antenna over 2-D lines and with a 500 MHz antenna for pseudo-3-D surveys. The 500 MHz GPR profiles show a good consistency with the trench observations, dug next to the pseudo-3-D surveys. The 3-D 500 MHz GPR imaging of a palaeochannel crossed by the fault allowed us to estimate its lateral displacement to be about 2 m. This is consistent with a right lateral strike-slip displacement induced by an earthquake around magnitude 7 or several around magnitude 6. The 2-D 50 MHz profiles, recorded perpendicular to the fault, show a strong reflection dipping to the NE, which corresponds to the fault plane. Those profiles provided complementary information on the fault such as its location at shallow depth, its dip angle (from 23 • to 35 •) and define its lateral extension. Central Asia is known for its high level of seismic hazards, especially Mongolia, which has been one of the most seismically active intracontinental regions in the world with four large earthquakes (magnitude around 8) along its active faults in the western part of the country during the last century (Khilko et al. 1985). The deformation in Mongolia is located between compressive structures related to the collision and penetration of the Indian plate into the Eurasian plate and extensive structures in the north of the country related with the Baykal rift (Tapponnier & Molnar 1979; Baljinnyam et al. 1993; Schlupp 1996; Bayasgalan & Jackson 1999). The seismic activity observed in the vicinity of Ulaanbaatar (UB), capital of Mongolia, is relatively low compared to the activity observed in western Mongolia. Nevertheless, since 2005, the seismic activity around UB not only has increased, but is also organized (see Fig. 1) at the west of UB along two perpendicular directions, which determine two active faults: Emeelt fault, discovered in 2008 (NNW-SSE direction, 25-km-long minimum and situated about 10 km W of UB) and Hustai fault (WSW–ENE direction, 80 km long, with its NE tip at less than 20 km west of UB); their length and morphology indicate that they can produce earthquakes of magnitude 6.5–7.5 (Schlupp et al. 2012). Most of the Mongolian population (1.2 million over 3 million) is concentrated at UB, which is the main political and economical centre of the country. Hence, the study of seismic hazard and the estimation of the probability of future destructive earthquakes are of primary importance for the country (Dugarmaa et al. 2006). Since the last large earthquake, the faults geomorphology has been highly smoothed by erosional processes and the exact location of the fault plane surface rupture is thus hidden within a several metre wide strip. The GPR method has been proven to give good and useful results to characterize faults by identifying offsets of radar reflections (Malik et al. 2007; Christie et al. 2009; Yalçiner et al. 2013) and

Актуальность и цели. Для демократического и правового государства характерно постоянное стремление к совершенствованию органов власти и управ­ления. Потребность в модернизации способов формирования и структуры органов местного самоуправления актуальна и для нашего государства. Этим обусловлены текущие изменения в отечественном законодательстве, регулирующем функции и полномочия органов местной власти. Актуальность исследуемой темы обосновывается необходимостью учета исторического опыта реформирования органов местного самоуправления в России. Цель работы проанализировать этапы подготовки к проведению реформы органов местного самоуправления в России в середине ХIХ в. и предпосылки возникновения избирательных прав у сельского населения Российской империи. Материалы и методы. Реализация исследовательских задач была достигнута на основе анализа нормативно-правовых актов дореформенного периода и проектов правовых актов, разрабатываемых для проведения земской реформы. Особое внимание уделено исследованию работ государственных деятелей С. С. Ланского, П. Д. Киселёва, П. А. Валуева, М. А. Корфа и ученых-юристов А. А. Корнилова, К. А. Пажитнова и других, а также работам современных исследователей-историков и юристов Л. Е. Лаптевой, А. Ю. Шутова, Е. Н. Морозовой и других. Методологическую основу исследования составили методы историко-правового анализа, сравнительно-правовой и логический методы, позволившие сопоставить содержание и значение отдельных положений проектов законодательных актов, идей и предложений дореформенного периода с положениями узаконений, составившими правовую основу земской реформы. Результаты. В результате исследований установлено влияние социальных, экономических и политических условий на возникновение избирательных прав у сельского населения Российской империи, на нормативное определение статуса представительных органов местного самоуправления. Выводы. Изучение опыта подготовки и проведения земской реформы в Российской империи позволяет установить причины малоэффективной деятельности земств, неразвитой системы земских учреждений, отсутствия всесословного представительства в них. В свою очередь, анализ причин позволит нам избежать повторения на современном этапе ошибок реформирования муниципальных органов и разработать более совершенные законы, регламентирующие их деятельность. ; Background. A constant desire to improve governing bodies is typical for a democratic and legal state. The need to modernize ways of formation and a structure of local governments is still relevant for our state as well. This situation causes the current changes in the domestic legislation governing the functions and powers of local authorities. Relevance of the research theme justifies the need to consider the histo­rical experience of the reform of local government in Russia. The purpose of the article is to examine the stages of preparation for the reform of local governments in Russia in the middle of XIX century and the prerequisites of electoral rights of the rural population of the Russian Empire. Materials and methods. Implementation of the research tasks was achieved on the basis of the analysis of legal acts of the pre-reform period and drafts of legal acts developed for the Zemstvo reform. Particular attention was paid to the study of works of statesmen S. S. Lanskoy, P. D. Kiselev, P. A. Valuev, M. A. Korf and law scholars A. A. Kornilov, K. A. Pajitnov and others, as well as works by contemporary historians and lawyers-researchers L. E. Lapteva, A. Y.Shutova, E. N. Morozova and others. The methodological basis of the research were the methods of historical and legal analysis, comparative legal and logical methods that allowed to compare the content and meaning of certain provisions of legislative acts' drafts, ideas and suggestions of the pre-reform period with the provisions of statutes, being a legal framework of the Zemstvo reform. Results. As a result, the studies have established the influence of social, econo­mic and political conditions on occurrence of the electoral rights of the rural population of the Russian Empire, the normative definition of the status of local government bodies. Conclusions. Studying the experience of preparation and implementation of the Zemstvo Reform in the Russian Empire allowed to determine the cause of inefficient activity of the zemstvos, of the undeveloped system of zemstvo institutions, of the lack of representatives from all the society groups in them. In turn, the analysis of the causes allows us to avoid repeating of the same mistakes at the present stage of the reform of municipal bodies, and to improve the laws governing them.

Построение четкой классификационной системы юридических лиц является важным шагом в нахождении оптимального пути при предстоящем реформировании в России института юридического лица в гражданском праве. По мнению автора, длившаяся десятилетиями дискуссия о видах и конструкциях юридического лица должна найти свое разрешение в самое ближайшее время. Отмечается, что в настоящее время в ГК РФ закреплено деление юридических лиц исходя из соотношения: 1) прав учредителей (участников, членов) и самого юридического лица на имущество последнего (п. 2, 3 ст. 48 ГК РФ); 2) цели извлечения прибыли с другими целями деятельности юридических лиц, а также разрешения или запрета распределения полученной прибыли между участниками организации (ст. 50 ГК РФ). Во втором случае законодатель, проводя разграничение юридических лиц, использует такие термины, как «коммерческие организации» и «некоммерческие организации». Автор последовательно критикует существующий подход к классификации юридических лиц. Изменения в Гражданском кодексе Российской Федерации существенно меняют содержание отдельных правовых институтов. Применительно к системе юридических лиц вводятся новые классификации, изменяются уровни правового регулирования. Однако некоторые дискуссионные вопросы так и не нашли своего решения в проекте изменений Гражданского кодекса. В частности, несмотря на все критические замечания, не устранены многие противоречия в делении организаций на коммерческие и некоммерческие юридические лица. Логические объемы данных терминов не совпадают, не соответствуют характеру осуществляемой деятельности. Творчески развивая взгляды известных российских ученых (Б.И. Пугинский, Л.В. Андреева, В.С. Белых, А.Г. Быков, Е.П. Губин, М.А. Егорова, М.Н. Илюшина, О.А. Серова, В.Е. Чиркин), обосновывается необходимостью использования понятий предпринимательских и непредпринимательских организаций как комплексных, межотраслевых категорий, опирающихся на достижения науки предпринимательского права. В связи с этим предложено разграничивать и понятие юридического лица в узком смысле (учитывая цивилистический подход) и в широком - как межотраслевую категорию. Именно данное понимание сегодня поддерживается наукой предпринимательского права и соответствует специфике регулируемых правом отношений. ; Establishing a clear classification system of legal entities is an important step in finding the optimal way with the upcoming reform of the Institute of juridical person in civil law in Russia. According to the author, the decades-long debate about the types and structures of juridical person must find their resolution in the near future. It is noted that at present the RF CC stipulates the division of legal entities, based on the ratio of: 1) rights of the founders (participants, members) and the legal entity of the property of the latter (p. 2, 3 article 48 CC RF); 2) an object of extraction of profit with other objectives of activity of legal entities, as well as allow or prevent of distribution of profits among the organization members (art. 50 CC of the RF).In the second case, the legislator, while making the distinction of legal entities, uses such terms as «commercial organizations» and «non-commercial organizations». The author consistently criticizes the existing approach to the classification of legal persons. Changes to the Civil code of the Russian Federation significantly alter the content of certain legal institutions. With respect to the system of legal entities the new classification are entered, the levels of legal regulation are changed. However, some debatable questions did not find their solution in the project of amendments to the Civil code. In particular, despite all the criticism, many of the contradictions in the division organizations for commercial and non-commercial legal entities are not eliminated. Logical volume of this data terms does not correspond and agree with the nature of the activities being undertaken. Creatively developing the views of famous Russian scientists (L.V. Andreeva, V. S. Belykh, A.G. Bykov, E.P. Gubin, M. A. Egorova, M.N. Ilyushina, B.I. Puginsky, O.A. Serova, V.E. Chirkin), the author proves the need to use the concepts of entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial organization as integrated, intersectoral categories, based on the achievements of science business law. In this connection it is suggested to distinguish between the notion of a legal entity in the narrow sense (taking into account the civilistic approach), and in the broaderas intersectoral category. It is this understanding is supported by science of business law and corresponds to the specifics of the relations regulated by law.

International audience ; To estimate the seismic hazard, the geometry (dip, length and orientation) and the dynamics (type of displacements and amplitude) of the faults in the area of interest need to be understood. In this paper, in addition to geomorphologic observations, we present the results of two ground penetrating radar (GPR) campaigns conducted in 2010 and 2011 along the Emeelt fault in the vicinity of Ulaanbaatar, capital of Mongolia, located in an intracontinental region with low deformation rate that induces long recurrence time between large earthquakes. As the geomorphology induced by the fault activity has been highly smoothed by erosion processes since the last event, the fault location and geometry is difficult to determine precisely. However, by using GPR first, a non-destructive and fast investigation, the fault and the sedimentary deposits near the surface can be characterized and the results can be used for the choice of trench location. GPR was performed with a 50 MHz antenna over 2-D lines and with a 500 MHz antenna for pseudo-3-D surveys. The 500 MHz GPR profiles show a good consistency with the trench observations, dug next to the pseudo-3-D surveys. The 3-D 500 MHz GPR imaging of a palaeochannel crossed by the fault allowed us to estimate its lateral displacement to be about 2 m. This is consistent with a right lateral strike-slip displacement induced by an earthquake around magnitude 7 or several around magnitude 6. The 2-D 50 MHz profiles, recorded perpendicular to the fault, show a strong reflection dipping to the NE, which corresponds to the fault plane. Those profiles provided complementary information on the fault such as its location at shallow depth, its dip angle (from 23 • to 35 •) and define its lateral extension. Central Asia is known for its high level of seismic hazards, especially Mongolia, which has been one of the most seismically active intracontinental regions in the world with four large earthquakes (magnitude around 8) along its active faults in the western part of the country during the last century (Khilko et al. 1985). The deformation in Mongolia is located between compressive structures related to the collision and penetration of the Indian plate into the Eurasian plate and extensive structures in the north of the country related with the Baykal rift (Tapponnier & Molnar 1979; Baljinnyam et al. 1993; Schlupp 1996; Bayasgalan & Jackson 1999). The seismic activity observed in the vicinity of Ulaanbaatar (UB), capital of Mongolia, is relatively low compared to the activity observed in western Mongolia. Nevertheless, since 2005, the seismic activity around UB not only has increased, but is also organized (see Fig. 1) at the west of UB along two perpendicular directions, which determine two active faults: Emeelt fault, discovered in 2008 (NNW-SSE direction, 25-km-long minimum and situated about 10 km W of UB) and Hustai fault (WSW–ENE direction, 80 km long, with its NE tip at less than 20 km west of UB); their length and morphology indicate that they can produce earthquakes of magnitude 6.5–7.5 (Schlupp et al. 2012). Most of the Mongolian population (1.2 million over 3 million) is concentrated at UB, which is the main political and economical centre of the country. Hence, the study of seismic hazard and the estimation of the probability of future destructive earthquakes are of primary importance for the country (Dugarmaa et al. 2006). Since the last large earthquake, the faults geomorphology has been highly smoothed by erosional processes and the exact location of the fault plane surface rupture is thus hidden within a several metre wide strip. The GPR method has been proven to give good and useful results to characterize faults by identifying offsets of radar reflections (Malik et al. 2007; Christie et al. 2009; Yalçiner et al. 2013) and

El extenso prólogo contiene material biográfico de la homenajeada. ; Los coautores de este merecido Libro Homenaje, constituyen un núcleo de activos y comprometidos docentes, con una característica que los define y los precisa de manera singular: todos han transitado felizmente los trayectos de Doctorados, Maestrías y Especializaciones en el núcleo disciplinar que comparten como propio, todos han abrevado en los textos de la autora que homenajeamos, todos han investigado junto a ella y discutidos con ella sus proyectos, promisorio recorrido que acredita su confesa vocación por el conocimiento profundo, lo único que quizá nos acerca a la inmortalidad. ; La fuerza del trabajo. La regulación del aprendizaje industrial en la primera mitad del siglo XIX / Marcela Aspell p. 61 -- Variaciones sobre dos temas de la responsabilidad de los Estados / Julio Barboza p. 111 -- A propósito del control de convencionalidad / Víctor Bazán p. 139 -- Reflexiones sobre la crisis del euro y de la Unión / Antonio Remiro Brotóns p. 185 -- Quousque tandem Naciones Unidas / Rose Cave p. 203 -- Nuevas perspectivas de la inmunidad del Estado / J. Alejandro Consigli p. 225 -- La consolidación del derecho sobre los acuíferos transfronterizos / Lilian del Castillo p. 241 -- El Mercosur: 20 años después / Adriana Dreyzin de Klor p. 285 -- Aporte de la dinámica de las garantías constitucionales en el Sistema Interamericano al derecho internacional / María del Luján Flores- Carlos Sapriza p. 303 -- Consecuencias del hecho ilícito internacional en el caso de las organizaciones internacionales (a la luz del proyecto definitivo de artículos de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional) / Cesáreo Gutiérrez Espada p. 339 -- El control jurisdiccional de la aplicación del derecho internacional humanitario / Hortensia D.T. Gutiérrez Posse p. 367 -- La Opinión Consultiva de la Corte Internacional de Justicia de 1 de febrero de 2012 a petición del Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola / Manuel Hinojo Rojas p. 405 -- Dollarization and euroization - Legal and economic problems the introduction of a foreign currency as a national currency on the global and European level / Waldemar Hummer p. 457 -- El territorio insular a la luz del fallo de la Corte Internacional de Justicia de 2012 / María Teresa Infante Caffi p. 487 -- La responsabilidad internacional del Estado por violación de los derechos humanos / Hugo Llanos Mansilla p. 509 -- Mutaciones en las relaciones diplomáticas contemporáneas / Manuel Morales Lama p. 577 -- Adopción internacional viciada y protección del niño mediante el despliegue de la cooperación internacional / María Susana Najurieta p. 591 -- La aplicación del principio jura novit curia por los órganos del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos / Rafael Nieto Navia p. 619 -- El principio de efectividad en el derecho internacional público / Arturo Santiago Pagliari p. 641 -- Unasur. Cambios de la estructura por edades de la población.Bases comunes para la promoción, protección y realización de los derechos de las personas de edad / Luis Cruz Pereyra p. 669 -- El derecho de los pueblos indígenas a ser consultados. Aportes de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos / María Teresa Ponte Iglesias p. 719 -- The human right to water and sanitation: The Challenges of its Application in Latin America / María Querol p. 757 -- La democracia en la era digital. Una mirada desde el ámbito latinoamericano / Beatriz M. Ramacciotti p. 787 -- Mercosur y medio ambiente. Realizaciones y perspectivas / Ernesto J. Rey Caro p. 821 -- Contrastes entre las concepciones teóricas, los criterios jurídicos y las decisiones políticas de los Estados en materia de reconocimiento de Estados y de gobiernos / María Cristina Rodríguez de Taborda p. 853 -- La enseñanza del derecho internacional / Gaciela R. Salas p. 885 -- The human right to water / Marco Parriciatu - Francesco Sindico p. 911 -- La relación entre la violación grave de un tratado y el estado de necesidad / María Alejandra Sticca p. 935 -- Derechos humanos de los migrantes / Amalia Uriondo de Martinoli p. 961 -- La cooperación y auxilio procesal internacionales: principios e institutos a incluir en una legislación procesal internacional uniforme de fuente interna / María Elsa Uzal p. 993 -- The 1995 interim accord and membership of the republic of Macedonia in international organizations / Budislav Vukas p. 1015

The second All-Belarusian Congress (after the First Congress in 1917, which laid the foundations of the Belarusian national statehood) was held in Minsk on June 27, 1944 on the eve of Soviet Army invasion in the capital of Belarus ('liberation' of Minsk from Nazi occupation). In Soviet historiography, this Congress was treated unambiguously negative as a criminal 'gathering' of Hitler's henchmen. Official historiography of Soviet Belarus ignored this event. Several generations of citizens grew up in the post-war decades who had no idea about the Second Congress, its decisions and speeches that were voiced from the tribune. The task of overcoming this ignorance is still relevant which, of course, does not exclude the development of modern critical thinking about political and ideological positions of the national movement leaders of that dramatic era. This problem is connected with concurrent need to revise the view at the Second All-Belarusian Congress, which was dominant in science and political journalism of Eastern European countries, particularly in Polish historical literature – until 1989 in Polish emigre circles and in the last decades in Polen itself. Here this Congress was well know (down to the smallest detail in the memory of eyewitnesses of what happened in June 1944) and discussed openly. Irreconcilable contradictions between Poland and Belarus and anti-Polish sentiment of the Congress were often emphasized. Allegedly, Congrees participants were more concerned about the imaginary 'Polish threat' rather than salvation of their country from the Nazi and Soviet occupation in those tragic days (the last days of their stay in the native land). Based on the sources found in archives and examined by the author, primarily the full transcript of the Congress, we can imagine that the content and emotional speeches of Congress delegates (chairman Yauhim Kipel, head of the Belarusian Central Rada Radoslav Austroysky / Ostrovsky, Archbishop of Mogilev and Minsk – Filafey, General Constance Ezavitov, Master M. Shkelionk and culture referent – Nadzeiya Mizkevich) were aimed at protecting the Belarusian national statehood and culture against the threat of degeneration in the USSR. Great moral value in the perspective of revival of the Belarusian state and political activities in the strategy of the Belarusian emigration in the postwar world had Declaration 'On breakup with the Bolshevik Moscow' passed by the Congress. The myth engrafted by communist propaganda that the Second All-Belarusian Congress was initiated by the Nazi occupants of Belarus should be dispelled in today's public consciousness. In fact, the leaders of the Belarusian national movement managed to convene Congress in spite of resistance, prohibitions and unwillingness of the occupation authorities (which is why it only became possible in the last days before the entrance of the Soviet Army in Minsk). Belarussians were the only peoples of the former Soviet Union (who found themselves 'between a rock and a hard place' of rivaling forces during the Second World War – Nazi Germany and the Kremlin), who managed to articulate their national objectives and claims primarily related to public integrity and independence of Belarus at the level of the national congress. The very date of the Second All-Belarusian Congress (June 27th) signifies an important additional perspective, which should be considered in the history of the peoples of Eastern Europe of 1944. It turns out that you can do a lot in the last minute. The trail of All-Belarusian Congress, conducted in emergency circumstances, should not be erased from the memory of the Belarusian people and the international community. Comparative analysis of the Congress delegates' speeches and those of leaders of Belarusian Popular Front 'Adrazhenne / Renaissance' that were made in Minsk at the turn of 1980–1990s (for example, at a rally in memory of victims of Stalin's repression in Minsk on November 1, 1987) shows that there is a political relay race passing from the First to the Second All-Belarusian Congress, to the Belarusian emigration of 1940–1950s (especially to international 'Promethean League of Atlantic Charta', speaking also on behalf of the Belarusian people), to democratic forces of the country, entered the historical arena in the era of perestroika.

Стаття являє собою спробу узагальнення фрагментарних даних про повстанських рух на території Куп'янського повіту Харківської губернії проти більшовицької влади в 1919­1921 роках.Перш за все, очевидним є факт того, що сучасні дослідники, які займаються проблемою Української революції, у своїх історичних студіях, передусім, приділяють увагу глобальним, масштабним та непересічним подіям ­ таким, як, наприклад, Махновщина, Другий Зимовий похід, діяльність Центральної Ради чи яскравим, символічним персоналіям, як Ю. Тютюнник, М. Григор'єв, С. Петлюра та ін. У той час, як питання локальної історії залишається осторонь ґрунтовних досліджень професійних істориків і є підтвердженням чи спростуванням певних тез та висновків у рамках більш глобальних подій. Узагалі ж актуальність такого дослідження тільки зростає в зв'язку з тим, що регіональний вимір історії українського селянського повстанського руху потребує особливо ретельного та, головне, об'єктивного вивчення.Автор статті виділяє головні політичні напрямки в селянському русі Куп'янщини – самостійницький або «петлюрівський» та анархістський або махновський;аналізує комплекс причин боротьби зі встановленням радянської влади, серед яких головними є невирішеність аграрного питання та політика «воєнного комунізму»;робить спробу встановити прізвища забутих ватажків повстанських загонів і простежити певні віхи їх бойової слави;а також визначає причини занепаду масового організованого антибільшовицького руху, вирішальними з яких були: перехід до нової економічної політики (непу) та загальна розпорошеність повстанської боротьби. ; Стаття являє собою спробу узагальнення фрагментарних даних про повстанських рух на території Куп'янського повіту Харківської губернії проти більшовицької влади в 1919­1921 роках.Перш за все, очевидним є факт того, що сучасні дослідники, які займаються проблемою Української революції, у своїх історичних студіях, передусім, приділяють увагу глобальним, масштабним та непересічним подіям ­ таким, як, наприклад, Махновщина, Другий Зимовий похід, діяльність Центральної Ради чи яскравим, символічним персоналіям, як Ю. Тютюнник, М. Григор'єв, С. Петлюра та ін. У той час, як питання локальної історії залишається осторонь ґрунтовних досліджень професійних істориків і є підтвердженням чи спростуванням певних тез та висновків у рамках більш глобальних подій. Узагалі ж актуальність такого дослідження тільки зростає в зв'язку з тим, що регіональний вимір історії українського селянського повстанського руху потребує особливо ретельного та, головне, об'єктивного вивчення.Автор статті виділяє головні політичні напрямки в селянському русі Куп'янщини – самостійницький або «петлюрівський» та анархістський або махновський;аналізує комплекс причин боротьби зі встановленням радянської влади, серед яких головними є невирішеність аграрного питання та політика «воєнного комунізму»;робить спробу встановити прізвища забутих ватажків повстанських загонів і простежити певні віхи їх бойової слави;а також визначає причини занепаду масового організованого антибільшовицького руху, вирішальними з яких були: перехід до нової економічної політики (непу) та загальна розпорошеність повстанської боротьби. ; The article is attempts to generalization fragmentary information about insurgent movement in the Kupyansk district of Kharkov province against the Bolshevik regime in 1919­1921.First of all , the obvious is the fact that modern scholars dealing with Ukrainian revolution in his historical studies , above all, pay attention to global, ambitious and unprecedented event ­ such as , for example, Makhnovshchina , second winter campaign , the activities of the Central Council or bright symbolic personalities as Tyutyunnik Yu , M. Grigoriev , S. Petljura et al. While as a matter of local history remains aloof thorough research professional historians and confirms or denial of certain theses and conclusions in a more global events . General relevance of this study is only growing due to the fact that the regional dimension of the history of Ukrainian peasant insurgency requires particularly careful and , most importantly, objective study.The author of the article highlights the main political directions of peasant movement in Kupyansk province. There are: an independent and anarchists.analyzes the complex reasons for the fight against establishment of Soviet power, among which the main ones are the unresolved agrarian question and the policy of «military communism»;makes an attempt to establish the names of forgotten leaders of the rebel groups and follow some milestones of their military glory;and determines the causes of the decline organized mass anti­Bolshevik movement, decisive of which are: the transition to new economic Policy (NEP) and the general dispersion of the rebel struggle.

Environmental injustice has received high attention in the field of environmental studies. The concept of environmental justice is well defined within different academic disciplines. It refers to the rightness, fairness, and equity that a person in his own living environment is entitled to. In contrast, environmental injustice refers to the failure for one to receive the environmental justice that he is entitled to. Environmental injustice has been well substantiated by numerous international studies and evidenced in many countries overseas. A key question thus emerges: Is environmental injustice well evidenced in Hong Kong? Air pollution presents a major environmental challenge to the socially deprived communities both internationally and locally. Whilst the relationship between air pollution and social deprivation is well established internationally, given the strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that the socially deprived are exposed to more air pollution, the validity of such claim in the local context is not as obvious. Existing local studies investigating the relationship between air pollution and social deprivation are limited by, first, the lack of fine-grained air pollution data at a smaller geographical scale, which constrains the observation and conclusion of such hypothesis at a more refined geographical scale (Stern, 2003) and second, a stronger tendency to focus on the vulnerability of air pollution on different socio-economic spectrums (C. M. Wong et al., 2008). The current study aims to close the research gap by (a) developing a sophisticated methodology to enhance the collection and analysis of air pollution data at the Territorial Planning Unit, (b) examining the relationship between air pollution exposure and social deprivation at the TPU level, and (c) examining whether environmental injustice in relation to air pollution exists in Hong Kong. Our key research questions thus include the following: (1) Are the socially deprived in Hong Kong exposed to more air pollution? (2) Can we break through the existing methodological constraint and develop a brand new sophisticated air pollution data estimation methodology to interpolate air pollution at a smaller geographical scale? (3) If (1) is positive, would the exposure to more air pollution by the socially deprived in Hong Kong constitute the case of environmental injustice? A more sophisticated and accurate air pollution estimation methodology to estimate air pollution at a smaller geographical scale with the least root mean square error (RMSE) as compared to other key traditional models is introduced. The model identifies key spatial factors that affect the dispersion of air pollution in Hong Kong. By regression analysis, it is shown that the relationship between exposure to air pollution and social deprivation is positive and statistically significant. Both NO2 and PM10, the two major road-based pollutants, are positively correlated with the social deprivation index (for NO2: coefficient=0.4404 R= 0.6937, p<0.01; for PM10: coefficient = 0.4185, R = 0.6430, p<0.01). This leads to the conclusion that the socially deprived in Hong Kong are exposed to more air pollution, thus establishing the case of environmental injustice. This study has generated a key methodological breakthrough by developing a sophisticated air pollution estimation model that generates more accurate and fine-grained air pollution data at the TPU level – which was not previously available due to the limited number of air pollution monitoring stations in Hong Kong. This methodology allows the pursuit of social-economic air pollution study at a more refined geographical scale. The study strongly points to the existence of air-pollution related environmental injustice in Hong Kong. It calls for the Hong Kong Government to immediately address this under-researched and long neglected social-environmental problem, by formulating and implementing effective policies based on the fine-grained air pollution and socio-economic data, and the evidence generated from this study. ; published_or_final_version ; Environmental Management ; Master ; Master of Science in Environmental Management

U selu Davidovcu, udaljenom 9,5 kilometara jugozapadno od Vranja, na potesu Crkvište, sprovedena su arheološka istraživanja. Tom prilikom su konstatovani ostaci manjeg bronzanodopskog naselja, iznad kojeg se kasnije formirao kasnoantički horizont. Pored skromnih naseobinskih ostataka, otkrivena je i kasnoantička nekropola, od koje su ovom prilikom istražene dve zasvedene grobnice i devet grobnih konstrukcija. Kako su grobne celine najvećim delom bile još ranije opljačkane, skeletni ostaci pokojnika konstatovani su u grobnicama i jednom grobu. ; In 2012, in the village Davidovac situated in south Serbia, 9.5 km south-west from Vranje, archaeological investigations were conducted on the site Crkvište. The remains of the smaller bronze-age settlement were discovered, above which a late antique horizon was later formed. Apart from modest remains of a bronze-age house and pits, a late antique necropolis was also excavated, of which two vaulted tombs and nine graves were inspected during this campaign. During the excavation of the northern sector of the site Davidovac-Crkvište the north-eastern periphery of the necropolis is detected. Graves 1-3, 5 and 6 are situated on the north­eastern borderline of necropolis, while the position of the tombs and the remaining four graves (4, 7-9) in their vicinity point that the necropolis was further spreading to the west and to the south­west, occupying the mount on which the church of St. George and modern graveyard are situated nowadays. All graves are oriented in the direction SW-NE, with the deviance between 3° and 17°, in four cases toward the south and in seven cases toward the north, while the largest part of those deviations is between 3° and 8°. Few small finds from the layer above the graves can in some way enable the determination of their dating. Those are two roman coins, one from the reign of emperor Valens (364-378), as well as the fibula of the type Viminacium-Novae which is chronologically tied to a longer period from the middle of the 5th to the middle of the 6th century, although there are some geographically close analogies dated to the end of the 4th or the beginning of the 5th century. Analogies for the tombs from Davidovac can be found on numerous sites, like in Sirmium as well as in Macvanska Mitrovica, where they are dated to the 4th-5th century. Similar situation was detected in Viminacium, former capital of the roman province of Upper Moesia. In ancient Naissus, on the site of Jagodin Mala, simple rectangular tombs were distributed in rows, while the complex painted tombs with Christian motifs were also found and dated by the coins to the period from the 4th to the 6th century. Also, in Kolovrat near Prijepolje simple vaulted tombs with walled dromos were excavated. During the excavations on the nearby site Davidovac-Gradište, 39 graves of type Mala Kopašnica-Sase dated to the 2nd-3rd century were found, as well as 67 cist graves, which were dated by the coins of Constantius II, jewellery and buckles to the second half of the 4th or the first half of the 5th century. Based on all above mentioned it can be concluded that during the period from the 2nd to the 6th century in this area existed a roman and late antique settlement and several necropolises, formed along an important ancient road Via militaris, traced at the length of over 130 m in the direction NE-SW. Data gained with the anthropological analyses of 10 skeletons from the site Davidovac-Crkvište don't give enough information for a conclusion about the paleo-demographical structure of the population that lived here during late antiquity. Important results about the paleo-pathological changes, which do not occur often on archaeological sites, as well as the clearer picture about this population in total, will be acquired after the osteological material from the site Davidovac-Gradište is statistically analysed.

International audience ; On pourrait croire que la frontière ibérique est le meilleur angle d'attaque pour étudier la naissance des mythes de coexistence inter-confessionnelle : lieu de rencontre, de passage, zone perméable, favorable aux transferts de savoirs, d'idées, de personnes, de marchandises, de techniques… En outre les études sur les frontières pré-modernes ont insisté sur le caractère labile, malléable, des limites médiévales, sur la superposition et les chevauchements des frontières administratives, politiques, religieuses, linguistiques ou culturelles, sur l'inexistence des frontières linéaires, du type de celles qui existent aujourd'hui entre les structures étatiques nationales européennes. Cette frontière médiévale, mal définie et désincarnée, est le prétexte idéal à l'invention des héros, des martyrs et des mythes ; en même temps qu'elle est un lieu de contact et de rencontre, elle est aussi un enjeu de pouvoir, un lieu dangereux, un espace de transgression, l'objet de bien des fantasmes ; pourtant les récits fondateurs de mythes n'ont pas été élaborés dans le territoire frontalier, mais dans les villes de l'intérieur, à bonne distance de la scène où se sont effectivement manifestés leurs protagonistes, bien après qu'ils ont disparu. La distance géographique et chronologique permet seule la naissance du mythe ; elle est emblématique de l'écart entre le récit et la réalité, entre la complexité et l'empirisme de la situation vécue d'un côté, la linéarité simplificatrice, didactique et édifiante du mythe de l'autre. Cette simplification se fait parfois au prix d'une inversion totale des signes et des valeurs. Qu'on en juge : Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (m. 1098), un individu qu'en d'autres circonstances ses actes auraient permis de décrire comme un mercenaire parvenu, prêt à se vendre au plus offrant — chrétien ou musulman —, fourbe, violent et cruel, maintes fois transfuge et traître à son roi, est devenu, au fil des textes, sous la plume de Corneille, « Le Cid », preux chevalier du christianisme et de la chrétienté tout entière, symbole de l'honneur, exemple de sacrifice, de loyauté et de courage. Telle est la force du mythe : il se préoccupe bien peu de la réalité, il fait dire à peu près n'importe quoi aux témoignages conservés et aux documents historiques. Pourtant, comme la charte forgée de toutes pièces, comme le faux dans le domaine de la diplomatique, il est riche d'enseignement pour l'historien. Il est une mine d'informations sur les périodes qui l'inspirent ou le propagent et il nécessite certaines conditions précises pour se développer. Il convient de noter au préalable que rares sont les périodes historiques où la grandeur des structures politiques coïncide avec celle des productions littéraires, philosophiques, juridiques, ou avec le caractère exceptionnel des individualités. Le XI e siècle par exemple est une période très riche du point de vue littéraire et poétique en Andalus, la partie de la péninsule Ibérique dirigée par des souverains musulmans. Pourtant, si l'éclatement politique en une vingtaine de principautés musulmanes, indépendantes et rivales, la faiblesse des rois ou princes de ces taifas ou « factions » (ṭā'ifa en arabe) et les avancées latines de la Castille, de l'Aragon ou de la Catalogne qui en découlaient ou en étaient la cause, ont accompagné et favorisé cette éclosion littéraire, poétique et artistique, ils n'en ont pas moins conduit les auteurs musulmans postérieurs à discréditer ce qu'ils ont appelé la fitna, la division de la « communauté de l'islam ». Les oeuvres des uns ont servi de modèle aux auteurs postérieurs qui en ont chanté la perfection, mais la faiblesse des autres a longtemps servi de repoussoir et de contre-modèle aux élites politiques maghrébo-andalouses. En prenant par métonymie les arts et les lettres pour un reflet de la société dans son ensemble, la création poétique pour un cliché photographique de la situation économique, politique et sociale d'al-Andalus et quelques biographies d'exception pour l'histoire de groupes entiers, d'aucuns ont gardé du XIe siècle ibérique le souvenir factice de la convivencia et ont construit le mythe de « l'Espagne des trois religions".

International audience ; On pourrait croire que la frontière ibérique est le meilleur angle d'attaque pour étudier la naissance des mythes de coexistence inter-confessionnelle : lieu de rencontre, de passage, zone perméable, favorable aux transferts de savoirs, d'idées, de personnes, de marchandises, de techniques… En outre les études sur les frontières pré-modernes ont insisté sur le caractère labile, malléable, des limites médiévales, sur la superposition et les chevauchements des frontières administratives, politiques, religieuses, linguistiques ou culturelles, sur l'inexistence des frontières linéaires, du type de celles qui existent aujourd'hui entre les structures étatiques nationales européennes. Cette frontière médiévale, mal définie et désincarnée, est le prétexte idéal à l'invention des héros, des martyrs et des mythes ; en même temps qu'elle est un lieu de contact et de rencontre, elle est aussi un enjeu de pouvoir, un lieu dangereux, un espace de transgression, l'objet de bien des fantasmes ; pourtant les récits fondateurs de mythes n'ont pas été élaborés dans le territoire frontalier, mais dans les villes de l'intérieur, à bonne distance de la scène où se sont effectivement manifestés leurs protagonistes, bien après qu'ils ont disparu. La distance géographique et chronologique permet seule la naissance du mythe ; elle est emblématique de l'écart entre le récit et la réalité, entre la complexité et l'empirisme de la situation vécue d'un côté, la linéarité simplificatrice, didactique et édifiante du mythe de l'autre. Cette simplification se fait parfois au prix d'une inversion totale des signes et des valeurs. Qu'on en juge : Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (m. 1098), un individu qu'en d'autres circonstances ses actes auraient permis de décrire comme un mercenaire parvenu, prêt à se vendre au plus offrant — chrétien ou musulman —, fourbe, violent et cruel, maintes fois transfuge et traître à son roi, est devenu, au fil des textes, sous la plume de Corneille, « Le Cid », preux chevalier du christianisme et de la chrétienté tout entière, symbole de l'honneur, exemple de sacrifice, de loyauté et de courage. Telle est la force du mythe : il se préoccupe bien peu de la réalité, il fait dire à peu près n'importe quoi aux témoignages conservés et aux documents historiques. Pourtant, comme la charte forgée de toutes pièces, comme le faux dans le domaine de la diplomatique, il est riche d'enseignement pour l'historien. Il est une mine d'informations sur les périodes qui l'inspirent ou le propagent et il nécessite certaines conditions précises pour se développer. Il convient de noter au préalable que rares sont les périodes historiques où la grandeur des structures politiques coïncide avec celle des productions littéraires, philosophiques, juridiques, ou avec le caractère exceptionnel des individualités. Le XI e siècle par exemple est une période très riche du point de vue littéraire et poétique en Andalus, la partie de la péninsule Ibérique dirigée par des souverains musulmans. Pourtant, si l'éclatement politique en une vingtaine de principautés musulmanes, indépendantes et rivales, la faiblesse des rois ou princes de ces taifas ou « factions » (ṭā'ifa en arabe) et les avancées latines de la Castille, de l'Aragon ou de la Catalogne qui en découlaient ou en étaient la cause, ont accompagné et favorisé cette éclosion littéraire, poétique et artistique, ils n'en ont pas moins conduit les auteurs musulmans postérieurs à discréditer ce qu'ils ont appelé la fitna, la division de la « communauté de l'islam ». Les oeuvres des uns ont servi de modèle aux auteurs postérieurs qui en ont chanté la perfection, mais la faiblesse des autres a longtemps servi de repoussoir et de contre-modèle aux élites politiques maghrébo-andalouses. En prenant par métonymie les arts et les lettres pour un reflet de la société dans son ensemble, la création poétique pour un cliché photographique de la situation économique, politique et sociale d'al-Andalus et quelques biographies d'exception pour l'histoire de groupes entiers, d'aucuns ont gardé du XIe siècle ibérique le souvenir factice de la convivencia et ont construit le mythe de « l'Espagne des trois religions".

Nella presente ricerca si tenterà di affrontare alcuni temi classici del materialismo storico labriolano, i quali, sebbene estremamente noti e — si potrebbe dire — oramai quasi 'canonici' (ci riferiamo nello specifico alle nozioni di 'immanenza' e 'morfologia'), necessitano, a nostro avviso, di essere indagati dal punto di vista della loro 'genesi' concettuale. La formazione filosofica di Labriola, infatti, pur prendendo le proprie mosse da un impiante hegeliano, è stata caratterizzata dall'incontro sia con la filosofia di Herbart, sia con i più importanti esponenti della scuola herbartiana, con la psicologia di Wundt e la filosofia di Lotze, nonché con lo storicismo di Humboldt e di Droysen. Non potendo, in questa sede, tentare di ricostruire l'intero percorso formativo del Labriola, si è preferito focalizzare l'attenzione su alcuni aspetti ben circoscritti. Innanzi tutto, abbiamo ristretto la nostra ricerca soltanto sui due concetti sopra menzionati, tentando di operare una selezione (tra autori e opere) che potesse essere funzionale per la comprensione della genesi 'teorica' di quest'ultimi. Quindi, si è proceduto ad esporre, nelle loro linee generali e in relazione ai temi che ci interessano, il pensiero degli autori scelti, assieme al commento di alcuni testi rappresentativi. Gli autori che ci si è proposti di analizzare nella seguente ricerca sono W. von Humboldt, G. Droysen, H. Steinthal e M. Lazarus, e su tale selezione ci è basati per la struttura della tesi. Si è proceduto a suddividere la tesi in tre parti: la prima, contenente i primi due capitoli, incentrati sulla riflessione di Humboldt e di Droysen, la seconda, contenente il terzo e il quarto, si concentra invece sul pensiero di Steinthal e di Lazarus, nonché sulla nozione generale di Völkerpsychologie, l'ultima, invece, articolandosi in due ulteriori capitoli, analizzerà la nozione di 'immanenza' e 'morfologia' in alcuni testi di Labriola a partire dal 1887, anno a cui risale la famosa 'prelezione' sui Problemi della filosofia della storia, nella quale la riflessione teorica sulla storia assume per la prima volta una forma più sistematica e compiuta. Le tre parti, inoltre, sono anche il risultato di una suddivisione 'tematica' del lavoro. Si è preferito, infatti, non soltanto operare una divisione 'per autori', ma cercare di conciliare quest'ultima con una divisione per 'temi': la prima parte, dunque, si concentrerà, in particolar modo, sulla nozione di 'immanenza' in Humboldt e Droysen, la seconda, invece, cercherà, prendendo le mosse dal concetto di 'morfologia', di mostrare come tale problematica si articoli nei testi di Steinthal e di Lazarus, tentando di far emergere quegli aspetti della questione che poi saranno utili per costruire un 'bagaglio' teorico che possa permettere di affrontare geneticamente i testi di Labriola. L'ultima parte, infine, può esser considerata come una 'sintesi' delle prime due, in quanto ciò che è stato detto sui problemi dell'immanenza e della morfologia nei capitoli precedenti, tenterà di esser rintracciato nei testi di Labriola, cercando di mostrare se, e come, sia possibile istituire una continuità teorica a convalida della selezione di autori, opere e tematiche che è stata operata in vista della presente ricerca. Riguardo al 'metodo' seguito nel corso del lavoro, vista la grande importanza che è stata conferita all'analisi dei testi, le 'derivazioni teoriche' e le 'influenze' sono state colte anche nel loro carattere implicito. Ciò significa che, nella prospettiva del presente lavoro, si è cercato di allineare il nostro punto di vista con quello del filosofo di Cassino, tentando di individuare quegli spunti e quelle tematiche che possano aver contribuito a dar forma compiuta alla sua peculiare concezione della storia e del materialismo storico. Questo vuol dire, ancora, che tra gli autori presi in considerazione e Labriola non si istituisce una 'discendenza' diretta, bensì un'influenza di tematiche e problemi che, vista la multiforme formazione del cassinate, possono essere stati determinanti per la risoluzione e la definizione di ben determinati aspetti concettuali della sua opera e della sua riflessione storica, filosofica e politica.

Цель. Наиболее наболевшая проблема, с которой сталкиваются специалисты безопасности железнодорожного транспорта, это происшествия на железнодорожных переездах. Цель – исследовать обстоятельства, которые влияют на безопасность движения на переездах, и предложить специалистам по повышению безопасности эффективные инструменты решения проблем на этих опасных местах инфраструктуры железных дорог. Методика. В статье представлен метод логической регрессии для оценки аварийности на железнодорожных переездах Литвы. Авторами были исследованы и оценены основные факторы, влияющие на безопасность железнодорожных переездов. Это – интенсивность движения поездов и автомобилей через железнодорожный переезд, видимость приближающегося поезда с обеих сторон переезда, максимальная допустимая скорость движения поездов, число железнодорожных путей (однопутный, двухпутный, многопутный), уровень оборудования сигнализации и автоматики переезда, населённость местности, наличие ограждений и т. д. Были выделены те факторы, которые возможно описать математическими выражениями (числами). Результаты. Методом логической регрессии, установлено, что самые острые проблемы на железнодорожных переездах – это максимальная допустимая скорость поездов, плохая видимость переезда (менее 1000 м), интенсивность движения дорожного транспорта на переездах и неправильное оборудование автомобильных дорог, пересекающих рельсы. На основе результатов исследования, формулируются выводы и рекомендации специалистам безопасности железнодорожного движения о том, какие первостепенные меры по предотвращению несчастных случаев и на каких железнодорожных переездах необходимо принять незамедлительно. Научная новизна. Раскрыты тенденции и основные причины происшествий на железнодорожных перекрёстках Литвы за 2004-2011 год. Обоснована необходимость внедрения прогрессивных технических мер для предотвращения инцидентов на железнодорожных перекрёстках. Практическая значимость. Около 50% железнодорожных переездов Литвы не соответствуют законодательству по требованиям видимости переездов. Именно этот параметр железнодорожных переездов является одним из решающих факторов риска безопасности движения. В целях устранения влияния на аварийность из-за плохой видимости переезда, предлагается использовать «лежачих» полицейских. Вопрос о ликвидации переездов одного уровня позволит предотвратить инциденты и оптимизировать риски в условиях увеличения объёма перевозок по автомобильным и железным дорогам, роста скорости движения поездов и осуществления важных крупномасштабных автомобильных и железнодорожных проектов. ; Purpose. The most pressing problem facing the rail traffic safety experts is an accident rate at the railway level crossings. The purpose is to investigate the circumstances, which affect traffic safety at the level crossings, and to offer effective tools for experts to improve the safety the problems of these dangerous spaces of railway infrastructure. Methodology. This paper observes the logistic regression as a method to estimate the accident rate at level crossings in Lithuania. The authors have studied and evaluated the key factors affecting the safety of railway crossings. These factors are the intensity of trains and road transport means through the railway level crossing, the visibility of the approaching train from both sides of the traffic, the maximum permissible speed of the trains, the number of tracks (single track, double track, and multi-track), the level of installed alarm and automatic equipment, a density of population in this area, etc. Finally, only the factors, which might be described by mathematical expressions (numbers), were identified. Findings. By using logistic regression method, it was found that the most determinant factors at level crossings are the maximum speed of trains, poor visibility crossing (less than 1,000 m), intensity of the road traffic at crossings, and inappropriate implementation of roads crossing the rails. Based on the study results, the conclusions and recommendations were formulated which primary measures to prevent accidents at level crossing and on what level crossing should be taken urgently. Originality. Revealed trends and major causes of accidents at railway crossings of Lithuania for 2004-2011 year. The necessity of implementation of progressive technical measures for the prevention accidents on railway level crossing is proved. Practical value. About 50% of Lithuanian railway crossings do not meet the requirements of the level crossing legislation. This parameter is one of the key risk factors for traffic safety at level crossings. In order to eliminate the effect on accident due to poor visibility of moving train, it is proposed to use the "speed bumps". Question of the elimination of one level crossing is becoming more and more important due to the increased volume of traffic on the roads and railways, growing the speed of trains and the implementation of important large-scale road and rail projects.