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Does the local presence of immigrant groups increase White hostility to immigration? Most research finds that diverse neighborhoods reduce White opposition to minorities and immigration. However, most studies at higher geographies find the reverse effect. We confirm this pattern for England and Wales for 2009-2012. Yet, contextual studies are open to selection bias, which is where this article makes its main contribution. Is White tolerance in diverse neighborhoods the result of a positive effect of inter-ethnic contact, or does it arise from White flight, with anti-immigrant Whites exiting diverse areas but remaining within wider geographies as radicalized opponents of immigration? We provide the first attempt we are aware of to track the opinions of in- and out-migrants, as well as stayers, from local areas over an extended period. We use 20 years of large-scale geocoded British longitudinal data and find only limited evidence of selection effects associated with White flight.

This paper seeks to determine the value of theoretical ideal-types of medical control. Whilst ideal types (such as the iron cage and gaze) need revision in their application to medical settings, they remain useful in describing and explaining patterns of control and autonomy in the medical profession. The apparent transition from the cage to the gaze has often been over-stated since both types are found in many contemporary health reforms. Indeed, forms of neo-bureaucracy have emerged alongside surveillance of the gaze. These types are contextualised and elaborated in terms of two empirical examples: the management of medical performance and financial incentives for senior hospital doctors in England. Findings point towards the reformulation of medical control, an on-going re-stratification of the medical profession, and the internalisation of managerial discourses. The cumulative effect involves the medical profession's ability to re-cast and enhance its position (vis-à-vis managerial interests).
Keywords: medical profession, medical control, iron cage, gaze

This article examines the health and height of men born in England and Wales in the 1890s who enlisted in the army at the time of the First World War, using a sample of recruits from the army service records. These are linked to their childhood circumstances as observed in the 1901 census. Econometric results indicate that height on enlistment was positively related to socio‐economic class, and negatively to the number of children in the household in 1901 and the proportion of household members who were earners, as well as to the degree of crowding. Adding the characteristics of the locality has little effect on the household‐level effects. However local conditions were important; in particular the industrial character of the district, local housing conditions, and the female illiteracy rate. These are interpreted as representing the negative effect on height of the local disease environment. The results suggest that changing conditions at both household and locality levels contributed to the increase in height and health in the following decades.

Published ; Article ; Open access journal ; When students in England started campaigning against the increase in University tuition fees in the Autumn of 2010, I joined a march in Exeter that ended up with the occupation of the University's largest lecture theatre for several weeks . What unfolded in that space was remarkable: passionate and lengthy debates and General Assemblies based on consensus decision-making about issues that mattered to the people involved; the watching on the big screen of unfolding political events by a lively audience; a social media team quickly forming to tweet and facebook what was happening here and elsewhere; students from the university, the local college, and elsewhere, university staff, their children and many others participating in the organisation, direction and buzz of an unfolding protest; strangers popping in with food, kettles, messages of support, and much more; a 'free university' being set up in which anyone could give a lecture on whatever topic they were interested in; and many academic staff, including me, offering lectures and workshops

The last decade has witnessed a number of prominent police-led operations relating to child sexual exploitation (CSE) in England. Whilst much of the public discourse related to Operation Yewtree, Operation Fernbridge, and others has focused on the criminal nature of CSE, race has been absent from that discourse; conversely, the public debates relating to grooming cases by men of Pakistani heritage have been marked by the presence of race. By critically evaluating the above cases this article aims to put forward three related arguments. First, it aims to highlight and explain contrasting ways in which CSE is debated vis-á-vis the category of racialised politics. Second, it demonstrates how racialised discourse of CSE, initially considered to be a feature of far-right rhetoric, has taken centre ground. Finally, drawing upon analysis of various reports it aims to question the links between race and CSE to show how racialised discourse of CSE helps undermine its victims.

From critics and cultural commentators to professionals who mediate between production and consumption for economic gain, the term 'cultural intermediaries' has been variously interpreted over recent decades. Often framed as self-interested entrepreneurs seeking to maximise economic value the wider set of political, social and moral motivations of cultural workers have been often overlooked.Drawing on a diary-keeping exercise with 20 cultural workers in Greater Manchester and Birmingham in 2013, we suggest that a 'third' wave of studies of cultural intermediaries is needed, which emphasises socially engaged practices and non-economic values. The study reveals a field of cultural work which mediates between professionalised and everyday cultural ecologies, one which is often invisible and undervalued. Combining methodological insights into diary-keeping as a reflexive exercise, the study suggests that we should reclaim and re-value the term 'cultural intermediary' to make visible this socially grounded cultural work, particularly in the current era of austerity and cuts to the arts in England.

Long-term interest rates in advanced economies have been low since the global financial crisis. However, in the United States the Federal Reserve could begin to hike its policy rate, the federal funds target rate, before the end of the year. In the United Kingdom, the Bank of England could follow suit. What is the outlook for global long-term interest rates? What are the risks around interest rates? What can policymakers do to cure the malady of low interest rates? It is argued that global interest rates are likely to stay low in the remainder of this year and the first half of next year due to a combination of domestic and international factors, even if a few central banks gradually begin to tighten monetary policy. The cure for this malady lies in proactive fiscal policy and measures to support job growth. Boosting effective demand and promoting higher wages and real disposable income would help lift inflation rates close to their targets and raise long-term interest rates.

In 1942, Colonel Curtis E. LeMay and his 305th Bomb Group left Syracuse, New York, bound for England, where they joined the Eighth Air Force and Royal Air Force in war against Germany and her allies. Over the next three years LeMay led American air forces in Europe, India, China, and the Pacific against the Axis powers. His efforts yielded advancement through the chain of command to the rank of Major General in command of the XXIst Bomber Command, the most effective strategic bombing force of the war. LeMay's activities in World War II are well-documented, but his personal history is less thoroughly recorded. Throughout the war he wrote hundreds of letters to his wife, Helen, and daughter, Jane. They are published for the first time in this volume, weaved together with meticulously researched narrative essays buttressed by both official and unofficial sources and supplemented with extensive footnotes. History remembers "LeMay, the Commander" well. From Wright Field, Ohio, to Hokkaido, Japan, will yield a better understanding of "LeMay, the Man."

548Aliens — Asylum applicant — Determination of refugee status — Exclusion from refugee status if serious reasons for considering persons have committed international crime — Standard of proof — "Serious reasons for considering" — International criminal law — Crimes against humanity — "Other inhumane acts" — "Similar character" of "other inhumane acts" to individually defined crimes against humanity — Great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical healthTreaties — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1F(a) — Exclusion from refugee status if serious reasons for considering persons have committed an international crime — Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998 — Article 7(1) — Crimes against humanityInternational criminal law — Crimes against humanity — Other inhumane acts of a similar character — Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998 — Article 7(1) — Whether serious reasons for considering asylum applicant complicit in inhumane acts of similar character to crimes against humanity — Whether falling within Article 1F(a) of Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Whether applicant excluded from refugee status — The law of England

584Human rights — Right to liberty and security of person — Rule of law — Good governance — Need for legal certaintyInternational organizations — United Nations — United Nations Security Council — Resolution 661 — Resolution 1483 — Resolution 1546 — Sanctions against Iraq — Obligations on States to give effect to resolutionsRelationship of international law and municipal law — United Kingdom domestic law — Import, Export and Customs Powers (Defence) Act 1939 (United Kingdom) — United Nations Act 1946 (United Kingdom) — Interpretation Act 1979 (United Kingdom) — Export Control Act 2002 (United Kingdom) — Export of Goods (Control) Order 1994 (United Kingdom) — Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) Order 2000 (United Kingdom) — Export Control Act (Commencement & Transitional Provisions) Order 2003 — Iraq (United Nations Sanctions) Order 2003 (United Kingdom) — Export of Goods Transfer of Technology and Provision of Technical Assistance (Control) Order 2003 (United Kingdom) — Interpretation of provisions in case of error — Application of Inco Europe principles to substantive criminal provisions — Automatic amendment to domestic provisions in case of new or amended United Nations Security Council Resolutions — The law of England

The most important results of surveys and analyses of the European logistics market conducted during last three years were presented in the article. The research concerning that field was carried out by three international consulting firms i.e. Colliers International, Prologis and Knight Frank and then published in the corresponding reports. The information obtained from them is really crucial as it can be helpful for the enterprises operating on the European market in the process of taking rational decisions with regard to investment or development. According to the reports the best logistics locations are mainly in the area called "Blue Banana" or "Bluemerang" - a corridor in the shape of a banana, which stretches from England in the north, through Belgium, the Netherlands, west part of Germany, Switzerland to Italy in the south. Nevertheless, in recent years the interest in Central and Eastern European States has been constantly increasing, as the countries located in that area start to play more and more important role in the European logistics network.

This article examines the key-role of the Anglo-French mixed commission for claims at Montevideo (1857-1862) in the International context of Political and military interventions that were executed by England, France and Spain in Latin America in the period. The analysis highlights the conjunction between the scopes of the powerfull foreign mercantile houses, and the political possibilities opposed by the International debt crisis, expressed in some plans of the consulates to promote the instalation of european protectorates in Uruguay. ; El presente artículo aborda el rol político y financiero de la Comisión mixta anglo-francesa de reclamos de Montevideo (1857-1862), en el contexto de las intervenciones militares que Inglaterra, Francia y España llevaron a cabo en Iberoamérica. El análisis se centra en la conjunción entre los intereses de la influyente comunidad mercantil extranjera y las negociaciones políticas que abrieron los reclamos por el cobro de indemnizaciones, expresadas en algunas tentativas consulares para promover la instalación de protectorados en el Uruguay.

This is a Submitted Manuscript of an article published in Sport, Education and Society on 26 Sep 2014, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/13573322.2014.918878 ; Focussing on the ideological aspects of privatisation, this paper explores ways in which 'freedom' has been activated discursively to justify actions involving changes to both the structure and the content of formal education in the UK. Empirically, the paper will analyse examples in England of UK Government 'new provider' rhetoric relating to 'Academies' in order to address both the claims and the counterclaims made by governments, educational producers and others for the privatisation of education and physical education (PE) within it. The paper suggests that such changes may have significant implications not only for teachers of PE, but also the educational entitlements of pupils and specifically, their opportunities to enjoy a liberal, comprehensive, high-quality PE. Privatisation may also consolidate rather than help erode and eradicate existing social hierarchies and associated distributions of educational social and physical capital.

This article aims to get an overview of the process of including the computer programming and the robotics in the educational curriculum of the basic education in several European countries, including Spain. For this purpose, the cases of Estonia and England are briefly analyzed, two countries in the European Union which can be considered pioneers in implementing such teaching. Also, in relation to Spain, it is analyzed some of the current initiatives implemented by some Autonomous Communities in this sense. ; Con este artículo se pretende obtener una visión general del proceso de inclusión de la programación informática y la robótica en los currículos de educación de la enseñanza básica de varios países europeos, incluido España. Para lo cual se analiza someramente los casos de Estonia e Inglaterra, dos países de la Unión Europea que pueden considerarse pioneros en implantar tales enseñanzas. Asimismo, en relación con España, se analizan algunas de las iniciativas actuales puestas en marcha por algunas Comunidades Autónomas en este mismo sentido.

Liability for psychiatric injury, also known as nervous shock, may pose several challenges when considered as an aspect of personal injury. Within the context of Bahamian tort law, it is an emerging area, which so far has been dealt with only briefly. Several questions arise when assessing nervous shock, such as determining whether a defendant is liable and whether the plaintiff should be awarded damages. In The Bahamas the approach has been similar to that in other jurisdictions such as England and other Commonwealth states. In these jurisdictions the issue has been whether the cause of the psychiatric injury was reasonably foreseeable, especially where the claimant did not suffer any physical injury or was not directly involved in the accident. This article reflects on The Bahamas' approach to nervous shock, the correlation of "time and space," where the claimant is said to have witnessed the injury: it will present a discussion of the current understanding of nervous shock and whether it constitutes an appropriate claim.