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The article describes in detail the integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region, the influence of the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 biennium. and the world crisis 2007-2008 biennium, as well as the prospects of the Russian connection.

The Pacific Trade and Development (PAFTAD) forum owes much of its existence to the enthusiasm and vision of three Japanese – Kiyoshi Kojima, Saburo Okita and Takeo Miki – an academic, a bureaucrat and a politician. This paper outlines the evolution of PAFTAD and shows how Japan's thinking on regional cooperation was driven by two main forces – the formation of the EEC, which was seen as excluding trade from the region, and a desire to boost growth in developing Asian countries. There had been very little regional collaboration on Pacific economic policy before PAFTAD was established in 1968 and academics tended to know more about Europe or the Atlantic than each other's countries. The forum proved to be an important and durable means of exchanging ideas and helped lay the foundations for the establishment of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum.

The Pacific Trade and Development (PAFTAD) forum owes much of its existence to the enthusiasm and vision of three Japanese – Kiyoshi Kojima, Saburo Okita and Takeo Miki – an academic, a bureaucrat and a politician. This paper outlines the evolution of PAFTAD and shows how Japan's thinking on regional cooperation was driven by two main forces – the formation of the EEC, which was seen as excluding trade from the region, and a desire to boost growth in developing Asian countries. There had been very little regional collaboration on Pacific economic policy before PAFTAD was established in 1968 and academics tended to know more about Europe or the Atlantic than each other's countries. The forum proved to be an important and durable means of exchanging ideas and helped lay the foundations for the establishment of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum.

China has adopted a state-centered approach towards energy security to deepen political and commercial relationships with all energy producing nations and to aggressively invest in oil fields and pipelines around the world. Applying this approach to its relations with its Asia-Pacific neighbors has produced mixed results. While China's energy diplomacy has brought about opportunities for cooperation with some of its neighbors, notably some countries in Central Asia and continental Southeast Asia, it has become a source of conflict with some other neighbors, especially those with border disputes over maritime territories which may have rich natural resources. This paper examines China's state-led search for energy security and its implications for China's relations with Asia-Pacific countries. (J Contemp China/GIGA)

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Highlights -- I. Introduction -- An Enhanced Framework for Measuring Regional Cooperation and Integration -- Trends in Regional Integration in Asia and the Pacific -- Looking Forward -- References -- II. About the Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index -- Evolution of the ARCII Framework -- Methodology Overview -- Interpretation -- References -- III. Measuring Regional Integration through the Enhanced ARCII Framework -- Key Findings and Results of the Enhanced ARCII Framework -- Main Trends in Dimensional Indexes -- Contribution to ARCII Dimensional Indexes by Indicator -- Regional Integration by Income Level -- Comparison of the Baseline and Enhanced ARCII Estimates -- Index Customization -- References -- IV. Balancing ARCII Downsides: Sensitivity Analysis and Robustness Checks -- Denominator Choice in ARCII Indicators -- Selection of Regional or Worldwide Normalization -- Regionalization Bias -- Spatial Autocorrelation Bias in ARCII Estimates and Correction -- Spatial Dependence: Why Does It Matter? -- References -- V. Conclusions and Way Forward -- Possible Extensions and Applications -- References -- Appendixes -- 1. Explanatory Note on the ARCII Framework -- 2. Dimensional Weights and Overall ARCII Estimates by Economy -- 3. Supplementary Information on Alternative Indicators.