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International audience ; This text does not deal with issues of justice and the rule of law, but rather focuses on those related to military order and development. It discusses the all-important efforts to disarm and demobilise ex-combatants, the problems associated with reintegrating excombatants and former military cadres into civil society, the importance of reducing military expenditure, and the challenges, both operational and financial, associated with SSR (Security Sector Reform or 'reconstruction'), after first providing some existing definitions of SSR and discussing the role of international actors in SSR, most notably the International Financial Institutions (IFIs), and the limits of that role. ; Ce texte ne traite pas des questions de justice et d'État de droit, mais se concentre plutôt sur celles qui touchent l'ordre militaire et le développement. Il discute des efforts très essentiels de désarmement et de démobilisation des ex-combattants, des problèmes liés à la réinsertion des ex-combattants et des anciens cadres militaires dans la société civile, de l'importance de réduire les dépenses militaires, et des défis, tant opérationnels que financiers, liés à la RSS (La « réforme » ou « reconstruction » du secteur de la sécurité) , après avoir, pour commencer, fourni quelques définitions existantes sur la RSS et discuté du rôle des acteurs internationaux dans la RSS, plus particulièrement des institutions financières internationales (IFIs), et des limites de ce rôle. UN Peacekeeping operations, disarmament, reconstruction

Pour les partis politiques attachés à des idéaux pacifiques et internationalistes, comme les partis socialistes, la période de préparation à la Conférence mondiale du désarmement, soit entre 1925 et 1932, put paraître pleine de possibilités pour la réduction des armements nationaux. Bien que ces partis aient partagé un lien transnational, par leur adhésion à l'Internationale ouvrière socialiste, ils étaient avant tout des organisations évoluant dans des cadres nationaux différents. Ainsi, les positions qu'ils mirent de l'avant afin de convaincre leur électorat respectif ne purent être totalement semblables. Dans ce mémoire, le discours public, ainsi que les arguments le sous-tendant, de la SFIO et du Labour concernant le désarmement entre le 12 décembre 1925 et le 3 février 1932 est décrit, analysé et comparé. Les raisons du désarmement, les appréciations des développements sur la question autant dans le contexte de la SDN que dans les autres réunions internationales ainsi qu'au niveau strictement national pour les deux partis sont l'objet de cette étude. Il apparaît que la SFIO et le Labour ont présenté des arguments similaires afin de justifier le désarmement. De plus, bien qu'ils aient tous deux appuyé un potentiel rôle d'arbitrage pour la SDN, alors que les socialistes ont insisté sur leur rôle de lobbyistes, les travaillistes tablèrent plutôt sur les responsabilités des chefs d'État et des « grands hommes » dans le processus, tout particulièrement lorsque leur parti fut au pouvoir. Les travaillistes démontrèrent également une ouverture pour toute avancée du désarmement, même minime, alors que les socialistes préférèrent manifestement les ententes globales. Finalement, des approches nationales aux implications différentes furent promues : l'organisation de la nation en temps de guerre en France et la promotion d'un esprit de paix en Grande-Bretagne. ; For political parties which held pacifist and internationalist ideals, particularly socialist parties, the period leading to the World Disarmament Conference of Geneva, between 1925 and 1932, might have appeared as full of possibilities for national arms control and reduction. While these parties shared a transnational link, through their membership in the Labour and Socialist International, they were, first and foremost, organisations active at the national level. As such, the policies that they advocated in order to convince voters could not be totally similar. In this master's thesis, the public discourse, as well as the underlying arguments, advocated by the French Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO) and the British Labour party on the disarmament process between December 12, 1925 and February 3, 1932 are described, analysed and compared. The reasons to disarm, the opinions on the disarmament process at the League of Nations and on other international stages as well as at the national level for both parties, are the subjects of this study. It appears that the SFIO and the Labour employed similar arguments in order to explain the importance of disarmament. Moreover, even though they both supported a potential arbitration role for the League, while the French Socialists considered themselves principally as lobbyists, the British Labourites insisted on the responsibilities of heads of states and other "great figures" in the process, particularly when their party held power in the United Kingdom. The Labour party also demonstrated openness towards any progress on disarmament, even small developments, while the SFIO favoured a more general approach. Finally, the two parties promoted national endeavours with very different implications: the organisation of the nation during wartime in France and the promotion of a global, if somewhat vague, peace spirit in the United Kingdom.

Controlling nuclear, biological or chemical weapons is often particularly difficult where the proliferation risks are high: in areas of limited statehood. This raises the question of how to adapt international regimes so that they are better able to contribute to the disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) under the challenging conditions of war and crisis. Experiences over the past few years in states such as Iraq, Libya and Syria - where central governments do not completely control the respective state's territory - have been mixed. They do show, however, that multilateral non-proliferation regimes play an indispensable role in controlling WMD, including in crisis areas. First, it is important to gain and focus the political support of the state in question, the relevant great powers and international organisations. Second, the practical conditions for a mission to secure and disarm WMD and investigate alleged use of such weapons have to be established. To obtain these goals, existing rules should be made flexible and adapted. Regimes should be reformed in line with the motto, "As few rules as necessary, as much preparation as possible". Four aspects need to be kept in mind: prevention should be reinforced, crisis planning needs to be improved, stakeholders have to be included, and the role of the Security Council should be upgraded. Medium-size powers such as Germany have the capacities and political weight to promote the evolution of global regulatory instruments. This would also counteract proliferation in Europe's neighbourhood. (Autorenreferat)

Summary: Given the persistence of organised criminal violence in Mexico, the possibility of overcoming it by using transitional justice measures has been discussed. What would be so feasible for its implementation? We try to answer this question in two steps. First, we draw up a conceptual map of organised societal violence that allows us to identify so-called drug violence as an economic civil war and to distinguish it from political civil wars. We then discussed the applicability of transitional justice to the Mexican context. Although we identified important analogies, we finally highlighted an insurmountable obstacle: transitional justice can only serve as a pacifying channel if the state using it to disarm criminal gangs has the capacity to ensure that such disarmament is permanent. ; Resumen: Ante la persistencia de la violencia criminal organizada en México, se ha discutido la posibilidad de superarla usando medidas de justicia transicional. ¿Qué tan viable sería su aplicación? Tratamos de responder a esta pregunta en dos pasos. Primero, trazamos un mapa conceptual de la violencia societal organizada que nos permite identificar la llamada narcoviolencia como una guerra civil económica y distinguirla de las guerras civiles políticas. Después, discutimos la aplicabilidad de la justicia transicional al contexto mexicano. Aunque identificamos analogías importantes, terminamos resaltando un obstáculo infranqueable: la justicia transicional solo puede servir como vía pacificadora si el Estado que recurre a ella para desarmar a las bandas criminales tuviera la capacidad de garantizar que ese desarme sea permanente.

Controlling nuclear, biological or chemical weapons is often particularly difficult where the proliferation risks are high: in areas of limited statehood. This raises the question of how to adapt international regimes so that they are better able to contribute to the disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) under the challenging conditions of war and crisis. Experiences over the past few years in states such as Iraq, Libya and Syria - where central governments do not completely control the respective state's territory - have been mixed. They do show, however, that multilateral non-proliferation regimes play an indispensable role in controlling WMD, including in crisis areas. First, it is important to gain and focus the political support of the state in question, the relevant great powers and international organisations. Second, the practical conditions for a mission to secure and disarm WMD and investigate alleged use of such weapons have to be established. To obtain these goals, existing rules should be made flexible and adapted. Regimes should be reformed in line with the motto, "As few rules as necessary, as much preparation as possible". Four aspects need to be kept in mind: prevention should be reinforced, crisis planning needs to be improved, stakeholders have to be included, and the role of the Security Council should be upgraded. Medium-size powers such as Germany have the capacities and political weight to promote the evolution of global regulatory instruments. This would also counteract proliferation in Europe's neighbourhood.

SHOULD ANY NATION EVER CONSIDER THAT IT HAS THE RIGHT TO BE THE FIRST TO USE NUCLEAR WEAPONS? MORE SPECIFICALLY, SHOULD NATO CHANGE ITS EXISTING STRATEGY OF 'FLEXIBLE RESPONSE', WHICH ALLOWS FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF RESPONDING TO A CONVENTIONAL ATTACK WITH NUCLEAR WEAPONS? THE DEBATE ON THESE ISSUES IN RECENT YEARS HAS BEEN CONDUCTED ON A NUMBER OF FRONTS. A FIRST USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS HAS COME UNDER CHALLENGE FROM MANY DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS: FROM CHURCH SYNODS, FROM INTERNATIONAL LAWYERS, IN DEBATES IN THE UNITED NATIONS, AND FROM STRATEGIC THINKERS.

The Irish Republican Army (IRA), the main Republican paramilitary group in Northern Ireland was founded in 1969. From then on it fought to put an end to the British presence in Northern Ireland and to achieve the unification of Ireland. The decommissioning of the IRA, which seemed unrealizable until 2001, was indeed accomplished between 2001 and 2005, as part of the Peace Process. On 26 September 2005, the IRA officially laid down its weapons. What mechanisms played a role in the IRA putting its arsenal beyond use during the Northern Ireland Peace Process, despite the armed group's declaration in 1998 that there would be no disarmament? As mentioned in the title of this thesis, three questions underlie our analysis: What was at stake in the giving up of violence and in decommissioning for the IRA and Sinn Féin during the Peace Process? What was the symbolic significance of decommissioning for the IRA and for the whole Republican movement? Finally, what diplomatic and psychological mechanisms managed to convince the IRA to give up violence and then to disarm? At the clandestine group's own request, the technical aspects of decommissioning and the number of arms which were destroyed still remain confidential. Therefore, this study does not reveal any State secrets, but rather underlines the dynamics of the process which led the IRA from armed violence to the giving up of arms. ; L'Irish Republican Army (IRA), le principal groupe paramilitaire républicain, fut fondé en 1969. Dès lors, il lutta contre la présence britannique en Irlande du Nord et pour la réunification de l'île d'Irlande. Le désarmement de l'IRA, considéré comme irréalisable jusqu'en 2001, s'accomplit pourtant bel et bien entre 2001 et 2005 dans le cadre du processus de paix. Le 26 septembre 2005, l'IRA avait officiellement déposé les armes. Quels mécanismes avaient alors permis, au sein du processus de paix nord-irlandais, d'aboutir à la "mise hors d'état de nuire" de l'arsenal de l'IRA qui déclarait pourtant encore en 1998 qu'il n'accepterait pas ...

This thesis explores the relationship between knowledge and politics in global governance today. To do so, I conduct a case study of the efforts to disarm and govern the use of chemical weapons in Syria between 2013 and 2017. Official documents from this time-period are analyzed by way of assemblage thinking. This perspective directs attention to the practices of assembling coupled with a sensitivity to processes of (de)stabilization. Doing so helps me develop the argument that during the course of this process, the knowledge-politics nexus was performed according to a linear understanding. In this view, knowledge production is to inform political decision-making in a unidirectional way. This practice of delineating knowledge production and politics into two separate spheres was important for establishing a Russian-American consensus. Indeed, it allowed for cooperation on chemical weapons in Syria by isolating the issue from other dimensions of the conflict and, in doing so, stabilized what was perceived to be an apolitical and technical form of expertise. During the post-disarmament phase (2015-2017), the same practice of separating the two turned into a source of tension between Russia and the US. More specifically, following continued allegations of chemical attacks even after the declared stockpiles had been destroyed in 2014, two new expert mechanisms were set up. Russia perceived these overstep their apolitical and technical mandates and took action to reshape their working methods. However, the US and its allies viewed Russia's actions as attempts at interfering with the neutral knowledge producing mechanisms. While these differing perspectives are in agreement that knowledge and politics should be kept separate, I demonstrate how this practice in global governance can be problematic. As such, I end up calling for new ways of thinking and speaking about the relationship between knowledge and politics. ; M-IR

This research is entitled "The Role of Mobile Brigade Corps in Defending the Independence (19461949)". The researcher chose this problem because Mobile Brigade Corpse was the main pioneer in defending the independence. At the time of defending the independence, this Mobile Brigade Corps was not disbanded by Japan so that the Mobile Brigade Corps was really essential in defending Indonesia's independence. The main problem of this research is "How were the role of Mobile Brigade Corps in defending the independence?" The method used is the method of historical research by doing four steps of research which are heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The technique used in data collection is literature study by reviewing the sources of literature relevant to the issues studied. Based on the research results, it can be explained that: First, before the independence, there is a change in the role performed by Mobile Brigade Corps. In the time of the Dutch colonialism, the role of the Mobile Brigade Corps was to maintain security and order but during the Japanese colonialism the role of Mobile Brigade Corpse is combat troops in helping Japan to face the Allies. Second, the early days of independence were marked by Japan's surrender to the Allies. After Japan surrendered to the Allies, all Japanese-formed military organizations were disbanded except the Mobile Brigade Corps. Under that condition, the Mobile Brigade Corpse joined the Indonesian republic. After joining the Indonesian republic, the role of the Mobile Brigade Corps was to disarm Japan along with the people. The disarmament results are then distributed to the struggle agencies. When entering the period of defending the independence, the role of the Mobile Brigade Corps is to fight against the threat of the Allies and the Netherlands. The resistance was carried out by the Mobile Brigade Corps along with other struggling agencies such as the People's Security Army.

The article deals with the political and military organization of the former internees in the Italian concentration camp Rab. Although there were only about 2,000 of them at the beginning of September 1943, they managed to disarm the entire Italian military garrison on the island of Rab, which consisted of 2,200 soldiers and carabinieri, partly by cunning and partly by force. It was a unique event in world history, made even more glorious by the fact that no Italian soldiers or carabinieri were liquidated in the process. The head of the Executive Committee of the clandestine Liberation Front was Jože Jurančič, who was arrested in 1949 and then imprisoned on Goli Otok. As such, he was one of the former internees of the Rab concentration camp who carved stones and placed them in the renovated cemetery of the former internees of Rab. ; Članek obravnava politično in vojaško organiziranost nekdanjih internirancev v italijanskem koncentracijskem taborišču Rab. Čeprav jih je bilo tam v začetku meseca septembra 1943 le še kakih 2000, pa so deloma z zvijačo, deloma s silo uspeli razorožiti celotno italijansko vojaško posadko na otoku Rab, ki je štela 2200 vojakov in karabinjerjev. To je bil enkraten dogodek v svetovni zgodovini, še dodatno pa ga poveličuje dejstvo, da ob tem ni bil likvidiran noben italijanski vojak ali karabinjer. Vodja taboriščne organizacije OF je bil Jože Jurančič, ki je bil leta 1949 aretiran in nato zaprt na Golem otoku. Bil je eden od golootoških internirancev, ki so klesali kamen, postavljen na prenovljenem pokopališču nekdanjih rabskih internirancev.

The Irish Republican Army (IRA), the main Republican paramilitary group in Northern Ireland was founded in 1969. From then on it fought to put an end to the British presence in Northern Ireland and to achieve the unification of Ireland. The decommissioning of the IRA, which seemed unrealizable until 2001, was indeed accomplished between 2001 and 2005, as part of the Peace Process. On 26 September 2005, the IRA officially laid down its weapons. What mechanisms played a role in the IRA putting its arsenal beyond use during the Northern Ireland Peace Process, despite the armed group's declaration in 1998 that there would be no disarmament? As mentioned in the title of this thesis, three questions underlie our analysis: What was at stake in the giving up of violence and in decommissioning for the IRA and Sinn Féin during the Peace Process? What was the symbolic significance of decommissioning for the IRA and for the whole Republican movement? Finally, what diplomatic and psychological mechanisms managed to convince the IRA to give up violence and then to disarm? At the clandestine group's own request, the technical aspects of decommissioning and the number of arms which were destroyed still remain confidential. Therefore, this study does not reveal any State secrets, but rather underlines the dynamics of the process which led the IRA from armed violence to the giving up of arms. ; L'Irish Republican Army (IRA), le principal groupe paramilitaire républicain, fut fondé en 1969. Dès lors, il lutta contre la présence britannique en Irlande du Nord et pour la réunification de l'île d'Irlande. Le désarmement de l'IRA, considéré comme irréalisable jusqu'en 2001, s'accomplit pourtant bel et bien entre 2001 et 2005 dans le cadre du processus de paix. Le 26 septembre 2005, l'IRA avait officiellement déposé les armes. Quels mécanismes avaient alors permis, au sein du processus de paix nord-irlandais, d'aboutir à la "mise hors d'état de nuire" de l'arsenal de l'IRA qui déclarait pourtant encore en 1998 qu'il n'accepterait pas de rendre les armes ? Comme l'annonce le titre de cette thèse, trois questions sous-tendent notre analyse : quels étaient les enjeux de l'abandon de la violence et du désarmement pour l'IRA et le Sinn Féin durant tout le processus de paix ? Quelle était la portée symbolique du désarmement pour le groupe armé clandestin et pour le mouvement républicain dans son ensemble ? Enfin, quels mécanismes, tant diplomatiques que psychologiques, avaient pu convaincre l'IRA d'abandonner la violence puis de désarmer ? À la demande du groupe clandestin, la nature du dispositif de désarmement et le nombre d'armes détruites demeurent confidentiels. Cette étude ne prétend donc pas révéler des secrets d'État, mais bien de mettre en évidence la dynamique du processus qui a mené l'IRA de la violence armée à l'abandon des armes.

Book reviewed in this article:1975 CRISIS — An Historical Review. By H.O. Browning.THE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY: A VIEW FROM THE NORTH. Edited by Richard Caves and Lawrence Krause.AUSTRALIAN DEMOCRACY IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. By Graham MaddoxREVOLUTIONARIES AND REFORMISTS: Communism and the Australian Labor Movement 1920–1955. By Robin GollanASCENT TO POWER: WRAN AND THE MEDIA. By Brian Dale.A FEDERAL LEGISLATURE: The Australian Commonwealth Parliament 1901–1980. By Joan Rydon.WHO OWNS THE PAST? PAPERS FROM THE ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM OF THE AUSTRALIAN ACADEMY OF THE HUMANITIES. Edited by Isabel McBryde.DIVORCE IN 19TH CENTURY NEW SOUTH WALES. By Hilary Golder.ESSAYS ON VICTORIAN POLITICS. Edited by P.R. Hay, J. Halligan, J. Warhurst and B. Costar.PROGRAM FOR CHANGE. Edited by Marian Sawyer.TO LIVE IN PEACE: AUSTRALIA'S DEFENCE POLICY. By Michael O'Connor. CarltonTHE JEWS IN VICTORIA, 1835–1985. By Hilary L. Rubinstein. Appendix by W.D. Rubinstein.RUPERT MURDOCH. A PAPER PRINCE. By George Munster.DANIEL MANNIX. THE QUALITY OF LEADERSHIP. By B.A. Santamaria.WHY CHINA? RECOLLECTIONS OF CHINA 1923–1950. By C.P. Fitzgerald.TRADE UNIONS IN CHINA 1949 TO THE PRESENT. The Organisation and Leadership of the All‐China Federation of Trade Unions. By Lee Lai To.JAPAN TODAY. By Roger Buckley.SUPER POWERS IN COLLISION. THE NEW COLD WAR OF THE 1980s. By Noam Chomsky, Jonathan Steele and John Gittings.NUCLEAR WINTER. By Owen GreeneALL THINGS TO ALL MEN: The False Promise of the Modern American Presidency. By Godfrey Hodgson.THE CANADIAN HOUSE OF COMMONS: ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF NORMAN WARD. Edited by John C. Courtney.TOWARDS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN. By George Irvin and Xabier Gorostiaga.MONKS, HERMITS AND THE ASCETIC TRADITION. Ed. by W.V. Sheils.THE BARBARIAN WEST 400–1000. By J.M. Wallace‐Hadrill.POWERS AND LIBERTIES: The Causes and Consequences of the Rise of the West. By John A. Hall.A FINANCIAL HISTORY OF WESTERN EUROPE. By Charles P. Kindleberger.EAST‐CENTRAL EUROPE IN TRANSITION: From the Fourteenth to the Seventeenth Century. Ed. by A. Maczak, H. Samsonowicz, and P. Burke.THE SCAREMONGERS. The Advocacy of War and Rearmament 1896–1914. By A.J.A. Morris.THE DECISION TO DISARM GERMANY: BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS POSTWAR GERMAN DISARMAMENT, 1914–1919. By Lorna S. Jaffe.HISTORY AND HERITAGE: The Social Origins of the British Industrial Relations System. By Alan Fox.FACTION AND PARLIAMENT. Essays on Early Stuart History. Edited by Kevin Sharpe.POLITICS AND IDEOLOGY IN ENGLAND 1603–1640. By J.P. Sommerville.THE ECONOMY AND THE 1984 BUDGET. Edited by Michael Keen.FROM MUNICH TO THE LIBERATION, 1938–1944. By Jean‐Pierre Azema.THE NAZI DICTATORSHIP: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES OF INTERPRETATION. By Ian Kershaw.ÖSTERREICH‐LAND DER BEGRENZTEN UNMÖGLICHKEITEN. (Austria‐the Land of Limited Impossibilities). By Karl Pisa.ZION BEFORE ZIONISM, 1838–1880. By Arnold Blumberg.COUNTER—INSURGENCY IN RHODESIA. By J.K. Cilliers.DARWINISM AND DIVINITY: Essays on Evolution and Religious Belief. Edited by John Durant.SEX, IDEOLOGY AND RELIGION: THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN THE BIBLE. By Kevin Harris.THE POLITICS OF ECONOMIC POLICYMAKING. By Wyn Grant and Shiv Nath.THE ECONOMICS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. Edited by Joel Mokyr.THE PHOSPHATEERS: A History of the British Phosphate Commissioners and the Christmas Island Phosphate Commission. By Maslyn Williams and Barrie Macdonald.THE FOODMAKERS. By Sarah Sargent.BEYOND DEPENDENCE. By Kosmas Tsokhas.PAYING AND CHOOSING: The Intelligent Person's Guide to the Mixed Economy. By Leo Pliatzky.MARX'S LOST AESTHETIC. Karl Marx and the visual arts. By Margaret A. Rose.THE RISE AND DECLINE OF WESTERN LIBERALISM. By Anthony Arblaster.LIBERALISM AND ITS CRITICS. Edited by Michael J. Sandel.BURKE'S REFLECTIONS ON THE REVOLUTION IN FRANCE. By F.P. Lock.THE DIVIDING DISCIPLINE: HEGEMONY AND DIVERSITY IN INTERNATIONAL THEORY. By K.J. Holsti.THE STATE. By Anthony de Jasay.A COMMON SENSE GUIDE TO WORLD PEACE. By Benjamin B. Ferencz.

Between 2002 and 2006 the Colombian government of Álvaro Uribe counted with great international support to hand a demobilization process of right-wing paramilitary groups, along with the implementation of transitional justice policies such as penal prosecutions and the creation of a National Commission for Reparation and Reconciliation (NCRR) to address justice, truth and reparation for victims of paramilitary violence. The demobilization process began when in 2002 the United Self Defence Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, AUC) agreed to participate in a government-sponsored demobilization process. Paramilitary groups were responsible for the vast majority of human rights violations for a period of over 30 years. The government designed a special legal framework that envisaged great leniency for paramilitaries who committed serious crimes and reparations for victims of paramilitary violence. More than 30,000 paramilitaries have demobilized under this process between January 2003 and August 2006. Law 975, also known as the "Justice and Peace Law", and Decree 128 have served as the legal framework for the demobilization and prosecutions of paramilitaries. It has offered the prospect of reduced sentences to demobilized paramilitaries who committed crimes against humanity in exchange for full confessions of crimes, restitution for illegally obtained assets, the release of child soldiers, the release of kidnapped victims and has also provided reparations for victims of paramilitary violence. The Colombian demobilization process presents an atypical case of transitional justice. Many observers have even questioned whether Colombia can be considered a case of transitional justice. Transitional justice measures are often taken up after the change of an authoritarian regime or at a post-conflict stage. However, the particularity of the Colombian case is that transitional justice policies were introduced while the conflict still raged. In this sense, the Colombian case expresses one of the key elements to be addressed which is the tension between offering incentives to perpetrators to disarm and demobilize to prevent future crimes and providing an adequate response to the human rights violations perpetrated throughout the course of an internal conflict. In particular, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration processes require a fine balance between the immunity guarantees offered to ex-combatants and the sought of accountability for their crimes. International law provides the legal framework defining the rights to justice, truth and reparations for victims and the corresponding obligations of the State, but the peace negotiations and conflicted political structures do not always allow for the fulfillment of those rights. Thus, the aim of this article is to analyze what kind of transition may be occurring in Colombia by focusing on the role that transitional justice mechanisms may play in political negotiations between the Colombian government and paramilitary groups. In particular, it seeks to address to what extent such processes contribute to or hinder the achievement of the balance between peacebuilding and accountability, and thus facilitate a real transitional process. ; Zwischen 2002 und 2006 hat die kolumbianische Regierung von Álvaro Uribe einen Demobilisierungsprozess von paramilitärischen Gruppen und der Implementierung von Transitional Justice-Mechanismen durchgeführt als einem politischen Versuch, Frieden in Kolumbien durchzusetzen. Der Demobilisierungsprozess wurde durch einen sondergesetzlichen Rahmen geregelt: durch das Gesetz 782, das Dekret 128 und das Gesetz 975. Insbesondere das Gesetz 975 aus dem Jahr 2005, auch bekannt als das "Gesetz für Gerechtigkeit und Frieden" (Ley de Justicia y Paz), bietet Strafmilderung für angeklagte Mitglieder illegaler Gruppen, die Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit und Mord begangen haben. Um diese Strafmilderung in Anspruch nehmen zu können, sind die angeklagten Ex-Kombattanten im Gegenzug aufgefordert, Informationen über ihre ehemalige Gruppe zu erteilen und illegal angeeignete Güter auszuhändigen. Um den Demobilisierungsprozess im Einklang mit Transitional Justice-Prinzipien umzusetzen, wurden eine Vielzahl von Institutionen eingerichtet: acht Sondergerichtskammern, eine Sondereinheit der Staatsanwaltschaft (Unidad Nacional de Fiscalia para la Justicia y la Paz), ein staatlicher Fonds für Entschädigung (Fondo de Reparación) und eine Nationale Kommission für Wiedergutmachung und Versöhnung (Comisión Nacional de Reparación und Reconciliación). In Kolumbien herrscht seit mehr als 40 Jahren ein bewaffneter Konflikt. Es ist der längste bewaffnete Konflikt in der westlichen Welt. An diesem Konflikt sind der Staat, die rechtsgerichteten Paramilitärs und linksgerichtete Guerillagruppen beteiligt. Bis heute hat der Staat in weiten Teilen des Landes de facto kein Gewaltmonopol über einige Gebiete, die stattdessen von der Guerilla oder den Paramilitärs beherrscht werden. Die paramilitarischen Gruppen sind für die überwiegende Zahl von Menschenrechtsverletzungen seit mehr als 30 Jahren verantwortlich. Als Folge wurden tausende Bauernfamilien von ihrem Land vertrieben. Kolumbien steht mit drei Millionen Binnenvertriebenen nach dem Sudan weltweit an zweiter Stelle. Neben Bauern sind auch andere Gruppen Opfer des Konflikts, vor allem Afro-Kolumbianer, Frauen, Gewerkschaftsfunktionäre, Menschenrechtsverteidiger und Journalisten. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist eine wesentliche Voraussetzungen für einen Übergang von Konflikt- zu Frieden, dass der Staat die Garantie der Nicht-Wiederholung der vorausgegangenen Verbrechen und die Stärkung der demokratischen Bürgerrechte sicherstellt. In diesem Zusammenhang sind Transitional Justice-Instrumente, wie u. a. Strafverfolgungen und Amnestie, Wahrheits- und Versöhnungskommissionen, Wiedergutmachungen und Demobilisierungsprozesse zu sehen, die im Rahmen von Übergangsprozessen eingesetzt werden. Sie verfolgen das Ziel, die Vergangenheit eines gewaltsamen Konfliktes oder Regimes aufzuarbeiten, um so den Übergang zu einer nachhaltig friedlichen demokratischen Gesellschaftsordnung zu ermöglichen. Einerseits wird mit Hilfe von Transitional Justice-Instrumenten versucht, Gerechtigkeit und Entschädigung für die Opfer herzustellen. Andererseits sollen die angeklagten Täter mit Hilfe von Amnestie und Wiedereingliederungsprogrammen in die Gesellschaft reintegriert werden. So steht die Anwendung dieser Instrumente einem Dilemma zwischen Frieden und Gerechtigkeit, Verantwortlichkeit und Straflosigkeit, Strafe und Vergeben gegenüber. Diese Arbeit evaluiert die Umsetzung des Demobilisierungsprozesses, die gerichtlichen Prozesse und die Wiedergutmachungspolitik. Wichtig ist es zu analysieren, ob der Demobilisierungsprozess der paramilitärischen Gruppen einen Übergang von Krieg zu Frieden zum Ergebnis hat. Ein Übergang sollte die Erfüllung der oben erwähnten Bedingungen – Ausübung des legitimen Gewaltmonopols durch den Staat, Garantie der Nicht-Wiederholung von Gewaltverbrechen und die Stärkung von Bürgerrechten – bedeuten.

AMÉRICA LATINA Brasil admite haber espiado dependencias de la embajada de Estados Unidos. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/americas/brazil-acknowledges-spying-on-diplomats-from-us.html?ref=worldhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24828668http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/americas/brazil-spying/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/04/actualidad/1383574787_015627.htmlhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/impreso/brasil-tambien-ha-espiado-revela-diario-84751.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2013/11/131105_ultnot_brasil_espionaje_ministro_wbm.shtml Según sondeos Bachelet ganaría en primera vuelta. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1633786-bachelet-ganaria-en-primera-vuelta Incendio presuntamente intencional daña sede de Bachelet en Chile. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/incendio-presuntamente-intencional-dana-sede-de-michelle-bachelet-en-chile_13160872-4 Los Zelaya buscan volver al poder en Honduras. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1635144-los-zelaya-buscan-volver-al-poder-en-honduras Elecciones en Argentina: Kirchner derrotada en las legislativas. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/elecciones-en-argentina_13145902-4http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/perfil-del-poltico-argentino-sergio-massa_13153376-4 Gobierno argentino encuentra documentos secretos de la dictadura militar. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/americas/argentina-dictatorship-files/index.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383624001_706481.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/governo-argentino-encontra-documentos-secretos-da-ditadura-militar-10686218#ixzz2joShCyyF Sismo de 6,5 grados sacude centro de Chile. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/sismo-de-65-grados-en-chile_13153716-4 Diversos medios analizan las nuevas rutas de la cocaína de America Latina. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/11/05/en-amerique-latine-les-nouvelles-routes-de-la-cocaine_3508494_3222.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24800089 Accidente de avión en Bolivia deja ocho muertos y 10 heridos. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/accidente-de-avin-en-bolivia-deja-ocho-muertos-y-10-heridos_13159103-4 Ocho países realizan el mayor ejercicio militar aéreo conjunto en Latinoamérica. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383609280_789526.html Ley de medios, un golpe a grupo argentino Clarín. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/ley-de-medios-un-golpe-a-grupo-clarn_13149960-4 Ex presidente de Perú reta a Ollanta a debate. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/reta-ex-presidente-de-peru-a-ollanta-a-debate-963273.html Cuba prohíbe cines privados y venta de artículos importados. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24790569http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/cuba-prohbe-cines-3d-privados-y-venta-de-artculos-importados_13157084-4 Guatemala pierde interés en integrarse a Petrocaribe. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2013/11/131105_ultnot_guatemala_retira_petrocaribe_jgc.shtml México: miles de personas celebraron el Día de los Muertos. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1635005-dia-de-los-muertos Maduro decreta el "Día de la Lealtad y el Amor al Comandante Supremo". Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/venezuela-celebrara-el-dia-de-la-lealtad-y-el-amor-al-comandante-hugo-chavez_13160847-4 Venezuela introducirá nuevo tipo de cambio para turistas. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634235-venezuela-introducira-nuevo-tipo-de-cambio-para-turistas Nicolás Maduro y la militarización de la sociedad venezolana. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/nicols-maduro-y-la-militarizacin-de-la-sociedad-venezolana_13156470-4 Diversos miedos crecen respecto a capacidad de Brasil de hospedar el próximo Mundial de Fútbol. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24828804 16 personas han muerto por dengue en Nicaragua en este año. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/16-muertos-por-dengue-en-nicaragua_13157378-4 13 muertos deja enfrentamiento en Matamoros- México. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24803143 Guerrilla colombiana libera rehén estadounidense Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/27/world/americas/colombia-farc-american-hostage-released/index.html Andrés Oppenheimer analiza crecimeinto latinoamericano. Para más información:http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/11/02/3725607/andres-oppenheimer-world-ranking.html ESTADOS UNIDOS /CANADÁ Las elecciones parciales en EE UU señalan el camino a la Casa Blanca. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/11/05/a-new-york-une-revanche-sur-les-riches-avec-bill-de-blasio_3508302_3222.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1635688-nueva-york-elige-nuevo-alcalde-tras-la-era-giuliani-bloomberghttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/los-neoyorquinos-acuden-a-las-urnas-para-elegir-un-nuevo-alcalde_13160877-4http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-24813179http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/eleicoes-de-nova-york-poem-fim-era-bloomberg-10687146#ixzz2joSYWLJm http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383677774_704970.htmlhttp://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21588913-young-recall-clinton-boom-not-scandals-clinton-effect El espionaje de Estados Unidos y la agencia NSA sigue generando tensión internacional. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634977-la-espia-del-siglo-la-nsa-la-agencia-que-todo-lo-puede-y-todo-lo-vehttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/espionaje-en-estados-unidos-john-kerry-dice-que-el-pas-se-sobrepas_13154238-4 Obama continúa luchando para implementar una reforma en el sistema de salud. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-24824653 Obama impulsa reforma migratoria ante empresarios. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/obama-impulsa-reforma-migratoria-ante-empresarios-963220.html Caos y muerte en el aeropuerto de Los Ángeles por atacante solitario. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634906-detalles-siniestros-del-tiroteo-en-el-aeropuerto-de-los-angeleshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/evacuan-el-aeropuerto-de-los-ngeles-tras-un-tiroteo_13154760-4 Hallan muerto al autor de disparos en centro comercial de Nueva Jersey. Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/atirador-achado-morto-apos-disparar-em-shopping-de-nova-jersey-10687415#ixzz2joSdm0KI http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1635543-encontraron-muerto-al-tirador-de-nueva-jersey-detras-del-shopping-donde-actuohttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/atacante-se-suicida-tras-abrir-fuego-en-centro-comercial-de-nueva-jersey-eeuu_13160298-4 Guantánamo le cuesta a Estados Unidos 200 millones de dólares al año. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383672584_280295.html EUROPA El nacionalismo, la xenofobia y cuestiones migratorias siguen siendo el centro de discusiones en Europa. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/04/21303956-thousands-of-russian-nationalist-marchers-raise-specter-of-anti-immigrant-violence?litehttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/03/actualidad/1383507169_514239.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/europe/russia-nationalists-press-anti-immigrant-agenda.html?ref=world&gwh=A1E63C4610173C0114D1DC8933FD4D60http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/world/europe/europe-migration-lampedusa/index.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/jovens-voltam-as-ruas-da-franca-para-protestar-contra-deportacoes-10691363#ixzz2joUI5dwO Berlín convoca al embajador británico por espionaje. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/technologies/article/2013/11/05/les-grandes-oreilles-britanniques-en-plein-c-ur-de-berli_3508112_651865.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/embaixada-britanica-em-berlim-teria-sido-usada-para-espionagem-diz-independent-10689217#ixzz2joUDLPDN http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383665180_886243.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/europe/germany-uk-spy-report/index.html?hpt=ieu_c1 Un fuerte temporal azotó el norte de Europa y dejó por lo menos diez muertos Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1633430-un-fuerte-temporal-azoto-el-norte-de-europa-y-dejo-por-lo-menos-diez-muertoshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/temporal-al-norte-de-europa_13146984-4}http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/29/world/europe/europe-severe-weather/index.html Asesinadas a cuchilladas tres personas en el secuestro de un autobús en Noruega. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/04/21308934-three-killed-in-norway-bus-attack?litehttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/tres-pessoas-morrem-em-sequestro-de-onibus-na-noruega-10682646#ixzz2joUKrwMp http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24824069http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383606597_727668.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/europe/norway.html?ref=world&gwh=C4E420C2A5F8E1A70185F1DDB4DDD8AB La violencia en la zona serbia aplasta el proceso de pacificación de Kosovo. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/04/actualidad/1383558828_534421.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/europe/violence-mars-election-in-kosovo.html?ref=world&gwh=4F5028F6061EA83EFAA63CC3341D932F La Unión Europea retoma el diálogo de adhesión con Turquía tras años de bloqueo. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383672260_160362.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24825002 Diversos medios analizan perspectivas económicas de la Unión Europea. Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-11/05/content_17083716.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/business/eu-predicts-anemic-growth-and-high-unemployment-in-2014.html?ref=world&gwh=EEBF2AAAE54EA8AEEB44B2816F9BC94Chttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634353-el-desempleo-en-la-eurozona-bate-un-nuevo-recordhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24817818 En Ginebra diplomáticos trabajan, sin resultados alentadores, para lograr un acuerdo de paz en Siria. Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-11/06/content_17083814.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/world/middleeast/syria.html?ref=world Miles de cuerpos son encontrados en fosa común en Bosnia. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/01/world/europe/bosnia-mass-grave/index.html Policía alemana recupera 1.500 obras de arte robadas por los nazis. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/05/21318847-nazi-art-trove-in-german-apartment-includes-previously-unknown-matisse?litehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24818541http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1635322-hallan-arte-saqueado-por-los-nazis-valuado-en-us-1350-milloneshttp://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-germany-nazi-art-20131105,0,4039020.story#axzz2joJTEsVh Integrante de Pussy Riot es transferida a cárcel en Siberia. Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/integrante-do-pussy-riot-transferida-para-siberia-10693915#ixzz2joU9cuSt Francia recibe cuerpos de los periodistas franceses asesinados en Mali. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/africa/france-mali-journalists-killed/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24815614 "CNN" analiza nueva regulación del accionar de la prensa en Reino Unido. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/31/world/europe/uk-press-regulation-reaction/index.html Masiva protesta en Madrid por el fallo que liberó a dos etarras Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1633062-masiva-protesta-en-madrid-por-el-fallo-que-libero-a-dos-etarras Snowden trabajará en una de las principales páginas web de Rusia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/snowden-trabajar-en-una-web-de-rusia_13152559-4 ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE "El Tiempo" de Colombia publica desgarrador articulo que cuenta el drama de las niñas novias de Pakistán. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/nias-de-cinco-aos-en-pakistn-que-estan-casadas_13144836-4 Según la ONU el 40% de la población siria necesita ayuda humanitaria. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-syria-humanitarian-crisis-20131105,0,3474610.story#axzz2joJTEsVhhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383645001_000170.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/31/world/meast/syria-chemical-weapons-opcw/index.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/onu-40-da-populacao-siria-precisam-de-ajuda-humanitaria-10683911#ixzz2joVz9Zqc http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-iran-us-20131105,0,2110637.story#axzz2joJTEsVhhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/05/21315471-nine-million-syrians-need-humanitarian-aid-due-to-war-un?lite Al menos 40 muertos, incluidos siete niños, deja coche bomba en Siria- Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/atentado-en-mezquita-de-damasco-en-sirira_13144675-4 El hambre como arma: la nueva táctica del régimen sirio para ganar la guerra. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634045-el-hambre-como-arma-la-nueva-tactica-del-regimen-sirio-para-ganar-la-guerra Diplomáticos no logran poner fecha para realizar una nueva conferencia de paz para Siria. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24827718http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/siria-sin-acuerdo-de-paz-este-anio-onu-963251.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/conferencia-de-paz-sobre-siria-adiada-10692998#ixzz2joVspJ98 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/middleeast/while-few-seem-eager-to-talk-peace-in-syria-un-mediator-wont-stop.html?ref=world Siria destruye instalaciones de producción de armas químicas. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/armas-qumicas-en-siria_13152535-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634347-siria-destruyo-sus-instalaciones-de-produccion-de-armas-quimicas Muerte del jefe de talibanes dicen que no afectará el proceso de paz en Pakistán. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/01/world/asia/pakistan-violence/index.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/muerte-de-talibn-afecto-proceso-de-paz-en-pakistn_13156855-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634761-en-una-ofensiva-con-un-drone-muere-el-lider-taliban-en-paquistanhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/11/04/world/asia/afghanistan-karzai-pakistan-taliban/index.html?hpt=ias_c2 Condenados a muerte 152 acusados por los motines en Bangladesh en 2009. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/world/asia/152-soldiers-given-death-penalty-over-revolt-in-bangladesh.html?ref=worldhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383650531_119779.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/asia/bangladesh-soldiers-death-sentence/index.html?hpt=ias_c1http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24817887 India lanza su primera nave exploratoria a Marte. Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-11/06/content_17083798.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2013/11/05/world/asia/ap-as-india-mars-mission.html?ref=worldhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/11/04/world/asia/india-mars-orbiter/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24729073http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-india-launch-mars-mission-20131104,0,3566545.story#axzz2joJTEsVh No hay signos de un proceso de pacificación en Irak. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/04/world/meast/iraq-violence/index.htmlhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/28/21139521-war-weary-iraqis-scared-to-leave-homes-as-violence-reaches-levels-not-seen-since-2008?lite Riad arresta a miles de inmigrantes irregulares tras el fin de la amnistía. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24810033http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383663779_618475.html Kerry visita Arabia Saudita. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-us-saudi-rift-kerry-visit-20131104,0,6904287.story#axzz2joJTEsVh Gobierno chino detiene a cinco individuos por ataque en la plaza Tiananmen. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/30/world/asia/china---tiananmen---arrests/index.htmlhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/30/21246103-five-arrested-over-tiananmen-square-terrorist-attack-chinese-authorities-say?litehttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1633422-un-raro-incidente-en-la-plaza-tiananmen-dejo-5-muertos Kerry intenta promover diálogo de paz entre palestinos e israelíes. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/world/middleeast/kerry-in-mideast-tries-to-prod-israeli-palestinian-talks.html?ref=world Terremoto de magnitud 5.0 sacude a Tokio. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/03/world/asia/japan-earthquake/index.html Inundaciones dejan decenas de muertos al este de India. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/26/world/asia/india-floods/index.html Irán ahorca a 16 presuntos rebeldes tras la muerte de 17 policías. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/irn-ahorca-a-presuntos-rebeldes-tras-la-muerte-de-policas_13144300-4 Irán y un posible acuerdo sobre su plan nuclear. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/world/middleeast/iran-says-nuclear-deal-is-possible-this-week.html?ref=world ÁFRICA Morsi desafía a los militares en Egipto. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/middleeast/egypt.html?ref=worldhttp://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2013/11/muhammad-morsi-trialhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/04/actualidad/1383532972_935193.htmlhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/impreso/mursi-desafia-al-gobierno-egipcio-8220soy-el-presidente-legitimo-8221-dice-84753.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24801882http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/presidente-deposto-do-egito-passa-noite-em-hospital-de-prisao-10691700#ixzz2joWgr6Zu http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-egypt-morsi-trial-20131105,0,4510471.story#axzz2joJTEsVhhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/02/21288349-two-french-journalists-kidnapped-and-killed-in-northern-mali?chromedomain=worldblog Los rebeldes del M23 anuncian el fin de su lucha armada en el Congo. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/world/africa/m23-rebels-democratic-republic-congo.html?ref=world&_r=0http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383642968_110904.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/11/05/en-rdc-le-gouvernement-annonce-une-victoire-totale-sur-le-m23_3508091_3212.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/africa/congo-rebels-disarm/index.html?hpt=iaf_c1http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/derrotado-grupo-rebelde-encerra-insurgencia-no-leste-do-congo-1-10691553#ixzz2joWjLxAmhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/05/21318777-congos-defeated-m23-rebels-announce-disarmament-seek-diplomacy?lite Asesinados a tiros dos periodistas franceses secuestrados en el norte de Mali. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/11/05/mali-trois-des-ravisseurs-des-journalistes-de-rfi-identifies_3508659_3212.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/02/actualidad/1383414551_209423.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634953-secuestran-y-asesinan-a-dos-periodistas-franceses-en-mali "China Daily" analiza el rol de Ruanda conectando a África Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-11/04/content_17077864.htm Túnez extiende su estado de emergencia. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/03/world/africa/tunisia-unrest/index.html?hpt=iaf_c2 28 muertos luego de estampida en Nigeria. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/muertos-en-estampida-en-nigeria_13157615-4 OTRAS NOTICIAS Cada año más de 800.000 personas son víctimas del tráfico humano. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/cada-ao-ms-de-800000-personas-son-vctimas-del-trfico-humano-en-el-mundo_13132278-4 "The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week". Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/world-week/21588134-business-week