Suchergebnisse

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of different levels of 0.0%; 0.7%; 1.4% and 2.1% of Noni (Morinda citrifolia) in the feeding of lambs regarding ingestive behavior and physiological variables. The experiment was carried out in a double Latin (4x4) experimental design with eight animals, consisting of four periods and four experimental rations. Eight lambs with no defined racial pattern were used, with mean initial body weight (BW) of 23.74 ± 1.00 kg. The ingestive behavior was performed during 24 hours, always on the last day of each experimental period. The physiological variables and the environmental variables were measured during three days of each period. Data were submitted for analysis of variance and, when significant, regression equation was applied at 5% of probability. Statistical analysis was performed considering the subdivision of the plot, which consisted of the diurnal and nocturnal evaluation times for the ingestive behavior and the morning and afternoon periods for the physiological variables. The inclusion of Noni in fed lambs did not change (p > 0.05) the time spent with ingestive behaviors for dry matter intake (DMI), rumination (RUM), idleness (IDL), water intake (WIN) and other activity (OAC). However, the daytime During the period there was gr eater (p < 0.05) time use for DMI, WIN and OAC. Inclusion of Noni to diets provided higher (p > 0.05) time use during the night time for RUM and IDL. The physiological variables were not influenced (p > 0.05) by the inclusion of Noni in the diets of lambs. However, higher mean (p < 0.05) body temperature of the front and rear, rectal temperature and respiratory rate of the lambs were observed during the afternoon. The inclusion of up to 2.1% of Noni in lamb feed does not alter ingestive behavior and physiological variables. However, the consumption of dry matter and water is higher during the diurnal period, while rumination and idleness are more active during the night period.

Introduction -- Background: USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service and Economic Research Service -- Dimensions of farm complexity -- Conceptual issues : defining farming, farms, farmers, and agriculture -- The growing complexity of farm business structure : implications for data collection -- A broader data infrastructure : administrative and other nonsurvey data sources -- Bibliography -- Appendix.

AbstractHypoxia‐ischaemia (HI) can result in structural brain abnormalities, which in turn can lead to behavioural deficits in various cognitive and motor domains, in both adult and paediatric populations. Cardiorespiratory arrest (CA) is a major cause of hypoxia‐ischaemia in adults, but it is relatively rare in infants and children. While the effects of adult CA on brain and cognition have been widely studied, to date, there are no studies examining the neurodevelopmental outcome of children who suffered CA early in life. Here, we studied the long‐term outcome of 28 children who suffered early CA (i.e., before age 16). They were compared to a group of control participants (n = 28) matched for age, sex and socio‐economic status. The patient group had impairments in the domains of memory, language and academic attainment (measured using standardised tests). Individual scores within the impaired range were most commonly found within the memory domain (79%), followed by academic attainment (50%), and language (36%). The patient group also had reduced whole brain grey matter volume, and reduced volume and fractional anisotropy of the white matter. In addition, lower performance on memory tests was correlated with bilaterally reduced volume of the hippocampi, thalami, and striatum, while lower attainment scores were correlated with bilateral reduction of fractional anisotropy in the superior cerebellar peduncle, the main output tract of the cerebellum. We conclude that patients who suffered early CA are at risk of developing specific cognitive deficits associated with structural brain abnormalities.Research Highlights
Our data shed light on the long‐term outcome and associated neural mechanisms after paediatric hypoxia‐ischaemia as a result of cardiorespiratory arrest.
Patients had impaired scores on memory, language and academic attainment.
Memory impairments were associated with smaller hippocampi, thalami, and striatum.
Lower academic attainment correlated with reduced fractional anisotropy of the superior cerebellar peduncle.

This book provides a variety of diverse perspectives related to the ethics of anger, some more analytical in nature, others focused on practical issues, some in defense of anger, and others arguing against its necessity. This book is an essential resource for scholars who want to reflect critically on the place of anger in contemporary life.

A reliable and an efficient power system is a necessity for any industrialized society. Governments have to enforce regulations to guarantee that such a power system, in spite of many competing stakeholders, participants, companies, and regulating agencies can be operational. This paper analyzes the present arrangements and the future requirements to be posed on incentives and regulation for ancillary services (AS) for power balancing. The paper proposes companies to assess their own needs for AS. A two-sided market for AS is being described to replace the existing arrangements for secondary control. The proposed solution guarantees a reliable and efficient operation of power systems in a market environment with responsive, reliable, and accountable but also competing prosumers, a large penetration of less-predictable renewables and continent-spanning transmission networks.

Feed supplementation with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) has been studied as a means to decrease the incidence of bone abnormalities in broilers and reduce dietary inclusion of calcium and phosphorus. The objective of this research was to determine the optimal level of feed supplementation with 1,25(OH)2D3 from Solanum glaucophyllum for growing broilers restricted in calcium and available phosphorus. A total of 648 day-old male chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with six dietary treatments and six replications of 18 birds. Treatments consisted of one positive control (PC: corn-soybean-meal diet formulated to reach or exceed Rostagno et al. (2011) nutritional recommendations), one negative control (NC: PC diet with 15% reduction of calcium and available phosphorus), and four NC diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 µg kg-1 of 1,25(OH)2D3. Performance and bone development characteristics were evaluated at days 21 and 33. Negative control did not modify broilers' performance in comparison with PC, but birds fed with NC plus 1.0 µg kg-1 of 1,25(OH)2D3 showed higher (p = 0.01) daily weight gain than PC at day 21. Negative control reduced (p < 0.01) tibia weight, ash, breaking strength, and Seedor index at day 21, but supplementation with 1,25(OH)2D3 mitigated all these negative effects. A quadratic effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 level was found for daily weight gain (p = 0.03), tibia weight (p < 0.01), breaking strength (p < 0.01), and Seedor index (p < 0.01) at this age. At day 33, NC broilers still had lower tibia weight (p = 0.01), ash (p < 0.01), and Seedor index (p < 0.01) than those fed PC. Only tibia ash did not return to the same value as that observed in PC after NC supplementation with 1,25(OH)2D3. A quadratic effect (p < 0.01) of 1,25(OH)2D3 level was found for tibia ash and Seedor index at this age. On average, dietary supplementation of 1.15 µg kg-1 of 1,25(OH)2D3 was identified as the optimal level for bone characteristics in this trial. For performance, this level was 0.98 µg kg-1. In conclusion, feed supplementation with 1,25(OH)2D3 from standardized leaves of Solanum glaucophyllum sustains normal growth and reduces the negative effects of calcium and phosphorus restriction on broilers' bone tissue.

The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional parameters (intake and digestibility) of beef cattle in two genetic groups fed protein-energy supplements formulated by different levels of replacement of maize with pearl millet grain during the dry season. Sixty-four uncastrated young bulls, with an average age of 20 months and an initial body weight of 388 ± 26 kg, were included in the study. The experimental area consisted of four paddocks approximately 4.7 ha in size, composed of Brachiaria brizantha 'Marandu' within a crop-livestock integration system. The study was based on a completely randomized factorial design (2×4). Two genetic groups (Crossbred and Nellore) and the effects of replacement of maize with pearl millet grain at 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% in the supplement formulations were assessed. No significant effects were observed in the genetic groups and with the replacement of maize with pearl millet grain, as well as in the pasture total dry matter (DM) and nutrients intake, or the coefficients of total digestibility of nutrients. The dietary concentration of digested organic matter was not influenced by the replacement levels of pearl millet grain, with values of 514.88, 515.76, 516.01, and 515.98 g kg-1 of DM recorded for the 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% replacement levels, respectively. Therefore, pearl millet grain can be utilized as a partial or total substitute for maize grain as the energetic ingredient in concentrated supplements for Nellore and crossbred beef cattle in pastures managed in crop-livestock integration systems.

Explores the contemporary significance of Alfred North Whitehead's 1927 book Symbolism: Its Meaning and EffectThis collection of 11 essays form a new examination of Whitehead's Barbour-Page lectures, which were published as the book Symbolism: Its Meaning and Effect in 1927. Leading Whitehead scholars give you exciting insights into the contemporary implications of Whitehead's symbolism in an era of new scientific, cultural and technological developments. As a result, Whitehead's philosophy is reinvigorated in the context of contemporary discussions and debates. This volume also serves as a critical point of entry into Whitehead's more lengthy and complex work such as Process and Reality, and to his body of work as a whole.ContributorsJeffrey Bell, Professor of Philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana UniversityRoland Faber, Kilsby Family/John B. Cobb, Jr., Professor of Process Studies at Claremont School of Theology, Professor of Religion and Philosophy at Claremont Graduate University, Co-Director of the Center for Process Studies and Executive Director of the Whitehead Research ProjectMichael Halewood, Senior Lecturer at the University of EssexLuke Higgins, Lecturer in Philosophy at Armstrong UniversityCatherine Keller, Professor of Constructive Theology and Henry Luce Fellow at the Theological School and Graduate Division of Religion at Drew UniversitySheri Kling, Doctoral Candidate in Process Thought at Claremont School of TheologyHyo-Dong Lee, Associate Professor of Comparative Theology at the Theological School and Graduate Division of Religion at Drew UniversityBeatrice Marovich, Writer and Assistant Professor in the Department of Theological Studies at Hanover CollegeAdam Nocek, Assistant Professor in Philosophy of Technology and Science and Technology Studies in the School of Arts, Media + Engineering at Arizona State UniversityJoseph Petek, Doctoral Student in Process Thought at Claremont School of Theology, Chief Archivist of the Whitehead Research Project, Assistant Series Editor for the Critical Edition of Whitehead and English Coordinator for the Balkan Journal of PhilosophyKeith Robinson, Professor in the Department of Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies at the University of Arkansas at Little RockSteven Shaviro, DeRoy Professor of English at Wayne State University"

<p>O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características dos tibiotarsos de frangos de corte machos aos 21 e 35 dias de idade. Foram determinados os percentuais ósseos de proteínas colagenosas (PC), proteínas não colagenosas (PNC), cinzas e minerais (cálcio, fósforo, potássio e sódio), além dos pesos dos tibiotarsos <em>in natura, </em>secos e desengordurados. Foram utilizados 648 frangos de corte machos da marca comercial Cobb® em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e seis repetições com 18 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram na suplementação de 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5 ?g de vitamina D3 ativa/kg de ração. Aos 21 e 35 dias de idade as aves foram pesadas e um frango/repetição com o peso médio do lote foi retirado e abatido para se obter os tibiotarsos. A composição orgânica e mineral dos ossos foi afetada pelo fornecimento suplementar de vitamina D3 ativa nas rações. Recomenda-se até 1,50 ?g de 1,25(OH)2D3/kg de ração para frangos de corte machos de 8 a 35 dias de idade.</p>

Germany has been an officially bovine tuberculosis (bTB)-free (OTF) country since 1996. Gradually rising numbers of bTB herd incidents due to Mycobacterium bovis and M. caprae in North-Western and Southern Germany during the last few years prompted the competent authorities to conduct a nationwide bTB survey in 2013/2014. This led to the detection of a dairy herd in which as many as 55 cattle reacted positively to consecutive intra vitam testing. Test-positive animals lacked visible lesions indicative of bTB at necropsy. Extensive mycobacterial culturing as well as molecular testing of samples from 11 tissues for members of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTC) yielded negative results throughout. However, caseous lymphadenitis of Ln. mandibularis accessorius was observed during meat inspection of a fattening pig from the same farm at regular slaughter at that time. Respective tissue samples tested MTC positive by polymerase chain reaction, and M. tuberculosis T1 family were identified by spoligotyping. Four human reactors within the farmer's family were also found to be immunoreactive. As exposure of livestock to M. tuberculosis is not generally considered, its impact may result in regulatory and practical difficulties when using protocols designed to detect classical bTB, particularly in OTF countries.

The HIV epidemic in China and Vietnam is on the increase among injection drug users (IDUs). We report on the results of a pilot outreach study in northern Vietnam and southern China to test the feasibility of a peer-driven intervention (PDI) to prevent HIV among IDUs. In the PDI, recruitment relies on a "chain-referral" model in which IDUs carry-out the core outreach activities that salaried outreach-workers/peer-educators traditionally provide. A 6-month follow-up was built into the study design to measure possible changes in IDUs' risk behaviors. The impact results of the pilot study are reported bearing on several different measures, such as changes in IDUs' rates of lending or borrowing used syringes, willingness to enter into drug treatment, baseline and follow-up recruitment success, and effectiveness of serving as peer-educators in the community. The evidence suggests the PDI is highly feasible and deserving of greater research in both China and Vietnam.