Suchergebnisse

[Resumen] El sistema republicano de gobierno no sólo reclama la sujeción de la Administración al Derecho, le atribuye el deber de realizarlo hacia los ciudadanos. Este postulado impone una nueva perspectiva en el fundamento del régimen de prerrogati- vas públicas típico del derecho administrativo, considerando su crisis actual, las res- puestas que han dado los ciudadanos y las propuestas concretas para restablecer aque- lla funcionalidad. ; [Abstract] A republican government not only claims the submission to the Law by the Administration, but also imposes it the duty of enacting the Law for the citizens. This statement requires a new perspective in the administrative public prerogatives political and legal basis, considering its current crisis, the citizens reactions in the matter, and the proposals to reestablish its value.

Part I The Role of Legal Theory in the Legal Curriculum -- chapter 1 Hilaire Barnett (1995), 'The Province of Jurisprudence Determined-Again!', Legal Studies, 15, pp. 88-127. -- chapter 2 Neil MacCormick (1985), 'The Democratic Intellect and the Law', Legal Studies, 5, pp. 172-83. -- chapter 3 Alan Hunt (1989), 'The Role and Place of Theory in Legal Education: Reflections on Foundationalism', Legal Studies, 9, pp. 146-64. -- chapter 4 Roger Cotterrell (2000), 'Pandora's Box: Jurisprudence in Legal Education', International Journal of the Legal Profession, 7, pp. 179-87. -- part Part II The Teaching of Legal Theory -- chapter 5 Patricia A. Cain (1988), 'Teaching Feminist Legal Theory at Texas: Listening to Difference and Exploring Connections', Journal of Legal Education, 38, pp. 165-81. -- chapter 6 Philip C. Kissam (1998), 'Disturbing Images: Literature in a Jurisprudence Course', Legal Studies Forum, 22, pp. 329-51. -- chapter 7 William Twining (2009), 'Implications of "Globalisation" for Law as a Discipline', in A. Halpin and V. Roeben (eds), Theorising the Global Legal Order, Oxford: Hart, pp. 39-60. -- chapter 8 Seow Hon Tan (2009), 'Teaching Legal Ideals through Jurisprudence', Law Teacher, 43, pp. 14-36. -- part Part III Legal Theory and Legal Scholarship -- chapter 9 Neil MacCormick (1989), 'The Ethics of Legalism', Ratio Juris, 2, pp. 184-93. -- chapter 10 Mark Van Hoecke and François Ost ( 1993), 'Epistemological Perspectives in Legal Theory', Ratio Juris, 6, pp. 30-47. -- chapter 11 Andrew Halpin (2000), 'Law, Theory and Practice: Conflicting Perspectives?', International Journal of the Legal Profession, 7, pp. 205-23. -- chapter 12 Mathias M. Siems (2008), 'Legal Originality', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 28, pp. 147-64. -- part Part IV Legal Theory and Comparative Law -- chapter 13 Günter Frankenberg (1985), 'Critical Comparisons: Re-thinking Comparative Law', Harvard International Law Journal, 26, pp. 411-55. -- chapter 14 Mark Van Hoecke and Mark Warrington (1998), 'Legal Cultures, Legal Paradigms and Legal Doctrine: Towards a New Model for Comparative Law', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 47, pp. 495-536. -- chapter 15 William Ewald (1998), 'The Jurisprudential Approach to Comparative Law: A Field Guide to "Rats"', American Journal of Comparative Law, 47, pp. 701-707. -- chapter 16 Geoffrey Samuel (1998), 'Comparative Law and Jurisprudence', International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 47, pp. 817-36 -- chapter 17 Catherine Valcke (2004), 'Comparative Law as Comparative Jurisprudence–The Comparability of Legal Systems', American Journal of Comparative Law, 52,pp. 713-40.

The objective scope of the analysis presented in the text concerns a selection of legal ,,regulations penalising the crime of espionage. The main objective of the text is to present selected substantive penal aspects of the crime of espionage in accordance with the legal regulations in Poland and Sweden. The comparative analysis places greater emphasis on the Polish legal solutions. The text poses the following research questions, which have been associated with specific conclusions: (1) To what degree do the legal solutions concerned with the penalisation of the crime of espionage provide effective prosecution and combating of this type of crime? It should be noted that the content of Art. 130, which penalises the crime of espionage in the Polish Criminal Code, raises doubts on account of interpretation and effective combating of espionage incidents directed against the Republic of Poland. The main interpretative problems include: (1) the Polish legislator's use of the term "intelligence," which narrows the acts of espionage down to activity for the benefit of a specified subject, (2) the Polish legislator's use of the wording "against the Republic of Poland," which makes it difficult to prosecute spying activity not displaying any action aimed directly against the Republic of Poland or third states, (3) the Polish legislator's use of the wording qualifying information "the transfer of which may be detrimental to the Republic of Poland," which gives rise to a high degree of subjectivity while assessing damage, (4) the adoption in the interpretative doctrine of the attribute of "declaring a readiness to work for the benefit of a foreign intelligence service" as specification of the attributes of criminal preparation – "establishing communication," which results in the necessity to prove the response/acceptance of the proposal on the part of a foreign intelligence service. All these descriptive and evaluative attributes may hamper effective prosecution and combating of espionage. (2) What changes in the scope of legal solutions penalising the acts of espionage can be proposed? With regard to the performed analysis of the main attributes of the crime of espionage in its basic, autonomous and privileged forms in the Polish criminal regulations, and with regard to the comparative analysis of the Swedish criminal regulations, it should be concluded that: (1) the regulations penalising acts of espionage and acts directed against information protection (including acts termed "cyberterrorism") need to be amended, (2) there is a need for systemic solutions as regards acts aimed against the state and information protection, (3) it is necessary to replace the attribute of "a foreign intelligence service" with the attribute of "a foreign state" or "a foreign authority," i.e. it is necessary to introduce a solution that features in the Swedish, Serb and Croatian regulations, (4) it is necessary to change the privileged form as regards the extension of criminal liability to cover various forms of preparation for the crime of espionage, (5) it is necessary to change the privileged form of the crime of espionage as regards the attribute of "declaring a readiness to work for the benefit of a foreign intelligence service" so as to eliminate the doctrinal interpretation of the current legal solution, (6) it is necessary to introduce regulations penalising the very fact of declaring a readiness to act for the benefit of a foreign state against the Republic of Poland, (7) it is worth considering minimizing the significance of the term 'damage' in favour of case-law definition of a kind of information as the object of a crime, (8) following the solutions in the Swedish regulations, it is worth considering introducing specified forms of the crime of espionage in view of the violation of caution principles, although this might result in too high a degree of legislative restrictiveness, (9) following the solutions included in the Swedish regulations, it is worth considering introducing penalisation of various forms of intelligence activity as opposed to the crime of capital espionage, (10) following the solutions included in the Swedish regulations, it is worth introducing penalisation of various forms of foreign support, whereby acts which might be termed illegal financial assistance, illegal support for agents of influence, or illegal activities concerned with exerting influence on public opinion as regards matters of major relevance for the state. ; The objective scope of the analysis contained in the text concerns legal solutions to penalisation of the crime of espionage with regard to information security. As the main goal, the text performs an analysis of the crime of espionage in the Polish substantive penal regulations, including a comparative analysis of corresponding Swedish substantive penal regulations. In order to elaborate the research problem, the text addresses the following research questions: (1) To what degree do the legal solutions concerned with the penalisation of the crime of espionage provide effective prosecution and combating of this type of crime? (2) What changes in the scope of legal solutions penalising the acts of espionage can be proposed? While the analysis contained in the text is for the most part a dogmatic and doctrinal approach, a comparative interpretation (with regard to substantive penal regulations penalising the crime of espionage in Poland and Sweden), as well as teleological and functional interpretations (with a view to reinterpreting selected, established or debated doctrinal approaches) are also applied.

Cryptocurrency is a digital currency spread in peer-to-peer network all over the world. This network has a big accounting book called Blockchain which can be accessed by public. This article is doctrinal legal research with conceptual research. This article reviews digital money based on Jalbu Masalah wa Dar al-Mafasid accompanied by the implication of Saddu az-Zari'ah. The results show that Islamic law acknowledges the currency issued by the government. The existence of a country is a form of protection to the money owners from the acts of fraud in finance. Bitcoin and digital money are not included in the criteria mentioned in Islamic economy law because of it contains obscurity (jahalah), high speculation element, and can harm individual as well as the country. Bitcoin has no clear source, authentic balance, and it only has moral assurance.Mata uang kripto adalah mata uang digital yang tersebar dalam jaringan peer-to-peer di seluruh dunia. Jaringan ini memiliki sebuah buku akuntansi besar bernama Blockchain yang dapat diakses oleh publik. Artikel ini merupakan penelitian hukum doctrinal dengan pendekatan konseptual. Artikel ini melakukan kajian terhadap uang digital berdasarkan Jalbu Masalah wa Dar al-Mafasid sertai implikasi Saddu az-Zari'ah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hukum Islam mengakui keberadaan mata uang yang dicetak oleh pemerintah. Keberadaan negara merupakan wujud perlindungan kepada pemilik uang dari tindakan penipuan dan kecurangan dalam bidang finansial. Bitcoin dan uang digital tidak termasuk dalam kriteria yang disebutkan dalam hukum ekonomi Islam. Karena mengandung ketidakjelasan (jahalah), unsur spekulasi yang tinggi serta dapat merugikan individu dan negara. Bitcoin ini tidak mempunyai sumber yang jelas, saldo yang hakiki, dan hanya ada jaminan secara moril.

The paper carries out a dogmatic revision of the crimes of «criminal organization», provided for in Section 317 of the Peruvian Criminal Code of 1991, and of «criminal gang», described in Section 317-B of the same Code, in order to establish and explain the functions and differences that underlie the plurality of legal provisions that seek to regulate the criminal relevance of criminal organizations. Likewise, it analyzes the doctrinal, legislative and jurisprudential contributions that seek to delimit, with extreme precision, the characteristics, effects, and normative components of both criminal types and the catalog of specific aggravating circumstances, in order to finally make recommendations on their current regulation that promotes the necessary legislative amendments to overcome the difficulties and inconsistencies, both theoretical and practical, of said criminal provisions. ; El estudio realiza una revisión dogmática de los delitos de «organización criminal», previsto en el artículo 317.° del Código Penal peruano de 1991, y de «banda criminal» tipificado en el artículo 317.º-B del mismo código, con la finalidad de establecer y explicar las funciones y diferencias que subyacen en la pluralidad de disposiciones legales que buscan regular la relevancia penal de las organizaciones criminales. Asimismo, se analizan los aportes doctrinales, legislativos y jurisprudenciales que procuran delimitar, con meridiana precisión, las características, efectos y componentes normativos de ambos tipos penales y el catálogo de circunstancias agravantes específicas; para, finalmente, formular recomendaciones sobre su actual regulación que promuevan las modificaciones legislativas necesarias para superar las deficiencias e inconsistencias, tanto teóricas como prácticas, de dichos dispositivos penales.

AbstractIntensified global economic competition, economic liberalization, and the rise of EU governance have led some observers to argue that there has been a trend toward the "Americanization" of the European "way of law." This article addresses that contention, focusing on legal change in European member states. It first describes ways in which the American legal tradition has differed most sharply from the national legal systems of Western Europe (including Great Britain) and the political and economic factors that account for this "American legal distinctiveness." Similar political and economic factors currently are at work in Europe, the article acknowledges, creating incentives for legal convergence. But it also argues that European legal culture and the political organization of European national states generate path‐dependent forces that impede European movement toward American ways of law, and it discusses six important differences between European and American law that remain entrenched and are unlikely to disappear.

Despite early ratification of the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol, the Criminal Code offence of trafficking in persons in Canada has received little analytical or interpretive attention to date. Adopted in 2005, this offence has resulted in successful convictions in a limited number of cases and criminal justice authorities have continued to rely on alternate or complementary charges in cases of human trafficking. In particular, prosecutions for cases involving non-sexual labour trafficking remain extremely low. This article provides a socio-legal examination of why the offence of trafficking in persons in Canada is under-utilized in labour trafficking cases. Based on an analysis of data generated from 56 one-on-one interviews gathered from a variety of actors involved in counter trafficking response mechanisms and a legal examination of the key components of the offence, we argue that definitional challenges have resulted in narrow understandings and problematic interpretations of the Criminal Code offence. Such narrow interpretations have resulted in restricted applicability, particularly in cases of labour trafficking. More broadly, the article points to the need to address the limitations of the Criminal Code while formulating responses to trafficking that are not dependent on criminal law.

In light of recent criticism of the EU and Strasbourg, Mary Arden makes an invaluable contribution to the debate on transnational courts and human rights. Drawing on years of experience as a senior judge, she explains clearly how human rights law has evolved, and the difficult balances that judges have to strike when interpreting it.

Station Thirteen -- King of the hill -- American dream -- The great place -- Rage against the machine -- A kick in the gut -- Judgment day -- Ticking time bombs -- Playing with fire -- One nation's terrorist is another nation's freedom fighter -- Hide and seek -- The system -- Epilogue -- Afterword -- The dead -- Trial witnesses -- Table 1: Acronyms and abbreviations -- Table 2: Military rank abbreviations.