Suchergebnisse

Gary Becker was one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th century. He advanced social science by introducing economic thinking into areas that were thought to be off limits. Because his theory was motivated by his desire to explain the world, his analyses were highly policy relevant. His work on discrimination, deterrence of crime, fertility, human capital, and the family all produced implications that were testable and verified by his and others' empirical research. Equally important, each research area provided policy guidance and many of his ideas have been implemented by government and non-government organizations.

Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Note -- Contents -- About the Author -- About the Translator -- List of Tables -- Part I: Dynamics -- Chapter 1: Accessing International Policy Diffusion -- 1.1 Brazil: From Policy Adoption to Policy Diffusion -- 1.1.1 Importing Models from the North -- 1.1.2 The Transition to Democracy and Social Policy Innovation -- 1.1.3 From Local to Global: Brazil Exporting Social Policies -- 1.2 Between (International) Policy Transfer and Diffusion -- 1.2.1 The International Dimension of PB in Literature -- 1.3 The Argument of the Book -- 1.4 Focus on the Transnational Political Process -- 1.5 The Research Strategy -- 1.6 The Narrative and Organization of the Work -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: The Dynamics of the Process of Diffusion: Institutions, Individuals and Mechanisms -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Concept of Participatory Budgeting: The Object in Circulation -- 2.3 Conceptualizing Policy Diffusion -- 2.3.1 A Circular Movement -- 2.3.2 Diffusion and Its Regions -- 2.3.3 Transfers: Specific Movements -- 2.4 Actors and Spaces in the Diffusion Process -- 2.4.1 International Institutions -- 2.4.2 Sub-National Institutions -- 2.4.3 Transnational Spaces of Circulation -- 2.5 The Dimension of Individuals in the Process of International Circulation of Public Policies -- 2.6 Causal Mechanisms -- Notes -- References -- Part II: The Process -- Chapter 3: Ambassadors of Participation: The Internationalization of PB -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Genesis of Participatory Processes -- 3.2.1 Porto Alegre -- 3.2.2 Belo Horizonte -- 3.2.3 Recife -- 3.3 International Action and PB in Porto Alegre -- 3.3.1 The Construction of International Relations -- 3.3.2 The Confluence Between Fund-Raising and International Scanning -- 3.3.3 The Organization of Events -- 3.3.4 The Effects of Political Change

Introduction -- Methodological approach for Tibetan sociology of education -- Applicability of the structuration theory to Tibetan society -- Introducing Je Tsongkhapa to the field of sociology -- Interdisciplinary perspectives on Tibetan social structuration -- The social structuration of Tibetan society -- Setting Giddens and Je Tsongkhapa in dialogue: structuration in spiritual society -- The relation of education to Tibetan society -- Conclusion.

So far, most research on differentiated integration has focused either on its causes or on its broader consequences for the process of European integration. In contrast, in this paper we apply a public policy approach. Through an analysis of the functioning of various differentiated governance arrangements that exist in the EU economic policy field (particularly governing the EMU, the EU energy sector and the access of third countries into the Single Market) we aim to understand under which conditions differentiated procedures and institutions prove to be effective in attaining the stated objectives and in adjusting to changing circumstances while minimising undesirable effects. Doing so, we make two contributions to the existing scholarship. First, we develop an encompassing and dynamic definition of policy effectiveness that allows us to assess and compare the performance of economic differentiated integration arrangements. Second, we identify a number of institutional factors that positively influence the effectiveness of EU differentiated economic policy arrangements. These include (1) institutional set-ups tailor-made to the policy objectives of the differentiated organisation, (2) unified, simple and clear governance frameworks, (3) adaptable and flexible institutional designs and (4) institutional provisions to include nonparticipating and third countries. The theoretical framework presented in this paper to study the conditions under which differentiated integration is effective may inspire the research agenda on differentiated integration also beyond the economic policy field

So far, most research on differentiated integration has focused either on its causes or on its broader consequences for the process of European integration. In contrast, in this paper we apply a public policy approach. Through an analysis of the functioning of various differentiated governance arrangements that exist in the EU economic policy field (particularly governing the EMU, the EU energy sector and the access of third countries into the Single Market) we aim to understand under which conditions differentiated procedures and institutions prove to be effective in attaining the stated objectives and in adjusting to changing circumstances while minimising undesirable effects. Doing so, we make two contributions to the existing scholarship. First, we develop an encompassing and dynamic definition of policy effectiveness that allows us to assess and compare the performance of economic differentiated integration arrangements. Second, we identify a number of institutional factors that positively influence the effectiveness of EU differentiated economic policy arrangements. These include (1) institutional set-ups tailor-made to the policy objectives of the differentiated organisation, (2) unified, simple and clear governance frameworks, (3) adaptable and flexible institutional designs and (4) institutional provisions to include nonparticipating and third countries. The theoretical framework presented in this paper to study the conditions under which differentiated integration is effective may inspire the research agenda on differentiated integration also beyond the economic policy field

So far, most research on differentiated integration has focused either on its causes or on its broader consequences for the process of European integration. In contrast, in this paper we apply a public policy approach. Through an analysis of the functioning of various differentiated governance arrangements that exist in the EU economic policy field (particularly governing the EMU, the EU energy sector and the access of third countries into the Single Market) we aim to understand under which conditions differentiated procedures and institutions prove to be effective in attaining the stated objectives and in adjusting to changing circumstances while minimising undesirable effects. Doing so, we make two contributions to the existing scholarship. First, we develop an encompassing and dynamic definition of policy effectiveness that allows us to assess and compare the performance of economic differentiated integration arrangements. Second, we identify a number of institutional factors that positively influence the effectiveness of EU differentiated economic policy arrangements. These include (1) institutional set-ups tailor-made to the policy objectives of the differentiated organisation, (2) unified, simple and clear governance frameworks, (3) adaptable and flexible institutional designs and (4) institutional provisions to include nonparticipating and third countries. The theoretical framework presented in this paper to study the conditions under which differentiated integration is effective may inspire the research agenda on differentiated integration also beyond the economic policy field

AbstractClimate litigation has become a strategic tool to push for climate justice, including compensation for losses caused by climate change. Many cases rely on the establishment of a causal relationship between the defendants' emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and the plaintiffs' losses. All decided cases seeking compensation for a concrete climate related impact have been unsuccessful (thus far). Legal scholars as well as social and natural scientists have looked at individual cases and evidence of these unsuccessful claims, aiming to identify legal and scientific hurdles. Based on previous research where we analysed specific cases, we step back from a case‐specific analysis in this article and identify the social context in which law and science operate and intersect. We assert that without a general understanding of the urgency of climate change and the scientifically proven fact that climate change impacts the present, and that it is possible to attribute individual losses to human‐caused climate change, the fate and future of climate litigation focusing on losses and damages will continue to encounter major obstacles in courts. This is despite the increasingly sophisticated strategies of litigants; the positive outcome of some strategic litigation and improvements in the field of climate science, all of which would be expected to sway for a successful future of the fight against climate change.

Altruistic Reveries is a unique volume, which arises out of an Interdisciplinary Conference on Perspectives on Altruism from the Humanities and Social Sciences organized by the Centre for Advanced Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, in October 1999. Altruism is a deep, multi-faceted phenomenon, of great interest and relevance to scholars across the entire range of disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences. The Centre therefore brought together experts in diverse disciplines - Philosophy, Literature, Psychology, Sociology, Economics, and Political science - to examine and discuss the significance and role of altruism from their respective perspectives. A total of 10 papers in all were presented, and the volume is completed by an Introduction by the editors, and a final Concluding Chapter by one of the editors. Among the issues discussed are: the efficacy of motivational altruism in the resolution of public issues; the genetic origins of altruism and its attendant risks; the metaphysical basis of altruism; empathy and altruism; altruism or social exchange; altruism in wartime; and the welfare state. A notable feature of the volume is that the various authors have not `talked past' one another. Although each is a specialist in his field, the papers are accessible to those in other fields, and to non-specialists. Both individually and together, they provide a rich set of insights and perspectives on altruism as a fundamental human and social phenomenon, which will edify, interest, and stimulate all readers of the volume

Background: Across a range of policy areas and geographies, governments and philanthropists are increasingly looking to adopt a social outcomes contracting (SOC) approach. Under this model, an agreement is made that a provider of services must achieve specific, measurable social and/or environmental outcomes and payments are only made when these outcomes have been achieved. Despite this growing interest, there is currently a paucity of evidence in relation to the tangible improvement in outcomesassociated with the implementation of these approaches. Although promising, evidence suggests that there are risks (especially around managing perverse incentives).[1] The growing interest in SOC has been accompanied by research of specific programmes, policy domains or geographies, but there has not been a systematic attempt to synthetise this emerging evidence. To address this gap, this systematic review aims to surface the best evidence on when and where effects have been associated with SOC. Methods: This mixed-methods systematic review protocol has been prepared using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocol (PRISMA-P) guidelines (Additional File 2) (Shamseer et al., 2010). The review aims to consult policymakers throughout the evidence synthesis process, by adopting a user-involved research process. This will include the establishment and involvement of a Policy Advisory Group (PAG). The PAG will consist of a large, diverse, international group of policy makers who are or have been actively involved in funding and shaping social outcomes contracts (Additional File 3).The following electronic databases will be searched: ABI/INFORM Global,Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA),Scopus, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS), PAIS Index, PolicyFile Index, Proquest Dissertations and Theses, ProQuest Social Science, Social Services Abstracts, Web of Science, Worldwide Political Science Abstracts and PsycINFO. We will also conduct a comprehensive search of grey literature sources. Studies will be imported into Covidence and screened (after de-duplication) independently by tworeviewers, using explicit inclusion/exclusion criteria. We will conduct risk of bias and quality assessment using recommended tools and we will extract data using a pre-piloted, standardised data extraction form. If meta-synthesis cannot be conducted for the effectiveness component, we will carry outa descriptivenarrative synthesis of the quantitative evidence, categorised by type of intervention, type of outcome/s, population characteristics and/or policy sector. The qualitative studies will be synthesised using thematic content analysis (Thomas and Harden 2008). If possible, we will also analyse the available economic data to understand the costs and benefits associated with SOC. Finally, we will conduct a cross-study synthesis, which will involve bringing together the findings from the effectiveness review, economic review and qualitative review. We recognise that the proposed conventional effectiveness review method may lead to inconclusive or partial findings given the complexity of the intervention, the likely degree of heterogeneity and the under-developed evidence base. We see a traditional systematic review as an important foundation to describe the evidence landscape. We will use this formal review as a starting point and then explore more contextually rooted review work in future. Discussion: We will usethesystematic review findings to produce accessible and reliable empirical insights on whether, when, and where (and if possible, how) SOC approaches deliver improved impact when compared to more conventional funding arrangements. The outputs will support policymakers to make informed decisions in relation to commissioning and funding approaches. Systematic review registration: This systematic review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), on 20th November 2020 and was last updated on 21 January 2021: (registration number PROSPEROCRD42020215207). [1] A perverse incentive in an outcomes-based contract is an incentive that has unintended and undesirable results. For instance, a poorly designed welfare-to-work scheme could create incentives for service providers to prioritise clients who are easier to help and to 'park' those who are harder to assist (NAO 2015).

West European social democratic parties (SDPs) have to varying degrees provided a model for programmatic change for the communist successor parties (CSPs) of Eastern & Central Europe (ECE). The examples of the British Labour Party, the French Parti Socialiste & the German Social Democrats demonstrate both "push" & "pull" factors of policy transfer. "Policy transfer" or "policy learning" has taken place to a limited extent through two main channels. SDP policies, first, provided a model for emulation drawing CSPs to policies on the basis of the perceived success of the individual policy & party. Second, learning occurred through the active engagement of the SDPs with their sister parties to the East ("transfer networks" ). The probability of transfer is determined by the "proximity" (geographical, ideological & cultural) of the "exporter" party to the "importer" party. In practice, the German Social Democratic Party has been the most influential of the three SDPs, as a consequence of its greater proximity to the successor parties of Eastern & Central Europe. Adapted from the source document.

This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1987

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Additional Contributors -- Preface -- Key Features -- Chapter Coverage of Professional Competencies -- Share: Social Work Practice -- Unit I: Social Work Practice Metacompetencies -- Chapter 1: Theories, Paradigms, and Professional Competencies in Social Work Practice -- Structure of the Book -- Paradigms, Theories, Perspectives, and Practice Models -- The Positivist Paradigm -- The Constructivist Paradigm, Social Constructivism, and the Strengths Perspective -- Ecosystems and Strengths Perspectives Together -- Professional Social Work Competencies -- Holistic Competency -- Competency Model of Social Work Practice -- Social Work Clients -- Discussion Questions -- References -- Chapter 2: Ethical and Professional Behavior -- Competency 1: Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior -- Social Work Values and Ethics -- Interprofessional Collaboration -- Supervision -- Self-Reflection -- Professional Development -- Professional and Ethical Use of Technology -- Policy Issue -- Social Justice Issue -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- References -- Chapter 3: Diversity and Difference -- Competency 2: Engage Diversity and Difference in Practice -- National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics -- Conflict Theory -- Critical Race Theory -- Intersectionality of Diversity -- Oppression Theory -- Forms and Mechanisms of Oppression and Discrimination -- Diversity and Difference in Social Work Practice -- Policy Issues -- Social Justice Issues -- Summary -- Discussion Questions -- References -- Chapter 4: Human Rights and Justice in a Social Work Practice Environment -- Competency 3: Advance Human Rights and Social, Economic, and Environmental Justice -- National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics -- Maslow's Theory of Motivation (human Need) -- Theories of Social Justice.

This article focuses on the public German higher education sector as a site upon and through which coloniality is enacted. This status quo indicates exclusionary effects and merits interrogation. We briefly discuss the history of German colonialism to understand how coloniality pervades higher educational structures in the German context today. Two proposals addressing coloniality in German higher education are made: the development of structures centering diverse faculty and the support of ethnic and identity studies.

International audience ; The paper provides empirical evidence on the effects of monetary policy shocks in the three largest economies among new EU members: Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. VAR system estimates show that the co-movement of macroeconomic variables, conditional on a monetary policy shock, is similar across these countries and, despite their lower financial development, not dissimilar to what is found for more advanced European economies. While qualitatively similar to the responses observed in the old EU members, the responses of the new members are, on average, weaker. Poland has the most stable responses both over time and across different identification schemes.