Suchergebnisse

The article examines the current state of the Association Agreement implementation in terms of national legislation on climate change and the protection of the ozone layer compliance with the requirements of the EU legal acts listed in Annex XXX to Chapter 6 "Environment" of that Agreement. Under the Association Agreement, such harmonization entails the need to bring national legislation into line with Directive № 2003/87/EC establishing a Community greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme by September 1, 2019 and amending Directive № 96/61/EC ~ 18 ~ ВІСНИК Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка ISSN 1728-3817 as amended by Directive № 2004/101/EC; Regulation (EC) № 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases; Regulation (EU) № 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer, as amended and the amendments made by the Regulation (EU) №№ 2038/2000, (EU) 2039/2000, (EU) 1804/2003, (EU) 2077/2004, (EU) 29/2006, (EU) 1366/2006, (EU) 1784/2006, (EC) 1791/2006 and (EC) 2007/899, and Decisions №№ 2003/160 /EC, 2004/232/EC and 2007/54 /EC. The analysis of the national legislation shows that Ukraine as a whole fulfilled its obligations to adapt national legislation to the EU legislation in terms of setting up a monitoring system, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions. The Law of Ukraine "On the Basics of Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions" was adopted on 12 December 2019. The law comes into force on 1 January 2021. At the same time, it is necessary to adopt by-laws to ensure the effectiveness of the provisions of the aforementioned Law, since as of 1 April 2020 no legislative act has been adopted in its development. Ukraine has also fully fulfilled its obligations to implement the provisions of Regulation (EC) № 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer and the provisions of Regulation (EC) № 842/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases. The Law of Ukraine "On Regulation of Economic Activity with Ozone-Depleting Substances and Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases" was adopted on 12 December 1 2019. The law comes into force on 27 June 2020. The article proves that the legal acts, necessary to introduce internal greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme and other market and non-market greenhouse gas emission reduction instruments of these gases in accordance with Ukraine's obligations under the Association Agreement have not yet been adopted. Also there is the necessity to make amendments to the Regulation on the Interagency Commission on Implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Decree № 583 of April 14, 1999, to extend its tasks in accordance with the provisions of the Paris Agreement. Keywords: the Association Agreement; climate and ozone protection; fluorinated greenhouse gases; monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions; ozone-depleting substances; reporting of greenhouse gas emissions; verification of greenhouse gas emissions.

The EU Emergency Trust Fund for stability and addressing the root causes of irregular migration and displaced persons in Africa (EUTF) was launched one year ago. This paper examines how the EUTF has developed during its first year and the extent to which initial expectations and concerns regarding the trust fund are proving valid. It begins by examining the aims of the EUTF, identifying the different aspirations for the fund held by different actors and the extent to which it is likely to deliver on these. It also explores tensions around the financing and governance of the EUTF and the extent to which African partners have been involved in the trust fund. The paper goes on to look at the EUTF's projects. These have so far had a relatively traditional development focus, although more migration management projects are now being planned. The paper identifies serious flaws with the project selection process and argues that these result in a choice of projects and implementers that are not necessarily the best fit for the trust fund's goals or for local needs. The paper stresses that effective implementation of the EUTF will require drawing on existing knowledge and undertaking monitoring, evaluation and learning at multiple levels. The paper discusses where the trust fund can add value to existing EU instruments: in speed, flexibility, and the potential for innovation. In particular, the EUTF could offer an opportunity for experimentation on some of the complex issues it seeks to address, and contribute to the development of knowledge about 'what works' in this area. However, seizing this opportunity requires facilitating ongoing learning and adaptation; ensuring greater involvement of local actors; and persuading implementers to move away from 'business as usual' models.The paper explores how the trust fund relates to existing EU commitments, strategies and instruments. It examines the central role that the EUTF plays in the EU's response to migration, as well as how the trust fund relates to both EU development and human rights commitments. Finally, the paper suggests that the trust fund may be an indication of emerging trends in EU development cooperation, particularly in its more streamlined procedures, less emphasis on partnership, close links to EU interests, and use of conditionalities. The paper concludes by arguing that the governance and management of the EUTF must be strengthened in order to seize the opportunities that it offers. However, it suggests that the trust fund throws up broader concerns about the direction of EU aid that cannot be easily assuaged and do not bode well for a future European cooperation based on development principles. Clare Castillejo is a Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute. She is a specialist in governance and rights in fragile states, with a particular interest in inclusive peacebuilding and statebuilding.

Son yılların AB tekstil ve giyim sektörü açısından sektörün üretim alanında yaşadığı ani düşüşler ve dünyada tekstil sektöründe yaşanan gelişmeler ve değişikler sebebiyle zor olması, AB'nin tekstil ve giyim sektöründeki stratejik vizyonunu klasik üretiminden uzaklaştırarak, potansiyel rekabet edebilirliğini arttıracak, AB'ye yeni rekabet avantajları yaratabilecek daha farklı alanlara odaklanmasını sağlayacak bir takım kökten düzenlemelerin yapılmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. AB'nin özellikle teknik tekstile yönelmesi, bu alandaki AR-GE çalışmaları ve neticesinde yüksek ısıya duyarlı yanmayan kumaşların üretilebilmesi, astronot kıyafetlerinin yapımı gibi yeniliklerin ortaya çıkması ile bir takım düzenlemeler yapılarak yasal çerçevenin oluşturulması ihtiyacı doğmuştur. Gerek yasal düzenlemelerin gerekse AB deki teknik ilerlemenin ABD, Çin ve hatta ülkemiz testil sektörüne ciddi etkileri bulunmaktadır. Klasik ekonominin belkemiği, pek çok yan sektöre hayat veren tekstil sektörü uluslararası alanda problemli sektörlerin başında gelmektedir. Bu sektörün bir yandan problemli sektör oluşu diğer yandan ise hala küresel ticaretin en etkin konularından biri olması, tez konusu olarak incelenmesinde teşvik edici olmuştur. Bu tez ile Avrupa Birliği'nin, tekstil sektörüne yönelik oluşturduğu düzenleyici çerçeve ile sektörün ve sektörel uyuşmazlıkların tahkim kurumu ışığı altında çözümlenip çözümlenemeyeceğinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tezin ana önemi, genelde AB müktesabatına uyum çalışmaları çerçevesinde gerek AB mevzuatı ve gerek piyasalarda tekstil sektörünün şu an içinde bulunduğu konum ile özelde tekstil sektöründeki rekabetin oluşabilmesi amacıyla sektörel gelişmelerde tahkim kurumunun etkisine açıklama getirmektir.Konular, AB hukuku perspektifinde hem üye ülkerin düzenlemeleri dikkate alınarak, hem ülkemizdeki mevcut düzenlemelerle ve de küresel düzeyde hakim konumda olan ülke mevzuatlarıyla da karşılaştırma yapmak suretiyle incelenmiştir. İlgili AB Direktifleri, Adalet Divanı kararları, ICC ve ülkelerin ulusal mahkemelerinin kararları başta olmak üzere yerli ve yabancı yayınlardan faydalanılmıştır.Tezin birinci bölümünde sektör belli başlıklar halinde ayırılmıştır. Her bir başlık altında hem AB hem Dünya çapında sektörel veriler ve istatistikler yardımıyla sektörün gösterdiği gelişimi inceleyerek AB tekstil politikları ve özellikle teknik tekstil ve bu konuda yaşanan son gelişmelerileri bunun sonucunda yeni düzenleyici çerçeve adıyla oluşturulan yeni mevzuat ve etkileri, bunların Türk Tekstil sektörüne izdüşümleri tezin birinci bölümünde ele alınmıştır. Tezin ana konusu, alternatif çözüm sistemlerinden olan "tahkim" kurumu ise tarihsel gelişiminden başlanmak üzere detaylıca tezin ikinci kısmında incelenmiştir. Sektörel uyuşmazlıkların nitelikleri itibariyle tahkim yoluna uyarlı olup olamayacağı, bu şekilde bir çözümün etkin olup olamayacağı, Adalet Divanı ve ICC ve ulusal mahkeme kararları çerçevesinde ele alınarak, eğer ki bu uyuşmazlıkların tahkim yoluyla çözümü etkin ise Türk Hukuku ile AB Hukuku kıyaslanmak suretiyle Türk Hukukunda tahkim profili çıkartmak istenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, ele alınan konular ve bulgular göz önüne alınarak, tekstil sektöründe satım sözleşmelerinden kaynaklanan uyuşmazlıkların tahkim yoluyla çözümünün üzerinde durulmuştur. The sudden decrease in the textile sector during the last decade changes the focus of the EU to classical textile products to new areas such as technical textile. The innovations and researches, globalisation makes denationalisation.The textile sector used to be problem industry and one of the most effective sector of global commerce which envisiges many subsectors.The aim of this thesis is to seek a resolution within the framework of union legislation. The vital importance of this thesis is to analysise the effect of the "arbitration" in the content of both aquis communataire and competition in the sector.In the first chapter of the thesis the textile sector is analyised under the light of both ECJ and other High Courts decisions of foreign states and also Member States legislation and Turkey's legislation and Turkish jurispudence.Briefly, the resolutions of disputes arising from sales contract under the light of arbitration is discussed.

Europe is in the midst of a period of unprecedented change. The European Union is undergoing great unification and centralization of power, and some believe that a "European" identity is subsuming the traditional national identity of Member States. Contributing factors to this remarkable phenomenon include the emergence of viable supranational frameworks, economic recession, technological advancement, and mass migration. Some groups, however, have been empowered by these circumstances to seek greater sub-state power and to solidify regional identities. Scotland and Catalonia in particular present two distinct independence movements in the midst of continental power centralization. Their efforts present novel and serious challenges both to their governing states and to the European Union itself. The European Union must aid the resolution of these movements or face sacrificing its own legitimacy. Either way, its course of action threatens to unleash a chain reaction that may ultimately compromise its decision-making capabilities and undermine its very future.

PART I - Security & Geopolitical aspects of the Energy Union -- Chapter 1. Has the Energy Union Strategy delivered concrete solutions to Europe's energy security question?; Christos Syriopoulos -- Chapter 2. Energy Geopolitics Crossovers in Central & Eastern Mediterranean at the Prize of the Energy Union policy; Thrassyvoulos N. Marketos -- Chapter 3: Strategic elements of the Energy Union and the role of regulation in energy security; Michalis Mathioulakis -- PART II - Regional and Regulatory aspects of the Energy Union -- Chapter 4. Geopolitical Challenges and Cooperation in the European Energy Sector: The Case of SE Europe and the Western Balkan Six initiative; Sotirios Manolkidis -- Chapter 5. Integrating energy markets in the wider Europe; Panayotis Glavinis, Anna Konstantinidou, Afroditi Semkou, Elias Andreadis and Elias Kolovos -- Chapter 6. Soft measures for energy market reform in the Western Balkans; Maria Bozoudi -- Chapter 7. The Role of the Energy Charter Process in Accelerating the Energy Transition and Ensuring Energy Security in South East Europe in line with the Energy Union; Gökҫe Mete and Janessa Goh -- PART III - Transitional aspects of the Energy Union -- Chapter 8. Drivers & Enablers of LNG Bunkering; Alexandros Lagakos -- Chapter 9. The EU Green Deal and the impact on the future of gas and gas infrastructure in the European Union; Constantine Levoyannis -- Chapter 10. Energy in transition: Investing in green energy and circular economy to enhance energy security; Spyros Kiartzis, Katerina Tsita and Evangelia Paschalidou -- Chapter 11. Challenges and opportunities in renewable energy developments; Ivan Pineda -- Chapter 12. Offshore Wind - Staying ahead of the curve ; Marios Papalexandrou -- PART IV - Technical aspects of the Energy Union -- Chapter 13. Energy Analytics: From Data Acquisition to Data-Driven Business Models; Dimitrios Doukas -- Chapter 14. Maintenance: A key factor for Energy Efficiency; Vassilios Kappatos -- Chapter 15. Conclusion.

The European Union is going through a period of profound transformation due to socio-economic and demographic changes. Europe's population is aging as a result of declining fertility and increasing life expectancy, and its share of the world's population continues to decline. The top 10 countries on the planet with the oldest populations include nine EU countries. Older citizens are increasingly shaping the economy, constituting a growing segment in many areas of consumption. The expansion of this age group is expected to lead to an increased demand in many sectors, and in the not-too-distant future will provide significant economic opportunities for European businesses. The so-called "silver economy" (or longevity economy) is a concept of responding to and adapting to the challenges determined by demographic shifts at the global, regional and country levels by inclusively supporting job growth and productivity in traditional and new sectors of the modern digital economy, acceptable to government, business and the entire population, and supposedly capable of becoming the engine of the future economy. Population aging, its density, and household size, in turn, have also had an impact on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, whose outbreak tested health and welfare systems as well as economic and social sustainability. This is why demographic processes need to be taken into account in the post-pandemic economic cycle, managing their long-term effects has many different aspects concerning health care, including care for the elderly, as well as government budgets. The integration of digital solutions, robotic technologies in these areas can significantly empower the elderly, promote independent and active lifestyles, and integrate into the labor market. Thus, it can be argued that the potential risks of the modern demographic transition are not inevitable, and the challenge is to find tools, opportunities and means to adapt the economy and society to it.

This chapter attempts to explain why extreme right-wing parties are popular in some European Union countries & not in others, an important question because of the growing differences in attitudes among EU member states. Data from several national & international surveys conducted in the 1990s (a total of 49,801 respondents) on right-wing voting behavior in 16 West European countries were analyzed in relation to national differences in social structure, public opinion, economic conditions, political conditions, characteristics of extreme right-wing parties, & relations between individual-level & contextual characteristics. The findings show that, across countries, people who were poorer, un- or under-employed, less educated, non-religious, younger, & male tended to vote for right-wing parties. Between-country differences were explained more by public opinion; in particular, in countries where more people had anti-immigrant attitudes & expressed dissatisfaction with democracy, there was greater support for extreme right-wing parties. Tables, Figures. J. Stanton

This chapter attempts to explain why extreme right-wing parties are popular in some European Union countries & not in others, an important question because of the growing differences in attitudes among EU member states. Data from several national & international surveys conducted in the 1990s (a total of 49,801 respondents) on right-wing voting behavior in 16 West European countries were analyzed in relation to national differences in social structure, public opinion, economic conditions, political conditions, characteristics of extreme right-wing parties, & relations between individual-level & contextual characteristics. The findings show that, across countries, people who were poorer, un- or under-employed, less educated, non-religious, younger, & male tended to vote for right-wing parties. Between-country differences were explained more by public opinion; in particular, in countries where more people had anti-immigrant attitudes & expressed dissatisfaction with democracy, there was greater support for extreme right-wing parties. Tables, Figures. J. Stanton

BACKGROUND: Despite advertising bans in most European Union (EU) member states, outlets for promotion of tobacco products and especially e-cigarettes still exist. This study aimed to assess the correlates of self-reported exposure to tobacco products and e-cigarettee advertising in the EU. METHODS: We analysed data from wave 82.4 of the Eurobarometer survey (November-December 2014), collected through interviews in 28 EU member states (n=27 801 aged ≥15 years) and data on bans of tobacco advertising extracted from the Tobacco Control Scale (TCS, 2013). We used multilevel logistic regression to assess sociodemographic correlates of self-reported exposure to any tobacco and e-cigarette advertisements. RESULTS: 40% and 41.5% of the respondents reported having seen any e-cigarette and tobacco product advertisement respectively within the past year. Current smokers, males, younger respondents, those with financial difficulties, people who had tried e-cigarettes and daily internet users were more likely to report having seen an e-cigarette and a tobacco product advertisement. Respondents in countries with more comprehensive advertising bans were less likely to self-report exposure to any tobacco advertisements (OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.79 to 0.96 for one-unit increase in TCS advertising score), but not e-cigarette advertisements (OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22). CONCLUSION: Ten years after ratification of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, self-reported exposure to tobacco and e-cigarette advertising in the EU is higher in e-cigarette and tobacco users, as well as those with internet access. The implementation of the Tobacco Products Directive may result in significant changes in e-cigarette advertising, therefore improved monitoring of advertising exposure is required in the coming years.

Drawing on archives and oral history sources, this paper aims to illustrate the political and regulatory context surrounding the EIB's relocation to Luxembourg, exploring how the EIB became an integral part of the Luxembourg financial ecosystem and how its main stakeholders (banks, LuxSE, other institutions, regulatory authorities, people, networks, etc.) worked together to encourage financial and monetary innovation before the introduction of the European single currency (EUA, EURCO, ECU) and to pave the way for the establishment and consolidation of the euro. Particular attention will be paid to the benefits (and potential pitfalls) of this synergy over the long term for the EIB's partners and how it equipped them to deal with the financial crisis.

The European project has, within only 52 years, achieved a surprising momentum, and the European Union is now approaching full statehood. This book presents a timely examination of what appears to be the emerging European State.