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This open access book explores what makes women decide to pursue a career in male-dominated fields such as information technology (IT). It reveals how women experience gendered stereotypes but also how they bypass, negotiate, and challenge such stereotypes, reconstructing gender-technology relations in the process. Using the example of Norway to illuminate this challenge in Western countries, the book includes a discussion of the "gender equality paradox", where gender equality exists in parallel with gender segregation in fields such as IT. The discussion illustrates how the norm of gender equality in some cases hinders rather than promotes efforts to increase women's participation in technology-related roles.

Part 1: What is Empathy? -- 1: A Brief Historical Reconstruction -- 2: The Way to a Definition -- 3: A Taxonomy of Empathy -- 4: Conclusions to Part 1 -- Part 2: Empathy and Morality -- 5: Anti-Empathism -- 6: The Bright Side of Empathy -- 7: Conclusions.

This open access book focuses on the 'downstream' element of PFM, that is how public organisations utilise public resources. It argues that improvements in PFM/IC will only flow from a recognition that what really matters is the quality of management. Management reform is an essential precondition to the successful implementation of many new techniques. Only when a managerial capacity exists willing to take advantage of the opportunities created by such technical developments, is it beneficial to pursue them. The benefits of PFM/IC flow from an improved quality of management. Despite enormous efforts, reform of public financial management and internal control (PFM/IC) in developing and transition economy countries has not been particularly successful in improving the quality of public service delivery and the use of public resources. This book outlines why this is and suggests a new approach. The analysis set out in this book is particularly relevant especially given limited national budgets and squeezed international aid budgets. These management changes include to the political/official relationships, to management structures, to budgetary and accounting arrangements and to the relationships between, particularly, the ministry of finance and other ministries. They require the delegation of operational management, developments in financial management and in accountability arrangements and a reconsideration of personnel policies, penalty and sanction arrangements. Managerial training for the civil service will be a key requirement. Reform may impact upon traditional cultural practices. These changes are all inter-related and should be coordinated.

1. Introduction -- 2. From East to West: Modernization efforts in the northern and western regions of Poland (1944-1989) -- 3. The importance of technical progress for economic growth in the GDR -- 4. Inefficiency and intransparency in East German foreign trade -- 5. Historical Legacies of Regional Innovation Activity -- 6. Catching-up modernization: Synthetic fibre in the GDR and Poland -- 7. The re-allocation of entrepreneurial talent over the course of radical institutional change – an institutional perspective -- 8. When backwardness became an advantage: Stays abroad as birth assist in Polish transformation -- 9. Transfer of knowledge from the outside or self-learning? Key success criteria for setting-up enterprises in East Germany and Poland after 1989 -- 10. GDR's researchers catching up on their inclusion in international scientific communities -- 11. After 1989: Socialist elites and post-socialist transformations.

When your friends call on you to take to the streets and demand the fall of the regime, this presses a practical predicament that we all address, often implicitly, in our everyday lives: Is this regime legitimate? Facing Authority investigates the ways in which this question of legitimacy can be addressed in theory and practice, in the face of disagreement and uncertainty. Instead of asking, "What makes authorities legitimate?" in the abstract, it examines how the question of legitimacy manifests itself in practice. How can we distinguish whether a regime is legitimate, or merely purports to be so? And what does it mean to do this well? Facing Authority proposes that judging legitimacy is not a matter of applying moral knowledge, provided by political philosophy, but of engaging in various forms of political contestation—contestation over the representation of power (what is the nature of the regime?), collective selfhood (who am I, and who are we?), and the meaning of events (what happened here—a coup, or a revolution?). These questions constitute the heart of the question of legitimacy, but thus far they have been neglected by theorists of legitimacy. This book offers a new way of thinking about political legitimacy and practical judgment, interweaving philosophical analyses of key concepts (including representation, identity, and temporality) with concrete examples of struggles for legitimacy, from the German Autumn to the Arab Spring. The result is a pragmatist alternative to predominant moralist and realist approaches to legitimacy in political philosophy.

Examines the stories of more than 100 women and their varied experiences during the miners' strike of 1984-1985 to shed new light on working-class women's relationship to the 'political' and the 'ordinary', and demonstrate the ways in which gender roles, working-class lifestyles, and coalfield communities changed across post-war Britain.

Part I -- small-state theory: reviewing the state of the art, Communis Opinio, and beyond -- The power (politics) of the weak revisited: realism and the study of small-state foreign policy / Revecca Pedi and Anders Wivel -- A theory of shelter: small-state behaviour in international relations / Baldur Thorhallsson and Sverrir Steinsson -- The graded agency of small states / Iver B. Neumann -- Part II -- agency: the art of being governed by one's own interests -- Forever small? a Longue Durée perspective on Luxembourg's extantism, governance, and security / Thomas Kolnberger -- Security in the Spanish Philippines (1565-1821): shelter-seeking and secularization in an early modern colony / Eberhard Crailsheim -- Negotiating smallness in three regional contexts: Belize within Central America, the Caribbean, and neighbouring Mexico / Edith Kauffer -- What is a small-state security policy? 'Transpolitical propagation' in the case of Luxembourg, Singapore, and Lithuania / Antony Dabila and Thibault Fouillet -- Part III -- security: defining and engaging threats -- Small states in the Pacific: sovereignty, vulnerability, and regionalism / Charles Hawksley and Nichole Georgeou -- Security and secularization in the Pacific Islands: from great-power competition to climate change and back again / George Carter and Jack Corbett -- Cape Verde and the defence and security challenges in the Atlantic corridor: the case of the approach to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) / Odair Barros-Varela -- Let's forget that Slovakia is small: GLOBSEC, status-seeking, and agency in informal elite networks / Alexander Graef -- Part IV -- governance: interactions between domestic and international norms, rules, and action -- The rise of 'democracy' in Luxembourg's second world war government in exile: agency and leadership at a critical juncture of Luxembourg's small-state foreign policy / André Linden -- Between formal and informal democracy: how the domestic politics of small states influences their security policies / Wouter Veenendaal -- African small island developing states (ASIDS) and good international citizenship / Suzanne E. Graham and Marcel F. Nagar -- Conclusion: insecurity of their own making? a comparative policy coherence for sustainable development analysis of small-state governance / Harlan Koff.

Introduction -- Representation and Participation by will of the Sovereign: The Imperial Parliament in Ethiopia (1931 to 1974) -- Parliament, Land Reform and Taxation in Ethiopia: A Break from Tradition through a Socialist Revolution -- The Council of Representatives and House of peoples' Representatives in post 1991 Ethiopia -- How do MPs reach the electorate? -- An Ethiopian Experiment with E-democracy: Can E-democracy Platforms be the answer? -- Socio-Economic Factors affecting the public participation and attitude towards the House of People's Representatives, Ethiopia -- Oversight and Substantive Representation by the Ethiopian Parliament -- Conclusion.

This volume bridges contemporary philosophical conceptions of risk and responsibility and offers an extensive examination of the topic. It shows that risk and responsibility combine in ways that give rise to new philosophical questions and problems. Philosophical interest in the relationship between risk and responsibility continues to rise, due in no small part to environmental crises, emerging technologies, legal developments, and new medical advances. Despite such interest, scholars are still working out how to conceive of the links between risk and responsibility, the implications that risks may have to conceptions of responsibility (and vice versa), as well as how such theorizing might play out in applied cases. With contributions from leading scholars, this volume brings together new work examining the interplay between risk and responsibility, exploring its varied philosophical aspects and applications to contemporary issues in law, bioethics, technology, and environmental ethics. Risk and Responsibility in Context will be of interest to philosophers working in ethics, bioethics, philosophy of law, and philosophy of technology, as well as scholars and practitioners in law, health and science management, public policy, and environmental studies.

As India switches away from a coal-based to a more sustainable energy use pattern, which pathway will it adopt? What is the nature of challenges that it will face, and who will be affected? Who will gain? This volume offers insights into the steps and challenges involved in this transition and addresses some urgent questions about the possible pathways for India's renewable energy generation.

Including contributions from researchers, policymakers, and practitioners, it draws on different disciplines, ranging from science and technology to economics and sociology, and situates the issue of low carbon transition within an interdisciplinary framework. India has committed to gradual decarbonisation of its economy. This book takes this as its starting point and uses a wide-angle lens, incorporating macro as well as micro views, to understand the possible next steps as well as trade-offs that will inevitably be posed. It incorporates the perspectives of all stakeholders ranging from central and state governments, public and private sector firms, on the one hand, to individuals and local communities, on the other, to explore their role in the transition, their interests, and how these will change and evolve.

This timely volume will be of interest to students and researchers of environmental studies, development studies, environmental economics, political studies, and Asian studies. It will also be useful to academics, practitioners, and policymakers working on issues related to climate change, sustainable development, energy policy and economics,and public policy.

Place-based strategies are widely discussed as powerful instruments of economic and community development. In terms of the European debate, the local level – cities, towns and neighbourhoods – has recently come under increased scrutiny as a potentially decisive actor in Cohesion Policy. As understandings of socio-spatial and economic cohesion evolve, the idea that spatial justice requires a concerted policy response has gained currency. Given the political, social and economic salience of locale, this book explores the potential contribution of place-based initiative to more balanced and equitable socio-economic development, as well as growth in a more general sense. The overall architecture of the book and the individual chapters address place-based perspectives from a number of vantage points, including the potential of achieving greater effectiveness in EU and national level development policies, through a greater local level and citizens' role and concrete actions for achieving this; enhancing decision-making autonomy by pooling local capacities for action; linking relative local autonomy to development outcomes and viewing spatial justice as a concept and policy goal. The book highlights, through the use of case studies, how practicable and actionable knowledge can be gained from local development experiences. This book targets researchers, practitioners and students who seek to learn more about place-based based development and its potentials. Its cross-cutting focus on spatial justice and place will ensure that the book is of wider international interest.

Through the histories of English trading companies -- the Levant Company, the East India Company, and the Royal African Company -- this book shows how non-European peoples in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, West Africa, and Western India used their control over these companies to shape the emergence of English freedom.

Through a detailed case study of gold mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Disrupted Development in the Congo reveals the fragile foundations on which the African Mining Consensus rests. It documents how foreign mining corporations in the Congo have been prone to mismanagement and implicated in fuelling conflict and violence.