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The twentieth century doctrine considers separation of powers as a mechanism of constitutional technique that must be present in Political Science. In order to achieve this particular sense of separation of powers, this doctrine is based on the principles of specialization and independence. Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances and establishment of democratic society.

This paper demonstrates a method to transform and link textual information scraped from companies' websites to the scientific body of knowledge. The method illustrates the benefit of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in creating links between established economic classification systems with novel and agile constructs that new data sources enable. Therefore, we experimented on the European classification of economic activities (known as NACE) on sectoral and company levels. We established a connection with Microsoft Academic Graph hierarchical topic modeling based on companies' website content. Central to the operationalization of our method are a web scraping process, NLP and a data transformation/linkage procedure. The method contains three main steps: data source identification, raw data retrieval, and data preparation and transformation. These steps are applied to two distinct data sources.

"In early 2020 Italy was a country whose political parties stood as significant obstacles in the way of resolution of its social and economic problems. The purpose of this book is to help the reader to understand how Italian politics had reached this point. It does this by tracing the most significant processes of political, economic and social change to have marked Italian history in recent years back to their roots in the Italian political system as it emerged at the end of the Second World War. Starting with the restoration of democracy, the volume discusses the post-war party system and how it came under increasing pressure from the mid-1970s. From there it discusses the political upheavals of the early 1990s and the transformations they led to, the rise and fall of Silvio Berlusconi, and the watershed election of 2018. In short, the book provides a narrative. Narratives tell us who we are; where we have come from; where we are now, and where we are going. Without them, we cannot make sense of the world. At the end of this narrative, if it has done its job properly, Italian politics and current affairs should 'make sense' if before they seemed confusing"--

First Published in 1985, Turkey and the West critically examines the likely costs and benefits of closer Turkish relations with the West. Turkey is strategically important to the West and yet set apart by its geographical location, political system, and level of economic development. Turkey's political and economic situation, its foreign policy, and all aspects of its relations with the Western world are closely examined in this book. David Barchard also reviews the ways in which those relations might evolve. This book is an important historical document for scholars and researchers of geopolitics, international history, international relations and middle east studies.

The State of Germany Atlas highlights the most significant political, social and economic trends in Germany today.Thirty five maps in double page spreads show how Germany is changing, the impact of unification, and the continuing differences between the east and west. These maps also place Germany in its European context--they show the country in comparison with its European economic partners, other European neighbors and leading trading partners such as Japan and the US.This full-color atlas also looks internally, charting social and demographic issues including: lifestyles, immigration, poverty and wealth, salaries, unemployment, social welfare, investment, elections, political parties and social movements. Also inlcludes 35 maps.

"Während der letzten 50 Jahre hat es innerhalb des Rahmens der klassischen politikwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisinteressen verschiedene Themenkonjunkturen gegeben, sowohl im Bereich der Internationalen Beziehungen wie in der Demokratietheorie und der Steuerungstheorie. In diesem Papier wird zunächst gezeigt, daß nicht zuletzt aufgrund der jüngsten thematischen Erweiterungen zum ko-operativen Staat, gesellschaftlicher Selbstregelung und politischen Mehrebenen-systemen die zentralen Fragestellungen und analytischen Kategorien der Politikwissenschaft sich recht gut auf den transnationalen ("globalen") Bereich übertragen bzw. ausdehnen lassen. In einem zweiten Schritt wird argumentiert, daß die derart anschlußfähigen Ansätze den Besonderheiten der Vorgänge im transnationalen Bereich in verschiedener Hinsicht nicht gerecht werden. Diese Mängel stellen zum Teil Herausforderungen dar, die sich durch Veränderungen in der jetzt vorherrschenden analytischen Perspektive auf "global governance" bewältigen ließen; teilweise stößt die Politikwissenschaft hier aber an disziplinäre Grenzen, die schwer überwindbar sind." [Autorenreferat]

4. Political parties in consensusIntroduction; Problems with political parties; Consensus as a non-party polity; Is a non-party a one-party?; Conclusion; 5. African aspirations, democracy and African democracy; Introduction; Africa; Socio-politico-cultural reality; Purpose of democracy; African aspirations and democracy; Beyond consensus and majoritarianism; Conclusion; Conclusion; Bibliography; Index; Back cover

Dynamic strategies are an essential part of politics. In the context of campaigns, for example, candidates continuously recalibrate their campaign strategy in response to polls and opponent actions. Traditional causal inference methods, however, assume that these dynamic decisions are made all at once, an assumption that forces a choice between omitted variable bias and posttreatment bias. Thus, these kinds of "single-shot" causal inference methods are inappropriate for dynamic processes like campaigns. I resolve this dilemma by adapting methods from biostatistics, thereby presenting a holistic framework for dynamic causal inference. I then use this method to estimate the effectiveness of an inherently dynamic process: a candidate's decision to "go negative." Drawing on U.S. statewide elections (2000-2006), I find, in contrast to the previous literature and alternative methods, that negative advertising is an effective strategy for nonincumbents. I also describe a set of diagnostic tools and an approach to sensitivity analysis. Adapted from the source document.