Suchergebnisse

Hoy consideramos como una realidad prácticamente innegable que el Estado tiene una responsabilidad en la atención de los más necesitados, especialmente cuando se trata de niños. Sin embargo, y a pesar de los esfuerzos de intelectuales y legisladores, hasta fines del siglo XVIII, no se aprecian claros avances en esta materia. Nuestro trabajo pretende trazar el largo recorrido ideológico y jurídico que llevó a la promulgación de la Ley General de Beneficencia de 1849. ; Nowadays we assume that the Government has an undeniable responsibility on taking care of the fellows. However, despite the efforts of intellectuals and legislators, no clear progress can be seen in this area within late eighteenth century. Our work aims to trace the long ideological and legal journey that led to the enactment of the 1849 General Welfare Act.

Abstract This study analyses the way in which the interdependence of the representation and perception of reality is exemplified and questioned in Michael Ondaatje's Anil's Ghost (2000). As we enter this work of resistance literature by way of an omniscient narrator, we enter not just the geographical spaces and cultural history of Sri Lanka, but find ourselves taking part in the daily struggle of the people to survive, to identify and do justice to the many dead in this conflict between ethnic groups and the government. This fragmentation of the narrative structure - casting doubt on the conflicting relationships established between the characters' present and the past, between Western and Eastern values in relation to the concept of truth, the search for lost identity and love - highlights still further the interchangeability of representations and perceptions of reality.

This autoethnagraphic article argues that in the study of political education, especially learning through social movement activities, the knowledge produced by the research will be of greater social use if researchers position themselves as 'cognitive activists'. This is because, the article argues, the researcher needs to work in solidarity with social movements for socially just change in order to reconnect academic knowledge work to the wider struggles for social change. The article thinks through the implications and ideas around this framing of research work and positionality. It then goes on to examine in detail one of the techniques for taking this position – that of the mutually useful conversation frame of the research interview – exploring why this thinking came about and how this framing of the interview is politically necessary for the cognitive activism proposed.

Статья посвящена гражданству, как связующему звену между государством и гражданином. В ней анализируется институт гражданства на разных этапах взаимодействия личности и государства, как неотъемлемый ее атрибут. Авторы полагают, что раскрытие особенностей правового обеспечения сбалансированности интересов личности и государства невозможно без учета содержания института гражданства, его законодательных основ на различных этапах развития нашего общества. ; The article deals with the issue of citizenship as a connecting link between the State and the citizen. It analyses a citizenship institute at different stages of interaction between the individual and the State, as its integral attribute. The authors believe that disclosure of the features of the legal balance of interests of the individual and the State is impossible without taking into account the content of citizenship, its legislative frameworks at different stages of development of our society.

This paper describes the design of a multi-stage stratified sample for the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016/17. This survey instrument will be used by the Government of Bangladesh to estimate reliable poverty and welfare statistics at three different levels: (i) annual estimates at the district level, (ii) quarterly estimates at the national level, and (iii) annual estimates at the division level for urban and rural areas. The sample for this survey was designed to achieve these three objectives. The paper explains how the three objectives are prioritized and how inconsistencies in achieving more than one objective can be reconciled. Further, the paper modifies the standard formulas to estimate the optimal sample size and the allocation of the sample across strata by explicitly taking into consideration the effect of clustering in the sample.

China's rising economic and political clout has created both opportunities and challenges for Southeast Asian countries. China's economic cooperation with Southeast Asian countries is multidimensional and multi-layered involving business collaboration, trade and investment, and financial assistance (grants and concessional loans), which are "fused indistinguishably".2 Although the Chinese have claimed that their financial assistance has no strings attached, there is a close link between economic ties and political influence. Some regional analysts argue that "China's rise exerts a profound and complex impact on the political, security and economic contexts of Southeast Asia".3 A Cambodia expert, Sophal Ear, puts it this way, "Taking the geopolitical interests of China in Southeast Asia into account, Chinese investment does not come free; political and economic strings tie those who benefit to the influence of China."

The transparency of credit institutions is currently an issue of crucial importance not only with regard to the adaptation of regulatory tools (Basle II, IAS-IFRS international norms etc.)but also to the banking, financial and economic consequences. The current crisis places the importance of information about all banking activities centre stage in any debate. At a time when banks are controlled more than ever before, it is surprising to see them being swamped with criticism about their opaqueness and their reluctance to communicate, especially about the risks they are taking. This paper therefore, presents state of the art works on disclosure and bank transparency.It deals with questioning whether it is beneficial or not to increase disclosure levels in order to improve the discipline that the regulators and the markets exert on the banks.

This paper focuses on socioeconomic disadvantage as a significant source of inequality in the realm of housing. Taking into account international and European human rights law, as well as selected domestic systems, it will show how anti-discrimination law has a significant role to play in addressing socioeconomic inequalities in the field of housing. Part I will explore the notion of non-discrimination on the grounds of socioeconomic status. Part II will examine two specific mechanisms to incorporate socioeconomic considerations into anti-discrimination legislation: public sector equality duties, and the inclusion of socioeconomic disadvantage as a prohibited ground of discrimination. Part III brings the discussion further into the context of housing. The paper concludes by suggesting that anti-discrimination law can be mobilised to secure the effective exercise of the right to housing by socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.

This paper aims to examine the implementation of the EU's circular migration approach and its impact on entry and re-entry conditions for migrant workers from the Eastern partnership countries and Russia. The paper adopts a migrant perspective and analyses to what extent the implementation of EU and national instruments falling under the EU circular migration umbrella foster circularity and comply with international and regional human rights standards and soft law principles. The paper is an implementation study based on comparative legal empirical research. It provides policy and legal analysis of the developed EU and national circular migration instruments by taking Bulgaria and Poland as case studies. The empirical data is gathered through semi-structured interviews with policy-makers at EU and national level, and focus groups with low - and highly skilled labour migrants.

В данной статье рассматриваются особенности перевода эмоционально-оценочной лексики как средства создания образов персонажей и разнообразие способов передачи авторского замысла. Были проанализированы примеры переводов различной интенции и выявлены способы передачи исходного текста на английский язык. На основе исследования был сделан вывод об умении переводчика сохранить авторский замысел, учитывая явления, происходящие на экономическом, социальном, политическом уровнях во время написания данного произведения. ; This article deals with special translation technique of emotionally evaluative lexis as means of image creation and various ways of reproduction of author's intention. The examples of translation of different intentions were analyzed and ways of reproduction of the source text into English. It was concluded that it is necessary to keep the author's intention taking into account social, political, economic phenomena, inherent to the age of the opus.

The minimum wage establishment has its origin in the first third of the last century. Since its creation has been a focus of continuing controversy and an unfinished debate on economics field. This work reviews the effects of the minimum wage on employment and other macroeconomic variables, from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. The method is based on the revision of the literature and the main economic indicators. The central contribution of this paper is providing a general reflection on theoretical and empirical analysis about the debate on minimum wage and its effects. The results showed that some labor policies are taking account the effects of austerity strategies, shifting the attention towards the implementation of minimum wages or their updating, in order to reduce the growing inequalities in the distribution of income, and even poverty levels.

This working document is inscribed within the International Relations literature that explores the domestic scope conditions under which governments are more likely to comply with their international human rights commitments. It focuses on the role of "state capacities" and "willingness" as key explanatory variables. Taking Mexico as a "crucial" case study, the document's main argument is that while it is true that attempts to explain poor compliance must take capacities seriously, they need to rely on willingness as a central explanatory factor that is causally and analytically prior to state capacitites. The document, is this sense, tries to contribute to the development of theories of compliance with international human rights norms and to the conceptual understanding and the operationalization of the notions of state capacities and, particularly, willingness.

The transparency of credit institutions is currently an issue of crucial importance not only with regard to the adaptation of regulatory tools (Basle II, IAS-IFRS international norms etc.)but also to the banking, financial and economic consequences. The current crisis places the importance of information about all banking activities centre stage in any debate. At a time when banks are controlled more than ever before, it is surprising to see them being swamped with criticism about their opaqueness and their reluctance to communicate, especially about the risks they are taking. This paper therefore, presents state of the art works on disclosure and bank transparency.It deals with questioning whether it is beneficial or not to increase disclosure levels in order to improve the discipline that the regulators and the markets exert on the banks.

This paper aims to examine the implementation of the EU's circular migration approach and its impact on entry and re-entry conditions for migrant workers from the Eastern partnership countries and Russia. The paper adopts a migrant perspective and analyses to what extent the implementation of EU and national instruments falling under the EU circular migration umbrella foster circularity and comply with international and regional human rights standards and soft law principles. The paper is an implementation study based on comparative legal empirical research. It provides policy and legal analysis of the developed EU and national circular migration instruments by taking Bulgaria and Poland as case studies. The empirical data is gathered through semi-structured interviews with policy-makers at EU and national level, and focus groups with low - and highly skilled labour migrants.

The minimum wage establishment has its origin in the first third of the last century. Since its creation has been a focus of continuing controversy and an unfinished debate on economics field. This work reviews the effects of the minimum wage on employment and other macroeconomic variables, from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. The method is based on the revision of the literature and the main economic indicators. The central contribution of this paper is providing a general reflection on theoretical and empirical analysis about the debate on minimum wage and its effects. The results showed that some labor policies are taking account the effects of austerity strategies, shifting the attention towards the implementation of minimum wages or their updating, in order to reduce the growing inequalities in the distribution of income, and even poverty levels.