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This article examines the exploitative interplay between corporate‐driven science and Pacific community‐based wisdom and the extent to which they accommodate or negate each other. The focus will be on the commodification of traditional knowledge through bio‐technology and bio‐prospecting and its implications for people's sense of identity, security and ownership. How do globalisation and the global demand for free trade and commodification impact upon local Pacific communities caught in the dilemma of simultaneously assimilating globalisation and sustaining traditional knowledge and aspirations? The article draws on some experiences of selected communities in the Pacific and how they have responded to this dilemma. It looks at how western science has been used by corporate interests to extract and commodify Pacific knowledge using legal instruments such as patenting.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to understand the issue of gender strategies of political leadership. Theoretical basis. The works of Ukrainian and foreign scholars helped to find out the specifics of male and female leadership. The article applied the latest methodology of androgyny-analysis. According to this methodology, sex has not only a biological, psychological and social, but also an existential dimension. So, the existential dimension of gender is soulfulness as an existential femininity and spirituality as an existential masculinity. These two beginnings may conflict and may be in harmony. Depending on this, we have constructive or destructive strategies for the development of both the personality and the relations between individuals. Constructiveness here means not only gender equality, but also gender partnership. Originality. In the context of modern gender anthropology and androgyny-analysis, it is found that as a result of the implementation of the strategy of existential sexism and existential hermaphroditism, political leadership becomes authoritarian, and sometimes also totalitarian, while the strategy of androgynism associated with gender partnership gives rise to constructive political leadership. Conclusions. Androgynous personality of a political leader, which balances the existential and psychological qualities of men and women, is able to reform the society and change the country for better.

"The article highlights the issues of the number, organization, infrastructure, and sanitary condition of Polish prisons in 1918-1939, as reflected in the materials of the Ukrainian, Polish, Lithuanian, and Belarussian archives. The main research methods are problem-chronological and comparative-historical. In 1922, there were about 400 prisons in the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita), but their number tended to decrease. Architecturally, the Polish prisons in the interwar period were closed complexes with various interconnected buildings. Most of the prisons were located in former monasteries and ancient castles, so their reconstruction and renovation/repair were pertinent throughout the whole interwar period. The infrastructure of the prison depended on its function features and size. The prison complex included, besides the prison administration building, premises where prisoners were housed and trained, barracks for penitentiary guards, hospitals or medical centers, various handicraft workshops, places of worship, and specially designated courtyards for prisoners' walks in. Various controlling bodies inspected regularly the state of things in prisons regarding their observance of the law and the proper sanitary condition. They were special audits by the Ministry of Justice, inspections by prosecutors and the judicial authorities, or even inspections conducted by governmental commissions. The normative-legal documents determined that the Polish prisons ought to be quiet, clean, and orderly. In fact, the situation was often the opposite."

This Bericht ("report") in two parts about Russian policy in the Iraq-crisis of 1997/98, in its first part analyzes the Russian security and economic interests with respect to Iraq, including the dynamics of Russian internal politics involved. A second part begins by enumerating the obvious weaknesses in the American diplomatic and political stance in the face of this crisis which could be made use of by Primakov to Moscow's advantage, with a view to more farreaching goals. It then deals with the very real dilemmas posed by the challenge of "non-conventional" means of mass destruction, above all substances for biological and chemical warfare, dilemmas which have not been truly confronted as yet. For it is suspected that Iraq still possesses such substances or, at the very least, is capable of reproducing them very swiftly, once inspections are lifted. In conclusion the probable consequences of the Iraq-crisis for Russian-American relations and the world as well as Russia's own future are outlined. (BIOst-Dok)

Interest groups can influence political decisions in two distinct ways: by offering contributions to political actors and by providing them with relevant information that is favorable for the group. We analyze the conditions under which interest groups are more inclined to use one or the other channel of influence. First, we identify an indirect cost of searching for information in the form of an information externality that increases the cost of offering contributions. We then show that an extreme interest group might find it beneficial to abandon information provision altogether and instead seek influence solely via contributions. Finally, we apply our model to cast doubt on the "conventional wisdom" that competition among information providers increases the amount of information provided: when the identified information externality is taken into account, wee show that competition decreases information search. Thus, our analysis lends support to a rather cynical view of lobbying wherein lobby groups provide little or no useful information to the political process.

A review essay on books by (1) Brian Barry, Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard U Press, 2001); (2) Will Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship (Oxford, UK: Oxford U Press, 2001); (3) Jacob Levy, The Multiculturalism of Fear (Oxford, UK: Oxford U Press, 2000); & (4) Bhikhu Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard U Press, 2000). At stake is Barry's claim that multiculturalism is particularist & divisive, in conflict with liberal egalitarianism & its goals. While Barry is ultimately not the most dependable commentator on contemporary multiculturalism, he does cogently state many liberal-Left anxieties about Kymlicka's exhortation to join the "emerging consensus." Does multiculturalism jeopardize liberal democrats' cherished principles & institutions? Or are Barry & other like-minded critics unnerved by a bugbear of their own making? The review addresses these questions, arguing that Barry's position about multiculturalism's risks are overstated. Parekh's & Kymlicka's more benign views of multiculturalism occasionally interrogate rather than complement the tenets of liberal egalitarianism. Levy's book sidesteps some of the weaknesses of Parekh's & Kymlicka's theories by limiting multiculturalism's range. He claims that individual rights & multiculturalism should be viewed not as ends but as means to security, although influenced by the work of Judith Shklar, Levy seems not to grasp her central point that liberalism ignores cultural minorities' genuine bases for fear. K. Coddon

Intro; Half Title; Series Information; Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of contents; Figures; Tables; Contributors; Foreword; Foreword; Acknowledgements; Introduction: Interdisciplinary* approaches to austerity discourses: A case study in why and how economists...; Part I Approaching austerity through discourse; 1 Deep interdisciplinarity and responses to crisis; Systems; Deep interdisciplinarity; Semiotics: Saussure; Political economy disciplines and Marx; Conclusion; References

World Weavers is the first ever study on the relationship between globalization and science fiction. Scientific innovations provide citizens of different nations with a unique common ground and the means to establish new connections with distant lands. This study attempts to investigate how our world has grown more and more interconnected not only due to technological advances, but also to a shared interest in those advances and to what they might lead to in the future

This article studies the relationship between the 'big five' personality traits and political ideology in a large U.S. representative sample (N=14,672). In line with research in political psychology, 'openness to experience' is found to predict liberal ideology, and 'conscientiousness' predicts conservative ideology. The availability of family clusters in the data is leveraged to show that these results are robust to a sibling fixed-effects specification. The way that personality might interact with environmental influences in the development of ideology is also explored. A variety of childhood experiences are studied that may have a differential effect on political ideology based on a respondent's personality profile. Childhood trauma is found to interact with 'openness' in predicting ideology, and this complex relationship is investigated using mediation analysis. These findings provide new evidence for the idea that differences in political ideology are deeply intertwined with variation in the nature and nurture of individual personalities. Adapted from the source document.

The practice of science entails more than just repeated cycles of theory construction, hypothesis generation, and empirical investigation. Broader, metatheoretical levels of conceptualization necessarily condition all aspects of the research process, establishing the very meaning and sensibility of science's empirical and theoretical activities. When debate arises at these metatheoretical levels, it is the subject of conceptual analysis, not empirical investigation. In this article, we examine the overarching metatheoretical divide that lies at the heart of many key theoretical debates in science: the divide between a Cartesian-Split-Mechanistic research paradigm and a Process-Relational research paradigm. We instantiate this divide in terms of three prominent domains of inquiry within developmental science: the study of epigenesis (including epigenetics); the study of embodiment, specifically embodied cognition; and the study of baselines for human nature and development. We reveal how core issues and theoretical debates within these domains derive from metatheoretical, not theoretical, points of contention.

Demutualization of a stock exchange is entire process by which a non-profit member-owned mutual organization is transformed into a forprofit shareholder corporation. Exchanges around the world have been demutualizing because of international competition and technological challenges to traditional modes of trading securities. The change of a stock exchange from a member-owned organization to a for-profit shareholder corporation triggers a number of questions about regulatory oversight. When a demutualized exchange is listed on its own board, some regulatory oversight needs to be transferred to a government regulator. In many countries, demutualization of the major national stock exchange has been accompanied by general securities regulatory reform.