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This paper summarizes empirical findings from recent World Bank financed analysis on the use of health services by the poor in India (Mahal et al 2000) and some additional analysis conducted with the same data. Three factors motivate the choice of approach taken here and in the background paper. First, the size of the population, the diversity within India, and the unique governance structure provide an opportunity for comparative analysis to support learning about equity in health service use. This led to analysis below the national level where state-level comparisons are used. This paper and the analytical work supporting the findings summarized in it are part of a set of studies intended to provide information for public and professional discussion around the shape of India's future health system. Other studies included private health sector analysis, consumer protection in the health sector, health insurance, pharmaceutical sector analysis, and analysis of the quality of health services. The underlying purpose is to find ways to improve health outcomes in India, particularly for the poor, and to develop sustainable health systems and financing to achieve better health outcomes. The whole effort originated out of a longstanding dialogue between the Government of India and the World Bank. A brief description of the data and methodology is presented in the next section. A summary of national- level findings is provided and state-level findings are also discussed. A discussion of the relevance of the findings, including study limitations, is presented in the final section.

Nearly every major corporation today seems preoccupied with developing new-economy businesses and processes that will create sustainable competitive advantage, but many of their dot.corp organizations are struggling to succeed. Too often, they have overpromised substantial additional value to the parent and underdelivered on the commitment. Many of them have received special treatment from the parent, which has angered the mainstream organization. The weakness to date has rarely been due to failures of business strategy or technology. Many dot.corp organizations struggle because their people strategies attract the wrong people, motivate the wrong behaviors and focus to a fault on minimizing collateral damage back at the mainstream organization. A one-size-fits-all approach does not work when it comes to dot.corp reward strategy. The two key steps are to categorize the dot.corp's organizational structure and then to identify the parent's planned exit strategy for the entity. Once human resources has answered these two questions, it can develop a powerful new reward strategy that maximizes the dot.corp's chances of success. Successful programs acknowledge that the dot.corp labor market is somewhat different from the dot.com labor market especially at the executive level. They also need to avoid becoming overly focused on minimizing collateral damage in the mainstream organization. For a dot.corp organization to attract outstanding talent and fulfill its mission of transforming the parent, it must break new ground in its reward strategy notwithstanding the reactions back at the mother ship.

We analyse the coordination problem in the labour market by endogenizing the matching function and the wage share. Each firm posts a wage to maximize the expected profit, anticipating how the wage affects the expected number of applicants. In equilibrium workers apply to firms with mixed strategies, which generate coordination failure and persistent unemployment. We show how the wage share, unemployment, and the welfare loss from the coordination failure depend on the market tightness and the market size. The welfare loss from the coordination failure is as high as 7.5 per cent of potential output. JEL Classification: C78, J64Les auteurs analysent le problème de la coordination dans le marché du travail en endogénéisant la fonction 'arrimage et la part des revenus qui va aux salaires. Chaque entreprise définit le niveau de salaire qui maximise ses profits anticipés, en tenant compte de l'effet de ce niveau de salaire sur le nombre des applications qu'elle peut anticiper. De même, les travailleurs font application auprès d'une entreprise à un salaire donné en tenant compte d'une certaine relation d'équivalence entre niveau de salaire et probabilité d'obtenir l'emploi. Voilà qui engendre incoordination et chômage persistant. On montre que la part des revenus qui revient aux salaires, le niveau de chômage, et les pertes de bien‐être attribuables au manque de coordination dépendent de la taille du marché et du degré de rareté de la main d'oeuvre. Les pertes de bien‐être attribuables au manque de coordination correspondent à quelques 7,5 pour‐cent de la production potentielle.

Community forestry projects in Ethiopia have been implemented using the top–down approach, which may have contributed to the failure of most of these projects. The so-called community plantations practically belonged to the government and the labour contribution of the local communities in the establishment of the plantations was mainly in exchange for wages. In this paper, we use the contingent valuation method to examine the determinants of the value of community forestry in rural Ethiopia and its feasibility, when the plantations are established, managed, and used by the communities themselves. The value elicitation format used is discrete question with open-ended follow-up which is closer to the market scenario our respondents are familiar with compared, for example, with the single discrete choice format. Unlike most other studies, we use a tobit model with sample selection in the empirical analysis of the bid function to correct for the effect of excluding invalid responses (protest zeros, outliers and missing bids) from the analysis. The analysis of the bid function shows that household size, household income, distance of homestead to proposed place of plantation, number of trees owned and sex of household head are significant variables that explain willingness to pay. We also find that there are significant differences in willingness-to-pay across sites. It is hoped that this study contributes to the limited empirical literature on community forestry in developing countries by indicating some of the conditions under which community plantations will be acceptable and feasible.

Well before the onset of industrialization, Edo was one of the biggest cities
in the world, with a population of one million or more by the beginning
of the eighteenth century. For next 150 years, until just before Edo
changed its name to Tokyo in 1868, it is believed that Edo maintained this
population level of one million, with about a half of the population being
samurai and their families. In 1872, having seen a massive exodus of ex-shogunal retainers and their families, triggered by the collapse of the
Tokugawa shogunate and the social and political uncertainties that
followed, Tokyo's population stood at just 580,000, close to half the
previous size. In addition, it is believed, the city's administrative
functions were rapidly deteriorating. The population began to recover
from about 1880 and exceeded the one-million mark in the 1890s. In other
words, as many as half a million people migrated to Tokyo during this
twenty-year period. In 1908 when a population survey was taken, the total
population was then 1,626,000, and the number of people, particularly
males, in each of the age groups 15–19, 20–24 and 25–29 was greater than
the number in the 5–9 or the 10–14 group. There is a marked contrast with
the situation in the late 1860s when the 20–24 group was smaller than the
10–14 or the 15–19 group. This survey suggests that many of the migrants
who arrived at Tokyo in the period of growth were male, young and,
probably, unmarried.

This paper considers merger control in a common agency framework where firms and their competitors can influence the antitrust agency and where transparency – while making lobbying less effective – also implies real resource costs. We examine the performance of two alternative standards that can be assigned to the antitrust agency in the presence of these regulatory failures. We find that under a welfare standard, lobbying leads to the clearance of relatively inefficient mergers that decrease welfare (i. e. there is a type II error). By contrast, under a consumer surplus standard, the agency will ban relatively efficient mergers that would increase welfare (i. e. there is a type I error). Lobbying actually reduces the extent to which this occurs, albeit at a cost in terms of real resources. We also find that a consumer surplus standard is more attractive when mergers are large, when increasing the size of a merger greatly enhances industry profits, when there is little transparency, and when co-ordination costs amongst competitors are low. ; In diesem Beitrag wird die wettbewerbsrechtliche Analyse der Fusionskontrolle mit einem Agency-Ansatz erweitert, in dem Unternehmen die Kartellbehörde beeinflussen können und wo Lobbying Kosten verursacht. Es werden zwei unterschiedliche Entscheidungskriterien der Fusionsbehörde hinsichtlich ihrer Effizienz untersucht. Benutzt die Fusionsbehörde ein Wohlfahrtskriterium führt Lobbying seitens der Unternehmen zur Genehmigung von ineffiziente Fusionen, was zu einem Sinken der Wohlfahrt führt. Andererseits führt das Kriterium der Konsumentenrente zur Untersagung von verhältnismäßig effiziente Fusionen, was die Wohlfahrt ebenfalls reduziert. Daraus ergibt sich, daß eine Berücksichtigung der Anreizstrukturen der Unternehmen die Wettbewerbsbehörde zu beeinflussen, wohlfahrttheoretisch keine eindeutige Betrachtungsweise zuläßt. In diesem Sinne zeigt sich, daß das Kriterium der Konsumentenrente vorteilhafter ist, bei Mega-Fusionen, wenn Fusionen sehr profitable sind, wenn es wenig Transparenz gibt und wenn die Koordinationskosten zwischen den nicht-fusionierenden Unternehmen niedrig sind.

The authors analyze the links between Russias disappointing growth performance in the second half of the 1990s, its costly and unsuccessful stabilization, the macroeconomic meltdown of 1998, and the spectacular rise of non-payments. Non-payments flourished in an environment of fundamental inconsistency between a macroeconomic policy geared at sharp disinflation, and a microeconomic policy of bailing enterprises out through soft budget constraints. Heavy untargeted implicit subsidies flowing through the non-payments system (amounting to 10 percent of GDP annually) have stifled growth, contributed to the August 1998 meltdown, through their impact on public debt, and have made at best a questionable contribution to equity. Dismantling this system must be a top priority, along with promoting enterprise restructuring and growth (by hardening budget constraints) and medium-term macroeconomic stability (by reducing the size of subsidies). Getting the government out of the non-payments system means settling all appropriately controlled budgetary expenditures on time, and in cash, and eschewing spending arrears, thereby setting an example for enterprises, and laying the groundwork for eliminating tax offsets at all levels of government, and insisting on cash tax payments. To stop energy-related subsidies, would require not only that the government pay its own energy bills on time, and in cash, but also that the energy monopolies be empowered to disconnect non-paying clients. This will enable the government to insist that the energy monopolies in turn pay their own taxes in full, and on time.

Management of the Danau Sentarum National Park for ecosystem and species conservation must accomodate fishing activity by thousands of villagers living there. Fishery investigations helped determine how this might be accomplished. Fishing gear surveys revealed that villagers use 800 km of gill nets, 20,000 traps and 500,000 hooks in 80,000 ha of lakes, rivers and flooded forest within the park. Data from 4,000 catches were collected by local people during 1992 through 1995.The estimated annual catch of between 7,800 and13,000 tonnes (or 97,5 to 162,5 kg ha-l) is caught by cylindrical rattan traps 23%, gillnets 20%, cast nets 18%, other traps 15%, hooks 14% and funnel nets 9%. These data provide insight into what changes might make fishing activity more compatible with conservation. Villagers and data indicate some species are less abundant and smaller than in the previous years, but the needed management via direct government regulation is unlikely to succeed. A promising approach would emphasize management by villagers. Regulations at the village level exist, as does understanding of the need for a better management system. Developing this potential into an officially recognised fishery management system could improve conservation of this important wetland. Suggested management starting points include the concept of trading exlusive resource use rights for compliance with conservation regulation and the establishment of a residence permit system for the park. Suggestions for mesh size regulations and other gear changes, to be used as starting points for discussions with villagers are also presented.

In this study, the determination of optimal monetary policy in unionised economies is considered from the new political economy point of view.In the empirical part of the study it is shown that, in addition to the institutional position of the central bank, labour market institutions also matter for successful anti- inflationary policy.As regards the position of the central bank, the results suggest that it is important to distinguish between the political independence of the bank and the independence of its personnel.Whereas the former helps to reduce inflation, the latter seems to produce lower unemployment and wage increases.As regards the effects of labour market institutions, the results indicate that co-ordination in wage bargaining is generally beneficial to inflation and employment, but that large differences between union density and coverage rates lead to higher wage increases and unemployment. The theoretical part of the study considers interaction between monetary policy and wage determination in unionised economies.It is shown how the benefits of delegating monetary policy to an independent, conservative central bank depend on the degree of centralisation or decentralisation in wage determination.If unions act as leaders in the "inflation game", which could happen if wage contracts are of very long duration, output in the economy remains inefficiently small.The size of this problem is the greater the more accommodative monetary policy is and the higher is the degree of centralisation in labour markets.It may be beneficial for the unions to give up their leadership position in the determination of inflation.

Medium-sized, diversified, family-labor farms1 have long defined the structure of dairy farming in "America's Dairyland." The red barns, silos, farm houses, and fields of hay, grain, and pasture associated with these operations have given rise to the state's distinctive pastoral landscapes. As family businesses these farms have been successful enough to provide their operators with "middle-class" standards of living. Nationally, in the 20th century, Wisconsin's dairy sector produced more milk and especially more cheese than any other state in the U.S. Among Wisconsin residents, much cultural pride stems from the state's preeminence in dairying — car license plates bear the motto "America's Dairyland," while sports fans are particularly infamous for donning foam "cheeseheads" to identify themselves as from Wisconsin. Over the last 50 years the dairy farm sector in Wisconsin has witnessed considerable changes in the size of their milking herds, use of production technologies and management practices, and mix of livestock and cropping enterprises. Despite these changes, most dairy farm operations have typically remained at a scale such that they are still operated and managed predominantly by farm household members. Indeed, until quite recently, Wisconsin only had a handful of large dairy farms that rely heavily on hired labor. At the same time, it has typically had fewer "very small" dairy farms typical of some other midwestern or southern states. The distinctive character of Wisconsin dairy farming has been attributed to the state's unique political, cultural, and socioeconomic history (Gilbert and Akor, 1986).

SUSAN M. SANCHEZ is Professor in the Operations Research Department at the Naval Postgraduate School, where she also holds a joint appointment in the Systems Management Department. Prior to joining NPS, she served on the faculty of the University of Arizona and the University of Missouri–St. Louis. She received a B.S. degree in Industrial & Operations Engineering from the University of Michigan, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Operations Research from Cornell University. She is a member of INFORMS, DSI, ASA and ASQ. She serves as associate editor for Operations Research and Naval Research Logistics, and is currently the Vice President/President Elect of the INFORMS College on Simulation. Her email and web addresses are and . ; Despite the size and importance of the health care industry, simulation is less prevalent in health care than in other fields such as manufacturing, logistics, and military applications. Yet simulation clearly has the potential to play a role in health care decision-making at many levels. The purpose of this panel is to discuss some of the issues that practioners must be aware of in order to tap the potential of simulation in the health care arena. The panelists have extensive experience in health care and the use of simulation in that environment. They have provided statements outlining several key issues for achieving success in current and future health care simulation projects. These will serve as the starting point for discussion at the conference. ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The definitive version is available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/11610301 ; In Central Aragón (NE Spain), where strong and dry winds are frequent all year round, fallow lands are susceptible to wind erosion due to insufficient crop residues on the surface and loose, finely divided soils by multiple tillage operations. Effects of conventional tillage (mouldboard ploughing followed by a compacting roller) and reduced tillage (chisel ploughing) on soil surface properties affecting wind erosion were studied during three experimental campaigns in a dryland field of Central Aragón. Reduced tillage provided higher soil protection than conventional tillage through a lower wind erodible fraction of soil surface (on average, 10% less) and a significantly higher percentage of soil cover with crop residues and clods (30% higher). Random roughness was also higher after reduced tillage than after conventional tillage (15% vs. 4%). These results indicate that reduced tillage can be an effective soil management practice for wind erosion prevention during the fallow period in semiarid Aragón. The study shows, likewise, that significant changes in soil aggregate size distribution associated with wind erosion processes may occur in short periods of time. Thus, temporal variability of soil surface properties, including crust and clods stability, needs to be considered in wind erosion research in agricultural soils. ; This work was supported by the WELSONS project funded by the European Union (Contract No. ENV4-CT95-0182). The first author is grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture for her PNFPI contract. ; Peer reviewed

Since the 1860s a variety of ship types and sizes have been made available by the navy and commercial shipping companies for the systematic exploration of the global waters under the respective German flag, usually - in the earlier decades - for isolated research tasks and expeditions. At the same time, a fleet of specially built vessels has developed for longer-term exploration projects. Data on the vessels which have contributed to Germany's role in the exploration of the oceans from 1862 to the present can be found in a wide spectrum of literature including the annual reports of research institutes, descriptions of the respective research situations and applications for financial assistance, oceanographic and nautical textbooks, expedition reports and the information brochures and monographs of individual ships. On the basis of information gathered from the above-mentioned sources, a list has been drawn up of some 170 research vessels, including the approximately 40 widely different vessels in operation today. The list contains information on the ship types, periods of operation, users, scientific and geographical areas of use. Despite the exclusion of entire vessel groups theoretically classifiable as "research vessels" according
to the given definition, the list makes no claim to completeness. The often annual variations in the numbers of exploration ships under German flag can be attributed to political, technical, scientific and discipline-related developments. The names of the vessels, divisible into four categories, and various background
factors connected with the name choices will be the subject of a later article.

▪ Abstract  Primatology in anthropology began with morphological comparisons of primates to reconstruct the evolution of humans. Naturalistic studies started in the mid-twentieth century and contributed to understanding the functions of morphological variations. Today, research in primatology employs the new paradigm of behavioral ecology and sociobiology for analysis and interpretation of variation in behavior and ecology. Grouping and group sizes of primates are explained with reference to effects of predation, defense of resources, and female defense against male infanticide. Primates avoid close consanguineous mating, usually by dispersal of males from the birthplace, though in bonobos and chimpanzees males are philopatric. In many primates, nepotistic relations among females are explained by kin selection operating on the philopatric sex. In chimpanzees, nepotism is clearest among the philopatric males. Sexual dimorphism, dominance hierarchies, intrasexual competition, and particularly infanticide by males are best explained by the action of sexual selection. Comparative studies of primates indicate that the large brains of the genus Homo (enlarged cerebral cortex) evolved after bipedalism and human dental characters and probably depended on high-quality diets. Broad comparative studies have supported the hypothesis that large brains may have evolved in response to complex social environments, but comparisons within the apes only may not support the hypothesis. Although dominant themes of current anthropology are not compatible with the epistemology, theory, or methodology of primate research and interpretation, primate studies fit easily within the future of anthropology as a four-field evolutionary study of the origins of humans and human nature.

Our knowledge of variables affecting the coping strategies that lead to acceptance of foods in populations wearing complete dentures is limited. Focus groups were conducted with the specific aim of determining factors responsible for successful adaptation to chewing with complete dentures. Each of the live focus gfoups consisted of eight to 15 participants (mean = 11; mean age = 64yrs), of mixed gender, with at least five years of denture‐wearing experience (mean = 7 years), and with groups varying in their socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. Participants' statements (n=324) were sorted for their content, by consensus between the two investigators, into 12 conceptually independent domains (listed in decreasing order of frequency of mention): foods and food textures causing difficulties when eating foods being avoided, stability and retention of dentures, social constraints, bolus size, general satisfaction with the current dentures, general experience with dentures, sensation of temperature, experience of pain during chewing experiences with taste, experiences with rinsing the dentures after eating and time involved with chewing In addition, further analysis of statements showed that food texture was the most commonly mentioned with foods that were either difficult to chew or avoided. These perceptions significantly affected the choice of food. The results of this qualitative study indicate that food texture is one of the major factors influencing the choice of a coping strategy by denture wearers when trying to overcome difficulties in chewing specific foods. As such, food texture may have a significant effect on patients'success in the process of their functional adaptation.