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The Kenyan HIV/AIDS burden differs greatly among its various regions. There are 42 different ethnic groups each with its unique culture. Nyanza province, the home of the Luos shares the highest HIV/AIDs prevalence of 15.1% while in the North Eastern region, the home of Somalis is at 0.5%. Nyanza province is the home of the counties with the highest HIV/AIDs prevalence rates: Homabay-26%, Siaya 24.8%, Kisumu 19.9% and Migori 14.3% while Wajir county in Northern Eastern province has 0.4% prevalence rate. The HIV/AIDS burden also is greatest among females between 15-49 years. Culture and ethnicity are generally associated with risky sexual behaviour in relation to HIV/AIDs. Paradoxically, this relationship has not been deeply investigated within the Kenyan context. Therefore, set against the backdrop of HIV/AIDs scourge in Kenya, the need to understand cultural meaning related to this problem and how social marketing intervention can be appropriately used is a necessary study area. This study explores the link between culture and risky sexual behaviour in relation to HIV/AIDs, for the purpose of seeking situated understanding of the consequences and possible intervention strategies. It explores the contextual and cultural realities faced by intervention programmers using a social marketing approach in a multi-culturally rich environment as Kenya. A Qualitative approach is used to probe cultural and contextual realities faced by intervention programme leaders to understand the barriers and opportunities presented by context and culture to their work. Instruments of open-ended questions and qualitative interviews are used to provide in-depth insights of their experiences from their own point of views. The results greatly link contextual realities and tribal cultures to the spread of HIV/AIDs. The findings imply that cultures and context of a market or target audiences greatly impact on social marketing programmes. A good understanding of the two should indeed be the foundations that guide the planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating of cultural specific social marketing initiatives, rather than the use of generic or blanketed campaigns. They should also guide the application of upstream, in-stream and downstream social marketing approaches. There is need for programmers and other stakeholders to invest in cultural competency to avoid culturally incongruence in decision-making, policies and programmes. More resources are necessary to change deprived contexts for successful programme work. The study makes important contributions to social marketing and related disciplines. Firstly, it suggests cultural context assessment composite model and culturalcontextual assessment model for use by social marketers. These models can greatly help programmers understand their target audiences' cultural and contextual environments, in order to actively use this intelligence in social marketing programmes. Secondly the study contributes to an understanding of the Kenyan tribal groups' culturally sensitive knowledge on sexual beliefs and practices that have impact on HIV/AIDS. This knowledge greatly contributes to an understanding of patterns of HIV transmission within the country, as the significant aspects of seven major and three minor Kenyan tribes, accounting for 81.22% of the Kenyan population, are well explored and discussed in this study. Lastly, the study makes important recommendations in relations to cultural and contextual aspects, which social marketers, policy makers, the government and other stakeholders can work on for more effective social marketing interventions.

This is a paper based on the annual lecture in honour of Hugo Sinzheimer at November 10, 2005, Hugo-Sinzheimer-Institute at the University of Amsterdam. In 1928, Sinzheimer wrote an article entitled 'Die Demokratisierung des Arbeitsverhältnisses,' (The Democratisation of the Employment Relationship). His references to unemployment insurance that had been enacted just one year earlier went beyond the participation of trade unions and employers in administration as an essential element of democratization. Sinzheimer put even more emphasis on another aspect of democratization, namely, the enlargement of the risksharing community to embrace all workers, indeed, the whole economy. The argument of the paper is that sharing risks through universal and state-guaranteed unemployment insurance is still as valid as in the time of Hugo Sinzheimer. There is no reason to roll back the welfare state. On the contrary, there are strong reasons to defend the principle of social insurance. By combining a kind of work-life insurance with soft forms of governance, this principle - that of 'sharing risks' - can even be extended to include the new risks related to critical events during the life course. The argument is developed by answering the following questions: First, what are the new risks to which established insurance systems have to respond? Second, what are the advantages of social insurance compared to private savings? Third, how should we share for example the risks related to parenting and to continuing education and training? Fourth, how do we overcome risk-aversion to stimulate more individual risk-taking and thereby more responsibility? ; Dieses Papier basiert auf der jährlichen Vorlesung zu Ehren von Hugo Sinzheimer am 10. November 2005, Hugo-Sinzheimer-Institut der Universität Amsterdam. Sinzheimer schrieb 1928 einen Artikel über 'Die Demokratisierung des Arbeitsverhältnisses'. In diesem Artikel hob er nicht nur die Beteiligung der Sozialpartner an der Verwaltung der Arbeitslosenversicherung, die gerade ein Jahr zuvor in Kraft getreten war, als einen Fortschritt der Demokratisierung hervor. Vielmehr betonte er einen anderen Aspekt der Demokratisierung, nämlich die Erweiterung der Risikogemeinschaft auf alle Arbeiter, ja auf die gesamte Wirtschaft. Das Argument dieses Papiers ist, dass eine universelle und staatlich garantierte Arbeitslosenversicherung nach wie vor gültig ist wie zu Zeiten Hugo Sinzheimers. Es gibt keine Gründe, den Wohlfahrtsstaat zurückzufahren. Es gibt sogar Gründe, das Prinzip der Sozialversicherung auf neue Risiken des Arbeitsmarktes auszudehnen. Durch die Kombination einer Art Arbeitslebensversicherung und weicher Formen von Steuerung kann das Prinzip solidarischer Risikoteilung auch auf die Einkommensrisiken im Zusammenhang mit kritischen Ereignissen im Lebenslauf angewendet werden. Dieses Argument wird durch die Beantwortung folgender vier Fragen entwickelt: Erstens, welches sind die neuen Risiken, auf die etablierte soziale Sicherungssysteme zu reagieren haben? Zweitens, welche Vorteile hat die Sozialversicherung gegenüber privatem Sparen? Drittens, wie sollen beispielsweise die Risiken im Zusammenhang mit Elternschaft und beruflicher Weiterbildung geteilt werden? Viertens, wie kann der verbreiteten Risikoaversion begegnet werden, um individuelle Risikobereitschaft und damit verbundene Verantwortung zu stimulieren?

Both Burundi and South Sudan experience intractable conflicts which national and international actors struggle to resolve. Efforts to consolidate the nation‐state and foster social cohesion seem to be unsuccessful. As has been well documented in the literature, top‐down efforts to facilitate social cohesion by international and national actors are not enough to foster sustainable peace. Yet the dynamics and actors involved in bottom‐up interventions for social cohesion are less well understood than elite interventions. This article contributes to a deeper understanding of the bottom‐up interventions and explores the vertical integration between top‐down and bottom‐up efforts at social cohesion that exist along the local, national, and international trajectory in the two cases. Particularly in contexts such as South Sudan and Burundi, which are characterized by societies that are held together through complex social and relational networks, and in which informal governance and conflict resolution mechanisms hold high levels of legitimacy, this under‐researched aspect of social cohesion may hold critical insights in terms of consolidating nation‐states. The article provides an argument for the consideration of bottom‐up approaches for more integration of social cohesion mechanisms.

este artículo investiga la novela Tengo miedo torero (2001), del escritor chileno Pedro Lemebel, y su objetivo es demostrar que la narrativa de dicha obra despliega un discurso crítico en torno a la historia chilena bajo la dictadura militar - hecho que le confiere un carácter de metaficción historiográfica (Hutcheon, 1991)-, relacionándolo, además, con artificios temáticos y formales del género melodramático, lo cual crea en esa ficción un espacio discursivo híbrido para el reconocimiento y el abrigo de lenguajes y comportamientos no instituidos por el tejido social, que ahí logran ser aceptados como subjetivos y legítimos (Agamben, 2008). La performance del personaje protagonista de la narrativa y su condición de frontera en cuanto al género y otras cuestiones vinculadas con las minorías sociales, forman algunas de las cuestiones que la novela despliega y que conducen las representaciones del deseo de libertad (Bauman, 1998) que sostienen el eje principal de la obra literaria de Lemebel. ; this article analyzes the novel Tengo miedo torero (2001), by Chilean writer Pedro Lemebel. The study aims to demonstrate how that narrative develops a critic discourse about the Chilean history under military dictatorship's power. The Lemebel's text can be described as a historiographic metafiction (Hutcheon, 1991). The textual construction, in this novel, is associate with the melodramatic genre, and its writing procedures create a hybrid discursive space where the literary enunciation acknowledges discourses and languages that hasn't generally been institutionalized by social structures. These constructive aspects contribute for the protagonist character's subjectivity (Agamben, 2008), an effeminate gay man that is representative character of a social condition characterized by borders and risks. In this novel, then, the performance made by the protagonist shows and promotes some discussions about the (homo)sexual desire, the individual and collective freedom (Bauman, 1998) and the representations of certain minority groups in Latin American Contemporary Literature.

Although digital narrative methods lend themselves well to participatory, action-oriented inquiry, these relatively new methods also raise questions about potential risks involved in using digital technologies to engage marginalized groups in social work research. This article examines the feasibility, challenges, and opportunities of using digital narrative methods in anti-oppressive social work research (AOSWR) by providing empirical insights from the AltaVoces project—an AOSWR project that used digital narrative methods to engage Latino youth. This case study demonstrates the compatibility and feasibility of digital narrative methods in AOSWR by examining to what extent the AltaVoces project: (1) used methods that center the contexts, voices, and experiences of oppressed peoples, recognizing the social construction of knowledge and the politics inherent in knowledge creation, (2) critically interrogated power arrangements within research relationships and made efforts to form authentic, collaborative relationships and share power with co-researchers, and (3) acknowledged oppressive systems and institutions and reflected a commitment to transforming, dismantling, or abolishing them through the research purpose, process, and products. We found that digital tools offered new possibilities for centering the voices of Latino youth, rebalancing power in research relationships, and connecting knowledge to action through digital products, in alignment with AOSWR, but also introduced new power hierarchies and risks related to producing digital material. The AltaVoces project provides one example of how digital narrative research may be implemented and evaluated using the integrative AOSWR framework, exposing several aspects of digital narrative research that warrant specific attention and presenting practical strategies for doing so.

AbstractObjectivesA common mechanism underlying premature morbidity may be accelerated biological aging as reflected by salivary telomere length (STL). This study examined the extent to which social relationships, both positive and negative, can be protective or confer risk relative to biological aging.MethodData from the Health and Retirement Study and multiple regression were used to examine cross-sectional associations between STL, self-reported social support, and negative interaction (e.g., conflict, criticism) with family in a nationally representative sample of African American and non-Hispanic White middle-aged and older adults (N = 4,080).ResultsSocial support from family was associated with shorter STL. Negative interaction with family had no main effect on STL but interactions characterized by high social support and more frequent negative interactions were associated with longer STL. Negative interaction with family was negatively associated with STL for African Americans and Whites but the magnitude of the effect was greater for African Americans.DiscussionStudy findings highlight the role of social relationships in physiological deterioration among middle-aged and older adults and identify a potential mechanism whereby race is linked to accelerated biological aging. Findings highlight the importance of considering positive and negative aspects of social relationships to understand the consequences of social connections for cellular aging in diverse populations.

"Le rapport que la sociologie entretient avec la critique sociale n'a cessé de hanter cette discipline depuis les origines. La sociologie doit-elle être mise au service d'une critique de la société, ce qui suppose de rendre compatibles description et critique ? La critique détourne-t-elle la sociologie de son projet scientifique ou en est-elle la finalité sans laquelle la sociologie ne serait qu'une activité vaine, détachée des préoccupations que nourrissent les personnes en société ? Cette question a déterminé les couples d'oppositions fondateurs - entre faits et valeurs, idéologie et science, déterminisme et autonomie, structure et action, approche macro et micro sociales, explication et interprétation, etc. Elle dicte deux des principaux programmes qui aujourd'hui configurent la discipline : la sociologie critique des années 1970, particulièrement dans la forme que lui a donnée, en France, Pierre Bourdieu ; la sociologie pragmatique de la critique, développée dans les années 1980-1990. Dans la sociologie critique, la description en termes de rapports de forces met l'accent sur la puissance des mécanismes d'oppression, sur la façon dont les opprimés les subissent passivement, allant, dans leur aliénation, jusqu'à adopter les valeurs, intériorisées sous la forme d'idéologies, qui les asservissent. La sociologie pragmatique décrit les actions d'hommes révoltés mais dotés de raison, porte l'accent sur leur capacité, dans certaines conditions historiques, à se lever contre leur domination, à forger des interprétations nouvelles de la réalité au service d'une activité critique. Luc Boltanski propose ici un cadre permettant d'articuler ces deux approches, apparemment antagoniques - l'une déterministe et réservant le beau rôle à la science éclairante du sociologue, l'autre soucieuse de se tenir au plus près de ce que disent et font les personnes"--P. [4] of cover

Sheds new light on the history and culture of Argentina by examining the performances and reception of the country's most iconic female figures, in particular, Eva Perón, who rose from poverty to become a powerful international figure. The book links the Evita legend to a broader pattern of female iconicity from the mid-nineteenth century onward ... --Provided by publisher

Metadata only record ; In this article, we build on an accompanying critique of recent writings in international biodiversity conservation (this issue, 15 January 2002, pp. 17-40). Many scholars and observers are calling for more stringent enforcement of protected area boundaries given the perceived failure of integrated conservation and development projects and other people-oriented approaches to safeguard biodiversity. Pointing to many ongoing, field-based efforts, we argue that this resurgent focus on authoritarian protection practices largely overlooks key aspects of social and political process including: clarification of moral standpoint, legitimacy, governance, accountability, learning and non-local forces. Following a discussion of these six points, we offer a series of recommendations aimed at highlighting existing work and encouraging dialogue and constructive debate on the ways in which biodiversity protection interventions are carried out in developing countries.

Today's Indian cities are confronted with a wide range of problems due to social equity and urban housing policy failures, including rising populations, shifting family structures, increasing numbers of people living in informal communities and slums, inadequate urban infrastructure, growing environmental concerns, and an increase in migration. India has a severe housing shortage. A significant chasm separates housing demand from the supply. The discrepancy has led to the proliferation of urban slums, where millions of people are subjected to the lowest sanitation and hygiene standards. Housing policies in Indian cities include increasing taxes on unused or uninhabited land to fund the construction of low-cost dwellings, altering zoning laws to mandate that builders, and promoting higher densities of houses to spread out infrastructure costs among a larger population. Many people who have been the beneficiaries of land acquisition or other forms of forcible relocation are eligible for assistance through the Rehabilitation and Housing Resettlement Program. The proposed method included the city's slums in the Advanced Smart Urban Missions (ASUM) planning process to overcome housing policy failures. A three-dimensional social equity framework with dispersion, identification, and protocol dimension aspects is applied to evaluate formal recovery plans' objectives, priorities, and tactics. One of the most critical aspects of providing more housing alternatives for more people is ensuring everyone can afford it. Human rights, different perspectives, development initiatives in India, and policy inclusivity were also investigated. It makes suggestions for improving intelligent city policy that considers the needs of the city's disadvantaged populations. This study looks into the problems that slum dwellers have with relocation and evictions and is limited to establishing various Smart Urban Missions. The research will help streamline the intelligent city development process sequentially, improving conditions for the urban poor and disadvantaged.

This article aims to describe aspects developed in the extension course named: Significant Educational Experiences of Narrative Documentation, dictated in 2014 at the School of Information Sciences at the National University of Cordoba-Argentina, as well as to describe the new edition of the course in 2015, which will address specifically the thematic lines of narrative in the teaching of contemporary and recent social history, and the narratives of experiences in the use of new technologies, contributing this way to the democratization of knowledge construction by the use of teaching resources and communication ; Este artículo tiene como objeto relatar aspectos desarrollados en el curso de extensión "Documentación narrativa de experiencias pedagógicas significativas", dictado en el año 2014 en la Escuela de Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina, y describir la nueva edición del curso en el año 2015, que abordará específicamente las líneas temáticas de las narrativas en la enseñanza de la historia social contemporánea y reciente, y las narrativas de experiencias en el uso de las nuevas tecnologías, contribuyendo así a la democratización de la construcción del conocimiento mediante el empleo de recursos didácticos y de la comunicación.

This article presents an experiment testing the assumption that humans show clear avoidance reactions to possible nonbeneficial social contacts, even without conscious awareness. When the potential costs of interpersonal contacts are salient, people quickly respond to and extensively explore those situational configurations that are relevant to experimentally induced goals. A priming procedure was used to activate potential costs or benefits of interpersonal contacts or neutral aspects. To assess the unconscious activation of social approach or avoidance responses we chose three parameters reflecting participants' eye movements on different pictures that contained (1) social and (2) nonsocial flight- and avoidance-relevant areas (areas of interest, AOI). Participants primed with the costs (benefits) of social contacts explored nonsocial (social) AOI on the presented pictures significantly longer than participants who were primed with the benefits (costs) of interpersonal contacts.

Social enterprises are considered to be at the heart of inclusive growth due to their emphasis on people and social cohesion that help effect social and economic transformation. In the Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011–2015), two out of ten objectives are on achieving inclusive growth. In this context, this article explores the ecosystem for social enterprises in Malaysia, raising the following research questions: (a) what are the attributes (features) of business incubators (BIs) and intermediaries (IMs) operating in the social enterprise sector in Malaysia? (b) What are the perceptions of BIs and IMs on various aspects of the social enterprise ecosystem in Malaysia? (c) What is the role of BIs and other IMs in fostering social entrepreneurship (SE) in Malaysia in general and meeting the inclusive growth objective of the country in particular? This study employs the qualitative approach and primary data gathered through interviews of six BIs and IMs and twenty social enterprises. This study found that the current social enterprise ecosystem is weak and still emerging and has yet to take a concrete shape. The absence of legal status for social enterprise is the single most important obstacle in unlocking the potential growth of social enterprise sector. This study suggests that the government initiates policy measures to give legal status to social enterprises in the country, in order to develop the ecosystem and facilitate a greater participation of the private sector.

Despite the high popularity of personal use of online social media, a low percentage of students and instructors use them for educational purposes. This qualitative study explores the use of social media among faculty in the discipline of public administration in the United States. Eight instructors participated in telephone interviews about their experiences and perceptions of using social media for teaching and learning. Instructors perceive that informal learning using social media could be facilitated by instructors and integrated into formal learning environments for enriched discussions, increased engagement, and broad connections. This study provides qualitative empirical support for social learning theories while offering strategies for and examples of how social media can be used to connect formal and informal learning.