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International audience ; This paper presents an overview of the results of a research project on monetary transmission pursued by the Eurosystem, which has analysed micro data on firms and banks in several countries of the euro area in great detail. There is strong empirical support for an interest rate channel working through firm investment. Furthermore, a credit channel can be identified with firm micro data. On the bank side, there is evidence that lending reacts differently to monetary policy according to bank balance sheet characteristics. In particular, banks that have a less liquid asset composition show a stronger loan supply response. This finding may be due to banks drawing on their liquid assets to cushion the effects of monetary policy on their loan portfolio, which is in line with the existence of close relationships between banks and their loan customers. ; Cet article présente une vue d'ensemble des résultats d'un projet de recherche sur les canaux de transmission de la politique monétaire mené par l'Eurosystème, qui a analysé en détail des données individuelles d'entreprises et de banques dans plusieurs pays de la zone Euro. L'évaluation empirique met en évidence un canal du taux d'intérêt sur l'investissement. De plus, le canal large du crédit a été identifié pour différents groupes d'entreprises dans différents pays. Du côté du canal étroit du crédit, l'évaluation empirique montre que les banques qui ont une composition de leur actif moins liquide ont une offre de prêts qui réagit plus fortement aux changements de politique monétaire. Ce résultat peut provenir du fait que certaines banques conservent des actifs liquides afin d'amortir les effets de la politique monétaire sur leur portefeuille de crédit, ce qui est cohérent avec l'existence de relations étroites entre les banques et leurs emprunteurs.

International audience ; This paper presents an overview of the results of a research project on monetary transmission pursued by the Eurosystem, which has analysed micro data on firms and banks in several countries of the euro area in great detail. There is strong empirical support for an interest rate channel working through firm investment. Furthermore, a credit channel can be identified with firm micro data. On the bank side, there is evidence that lending reacts differently to monetary policy according to bank balance sheet characteristics. In particular, banks that have a less liquid asset composition show a stronger loan supply response. This finding may be due to banks drawing on their liquid assets to cushion the effects of monetary policy on their loan portfolio, which is in line with the existence of close relationships between banks and their loan customers. ; Cet article présente une vue d'ensemble des résultats d'un projet de recherche sur les canaux de transmission de la politique monétaire mené par l'Eurosystème, qui a analysé en détail des données individuelles d'entreprises et de banques dans plusieurs pays de la zone Euro. L'évaluation empirique met en évidence un canal du taux d'intérêt sur l'investissement. De plus, le canal large du crédit a été identifié pour différents groupes d'entreprises dans différents pays. Du côté du canal étroit du crédit, l'évaluation empirique montre que les banques qui ont une composition de leur actif moins liquide ont une offre de prêts qui réagit plus fortement aux changements de politique monétaire. Ce résultat peut provenir du fait que certaines banques conservent des actifs liquides afin d'amortir les effets de la politique monétaire sur leur portefeuille de crédit, ce qui est cohérent avec l'existence de relations étroites entre les banques et leurs emprunteurs.

Issue of the University of Scranton student newspaper, The Aquinas. Some of the contents of this record may be harmful or offensive to users. In the interests of historical integrity, we do not remove images or words from archival materials. This note is to inform users of the content. We do this so that researchers may decide for themselves if they wish to view the entire record knowing it has potentially harmful content.

• 10/16 "79 Deaths in Buffalo in 24 Hours," 10/16/1918, p. 1 • There were 1,501 in the previous 24 hours, down from 1,661 on Monday. The number of deaths in 24 hours was 79, with 55 from influenza, 15 from lobar pneumonia, and nine from broncho-pneumonia.• Dr. Gram and his subordinates the health department have tested a new vaccine on themselves. This vaccine was produced at the army camp.• Dr. Gram is confident that precautions are slowing the spread of influenza more seriously suffered by other cities. Dr. Gram has received some questions related to his authority to make and enforce ordinances.• Dr. Gram is investigating claims that department stores and five-and-ten cent stores have been providing services offered traditionally by other stores forced to close.• Dr. Gram has spoken with the president of the undertakers' association and expects no more controversy.• Dr. Edward Clark of the state health department explained that in some cities 20 percent of the population has become ill.• The article encourages continued use of masks, and discourages handshaking. Concerns over handshaking may lead to an ordinance that prevents butchers, bakers, and similar food retailers from handling food with bare hands.• Hospitals are taking precautions to ensure that they have enough space for patients, including erecting heated tents on hospital grounds. A local music hall and auditorium may be reserved if necessary.• Quarantine continues and offenders will receive harsh fines.• Weddings may continue, but wedding parties have been banned.• Prisoners may fill the shortage of grave-diggers if needed. The article discusses this labor shortage.• Motor corps girls have been transporting patients in need.• Five hospital dispensaries received 14 physicians from the school inspection bureau reassigned by Dr. Gram. Names of other volunteers and their previous affiliations are listed• The Kiwanis Club has aided in the arrest of saloon owners and patrons not obeying the closure order. The names of 65 owners were sent to the Brewer's Exchange.• Election officials must be masked during upcoming registration events.• Holy Angels' parish women have formed the Holy Angels Womens' Emergency League to offer home-care and manufacture masks. Article includes names and contact information.• Judge Thomas H. Noonan has heard numerous cases related to saloons defying the closing order. The article lists names, locations and fines.• Teachers will be paid during school closings, and principals or assistant principals must deliver teachers' salary warrants.• Reports from Washington, D.C., indicate that the epidemic has only improved in Massachusetts. Apart from Massachusetts, New England and coastal states to Florida are suffering badly from the influenza epidemic. In Washington, D.C., the treasury and interior departments have ordered that no new staff be brought to the city until further notice. Similar action is expected from other government agencies.• In army camps the illness is subsiding. The total cases reported on this day were 6,498, down by 273 from the previous day. Pneumonia cases were 1,916 against 3,523 the day before. However the number death increased from 716 to 889• The New York health commissioner, Dr. Royal Copeland, has explained that women could wear chiffon veils to minimize the spread of influenza. New York has been divided into 45 districts with community health centers.• News from Providence, Rhode Island, indicates that Revivalist Billy Sunday's wife is dangerously ill of influenza in Winona, Indiana. ; Newspaper article ; 1, 6

Political self-determination as an international norm : history, content, scope, and status in contemporary international law / Carlson Anyangwe -- Chasing the shadow : myths of nation-building in postcolonial states / Tatah-Mentan -- Nationalism, power politics, and pluralism in divided societies / Ali R. Abootalebi -- The pot and the kettle : failed states and the terrorization of the western Sahara peace process / Jacob Mundy -- Betrayal and abandonment : memory, history and conflict emotions in the narratives of British Southern Cameroons' nationalists / Fonkem Achankeng -- Ethnocentrism first and nationalism second : colonial/postcolonial constructions of conflict in Kenya / Daniel Karanja -- Ethnic nationalism and identity politics : reminiscences of Biafra and the quest for self- determination / Donald O. Omagu -- Ethnic & nationalist mobilization in South Sudan / Solomon Losha -- Somaliland and the crisis of the Somali nation / Hassan Khannenje -- British southern Cameroons in Cameroun republic : a salad bowl with unmitigating distinctive ingredients / Michael T. Ndemanu -- From victims to victors : the Kurdish challenge to the state in the Middle East / Ofra Bengio -- Kurdish nationalism and conflict in postcolonial Iraq / Michael Gunter -- Democratization and ethnic conflict : transformation of Turkey's Kurdish question / Ozum Yesiltas -- Methodological nationalism, subalternity and critical race theory : competing narratives of national/ethnic/racial identity in Iran / Alireza Asgharzadeh -- Identity and representation : Marma people in the Chittagong Hills, Bangladesh / Chipamong Chowdhury -- Myanmar : nationalism, security, and resilient insurgents / Marie Olson Lounsbery -- The Basque conflict globally speaking : material culture, media and Basque identity in the wider world / J.P. Linstroth -- Catalonia's struggle for self-determination : from regionalism to independence / Klaus-Jurgen Nagel -- Brazilian nationalism and urban Amerindians : some 21st century dilemmas for indigenous peoples living in the urban Amazon and beyond / J.P. Linstroth -- Colonial vs national self-determination in the Falkland (mAlvinas) Islands / Lowell Gustafson -- Puerto Rico : the United States' unacknowledged colony in the Caribbean / Margaret Power -- Resolving nationalism conflicts in the postcolonial world / Fonkem Achankeng

During the nineteenth century, the colonial Straits Settlements of Singapore, Penang, and Melaka were established as free ports of British trade in Southeast Asia and proved attractive to large numbers of regional migrants. Following the abolishment of slavery in 1833, the Straits government transported convicts from the East India Company's Indian presidencies to the settlements as a source of inexpensive labor. The prison became the primary experimental site for the colonial plural society and convicts were graduated by race and the labor needed for urban construction. Hidden Hands and Divided Landscapes investigates how a political system aimed at managing ethnic communities in the larger material context of the colonial urban project was first imagined and tested through the physical segregation of the colonial prison. It relates the story of a city, Singapore, and a contemporary city-state whose plural society has its origins in these historical divisions. A description of the evolution of the ideal plan for a plural city across the three settlements is followed by a detailed look at Singapore's colonial prison. Chapters trace the prison's development and its dissolution across the urban landscape through the penal labor system. The author demonstrates the way in which racial politics were inscribed spatially in the division of penal facilities and how the map of the city was reconfigured through convict labor. Later chapters describe penal resistance first through intimate stories of penal life and then through a discussion of organized resistance in festival riots. Eventually, the plural city ideal collapsed into the hegemonic urban form of the citadel, where a quite different military vision of the city became evident. Hidden Hands and Divided Landscapes is a fascinating and thoroughly original study in urban history and the making of multiethnic society in Singapore. It will compel readers to rethink the ways in which colonial urban history, postcolonial urbanism, and governance have been theorized by scholars and represented by governments.

Was the Iran-Contra affair caused by executive lawlessness or legislative folly? Or did it result instead from structural defects in our national security decision-making system? In this important new book, Harold Koh argues that the affair was not aberrational but symptomatic of a chronic dysfunction in America's foreign policy process. Combining practical knowledge of government with insights from law, history, and political science, Koh presents the definitive historical and constitutional analysis of the Iran-Contra affair, the subsequent investigations, and the trial of Oliver North. He then discusses the implications of the Iran-Contra scandal for the constitutional conduct of national security policy and offers prescriptions to improve this decision-making system.Koh contends that the Iran-Contra affair arose not from Watergate, as many have claimed, but from Vietnam, for it was only the latest episode in a series of foreign policy decisions made by unrestrained executive discretion. Koh shows that throughout its history America has operated under a 'National Security Constitution,' a constitutionally defined national security process that views that administration of foreign affairs as a power shared by the president, Congress, and the courts. Yet the executive branch has increased its role in making foreign policy at the expense of the other branches, placing in jeopardy this vision of constitutional balance. Koh advocates a national security charter to reform the foreign policy-making process and offers innovative proposals about war powers, international agreements, emergency economic powers, intelligence oversight, and information control. His proposals would restrain the executive and restore and reinvigorate the constitutional roles of Congress and the federal judiciary in national security decision-making. This challenging book forces government decision-makers, scholars, and concerned citizens to reexamine the process by which the United States will conduct its foreign affairs into the next century

This paper analyses the role played by physicians in fighting the disease in the city of Alicante during the 18th century. The local government hired three physicians to take care of the population. The municipal hiring of these healers was a common practice, through which doctors acquired a series of responsibilities, being the main one the home care. However, the presence of these three titular doctors was not sufficient to attend the entire population, something that was reflected in the constant protests of the neighbours by the absence of the doctors. In addition to those hired, there were also other physicians who practised in the city on their own. In this paper, we compare the experiences and circumstances that characterised the case of the city of Alicante in the 18th century18th century with those of other populations that have been object of study and we find some differences that must be explained from the context of a specific socio-economic context. ; El presente trabajo analiza el papel que desempeñaron los médicos como agentes de lucha contra la enfermedad en la ciudad de Alicante durante el siglo XVIII. El ayuntamiento alicantino contaba con tres médicos asalariados para atender a la población. La contratación municipal de dicho personal sanitario era una práctica habitual, a través de la cual, los médicos adquirían una serie de responsabilidades, siendo la asistencia a domicilio la principal de ellas. Sin embargo, la presencia de estos tres médicos titulares no fue suficiente para atender a toda la población, algo que quedó reflejado en las constantes protestas de los vecinos por la ausencia de los facultativos. Además de los contratados, también existían otros médicos que ejercían en la ciudad por libre. En nuestro análisis, al comparar las experiencias y circunstancias que caracterizaron el caso de la ciudad de Alicante en esta centuria con el de otras poblaciones que han sido objeto de estudio, encontramos algunas diferencias que deben ser explicadas en el marco de un contexto socioeconómico concreto.

The article deals with the features of sociological analysis of religion in Russia during the imperial period of its history. The national sociological tradition of studying religion as a socio-cultural phenomenon and a social institution, which was developed during this period, had its own unique and peculiar appearance and was just begun to revive again in post-Soviet Russia, contrasts with the tradition that took place in the West. In this context, the appeal to unfortunately undeservedly forgotten works of classics of Russian religious and socio-political though is very promising area of modern sociological research.When studying this problem, the author emphasizes the study of the works of representatives of three ideological areas of Russian religious and socio-political thought: conservatism, liberalism and socialism, as well as the peculiarities of the historical development of Russian society and the state and those events that had a significant impact on the formation and development of scientific understanding of religion in Russia. Among such features, the author, in particular, refers to the formation of an "antisystem" (systemic integrity of people who take a dim view of their homeland, hate their own nation, its values and culture, history, traditional religious, political and social systems) among the Russian intelligentsia, bureaucracy and part of the elite of Russian society, under a certain influence of Westernism, as a consequence of the spiritual schism of the 18th century, which occurred in the educated strata and elite of Russian society.When studying the features of understanding religious issues by representatives of Russian conservatism, the author of the article analyzes the views of N.Ya. Danilevsky, K.N. Leontiev, F.M. Dostoevsky, M.N. Katkov, K.P. Pobedonostsev, L.A. Tikhomirov. He notes the fact that judgment of this perspective was carried out by these authors from "Slavophile", traditionalist (pochvennichesky and guarding) positions, in the context of judgment of features and an ...

The article deals with the features of sociological analysis of religion in Russia during the imperial period of its history. The national sociological tradition of studying religion as a socio-cultural phenomenon and a social institution, which was developed during this period, had its own unique and peculiar appearance and was just begun to revive again in post-Soviet Russia, contrasts with the tradition that took place in the West. In this context, the appeal to unfortunately undeservedly forgotten works of classics of Russian religious and socio-political though is very promising area of modern sociological research.When studying this problem, the author emphasizes the study of the works of representatives of three ideological areas of Russian religious and socio-political thought: conservatism, liberalism and socialism, as well as the peculiarities of the historical development of Russian society and the state and those events that had a significant impact on the formation and development of scientific understanding of religion in Russia. Among such features, the author, in particular, refers to the formation of an "antisystem" (systemic integrity of people who take a dim view of their homeland, hate their own nation, its values and culture, history, traditional religious, political and social systems) among the Russian intelligentsia, bureaucracy and part of the elite of Russian society, under a certain influence of Westernism, as a consequence of the spiritual schism of the 18th century, which occurred in the educated strata and elite of Russian society.When studying the features of understanding religious issues by representatives of Russian liberalism, the author of the article analyzes the views of representatives of both radical and moderate (classical) liberalism: M.M. Kovalevsky, N.I. Kareev, P.N. Milyukov, V.S. Solovyov, B.N. Chicherin, P.B. Struve. He notes that the understanding of this issue was carried out by these authors from a "Westernist" position. Liberal thinkers generally negatively ...

Considering Umberto Eco's articles and novels, the paper will examine the imaginary of the Middle Age as the cradle of every kind of millenarianism. The analysis will start from Eco's essay Palinsesto su Beato (1963). Looking at the originality of his structuralist view, I will compare the last editing of this text with a bibliographical framework about the role of the Apocalypse of St. John in the Western tradition. The first reference will be the genealogical thesis of Karl Löwith, who in Meaning in History (1949) affirmed that the modern philosophies of history have the same eschatological aim of the Christian culture. The second comparison will be with a portrait of the medieval heresiarch Fra Dolcino. In this case, I will consider the perspective of the socialist philosopher Antonio Labriola, who elaborated it at the end of the XIX Century to distinguish the scientific applications of historical materialism from his eschatological misinterpretations. These two opposite references will drive me to problematize the representation of millenarianism as it was depicted by Umberto Eco in his The Name of the Rose (1980). Indeed, is Dulcinian millenarianism intended by the novel as a prefiguration of the political terrorism in Italy during the Years of Lead? Or is this only a wink, a joking interaction with the reader, who should be careful to rely not on the symbolic strength of analogies? ; A partire dalla produzione saggistica e letteraria di Umberto Eco, l'articolo analizzerà l'immaginario del Medioevo inteso come culla di ogni genere di millenarismo. La trattazione prenderà avvio dal suo saggio Palinsesto su Beato (1963); tenendo conto dell'originalità della prospettiva strutturalista di Eco, si confronterà l'ultima riedizione di questo scritto con un quadro bibliografico sul ruolo dell'Apocalisse di San Giovanni in seno alla tradizione occidentale. Il primo riferimento sarà la tesi genealogica di Karl Löwith, il quale nel suo Significato e fine della storia (1949) affermò che le moderne filosofie della storia ...

This thesis studies the literary production of Estercilia Simanca Pushaina and Miguelángel López Hernández authors published in Colombia who self-identify as wayuu. During the years 1970-1980, the transcription in conventional alphabetic writing and the translation into Spanish of the wayuu palabra de origen contained in the traditional songs or jayeechis and in the pictographic writing of the indigenous people took place. Our objectiv is to demonstrate that the contemporary literature that follows is a vector of expression of the structures of knowledge carried by the palabra de origen at the same time as it seeks to assert the fundamental rights of the Wayuu by transforming national and international spaces it invests. Thus, the literature of Simanca and López Hernández expresses the agency of the members of the community, despite a desire for the appropriation of indigenous cultural productions by the multicultural state in its search for political legitimacy. It is by emphasizing the agency of Simanca and López Hernández that we can think of the emancipatory character of their literary work, that is to say its conquest of spaces of political and epistemological autonomy by the intermediary of intercultural dialogue. This emancipatory action should be read in connection with the history of the community and with the demands of the indigenous social movements of the twentieth century. Contacts and negotiations in which commercial smuggling plays a central role characterized the history of the Wayuu. Similarly, contemporary literary production sets up circuits of literary smuggling with majoritarian societies in the Americas that challenge their cultural homogeneity by the eruption of indigenous knowledge systems at their centre. ; : Cette thèse étudie la production littéraire d'Estercilia Simanca Pushaina et de Miguelángel López Hernández auteur.e.s publiés en Colombie qui s'auto-identifient comme wayuu. Pendant les années 1970-1980, se produit la transcription en écriture alphabétique conventionnelle et la ...

In the course of sociological analysis, linguistic models of students' historical memory, events and historical figures were identified, that represent, in the opinion of young people, the "political evil" and the "political good" in Russian history. The students identified serfdom, "Stalinist repressions", the famine of the 1920s and 1940s and the wars in Afghanistan and Chechnya as "political evil". The "political good" – the victories in the Patriotic War of 1812, the Great Patriotic War, the flight to space, the 1980 and 2014 Olympics. The author's sociological studies of the largest Russian megalopolises have revealed the complexity and inconsistency of the historical memory of student youth. The study established the adherence of student youth to liberal ideology, a shallow awareness of the life of their family, their kin in earlier periods of Russian history, from pre-revolutionary times to the lives of their relatives in the 20-40s of the XX century, the association of "political good" with the achievements of our country and the association of "political evil" with defeats and reforms. ; В ходе социологического анализа были выявлены языковые модели исторической памяти студентов, события и исторические деятели, представляющие собой, по мнению молодежи, «политическое зло» и «политическое добро» в истории России. В качестве политического зла студенты назвали крепостное право, «сталинские репрессии», голод 20–40-х гг. ХХ в., войны в Афганистане и Чечне; в качестве политического добра – победы в Отечественной войне 1812 г., в Великой Отечественной войне, полет в Космос, олимпиады 1980 г. и 2014 г. Авторские социологические исследования крупнейших российских мегаполисов выявили сложность, противоречивость исторической памяти студенческой молодежи. В ходе исследования была установлена приверженность студенческой молодежи либеральной идеологии, неглубокая осведомленность о жизни своей семьи, своего рода в более ранние периоды российской истории, начиная с дореволюционного времени, заканчивая жизнью своих ...