Suchergebnisse

As the oldest of the military religious orders and the one with an unexpected and dramatic downfall, the knighthood of the Templars continues to fascinate academics and students as well as the public at large. A collection of fifteen chapters accompanied by a historical introduction, The Templars: The Rise, Fall, and Legacy of a Military Religious Order recounts and analyzes this community's rise and establishment in both the crusader states of the eastern Mediterranean and the countries of western Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, reflects on the proceedings launched against it and its subsequent fall (1307-1314), and explores its medieval and post-medieval legacy, including an assessment of current research pertaining to the Templars and suggestions for future explorations. Showcasing a wide range of methodological approaches and primary source materials, this volume unites historical, art-historical, theological, archaeological, and historiographical perspectives, and it features the work and voices of scholars from various academic generations who reside in eight different countries (Israel, France, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Germany, Poland, and the United States of America).

With the European Union making the rapid steps forward, there has been a permanent demand for precise knowledge of history of unified Europe. One still wonders how did the Romans manage to build Pax Romana, which was a bit more a commonwealth than an Empire. With Western and Eastern Europe now motivated firmly to build a common European house, these ideas seem to be quite interesting. As to Georgia, being a member of the Council of Europe, moving rapidly toward NATO, she had the same aspirations toward the Graeco-Roman World. This article deals with what can be labeled as making of Europe.

Porcelain was invented in medieval China―but its secret recipe was first reproduced in Europe by an alchemist in the employ of the Saxon king Augustus the Strong. Saxony's revered Meissen factory could not keep porcelain's ingredients secret for long, however, and scores of Holy Roman princes quickly founded their own mercantile manufactories, soon to be rivaled by private entrepreneurs, eager to make not art but profits. As porcelain's uses multiplied and its price plummeted, it lost much of its identity as aristocratic ornament, instead taking on a vast number of banal, yet even more culturally significant, roles. By the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it became essential to bourgeois dining, and also acquired new functions in insulator tubes, shell casings, and teeth.

A simple sentence. Towards a new interpretation of sovereignty in the Belgian Constitution / Raf Geenens, Brecht Deseure, Stefan Sottiaux -- Constitutionalism in restoration Europe / Markus J. Prutsch -- Benjamin Constant and the limits of popular sovereignty / Nora Timmermans -- Abbé Sieyès : the immanent and transcendent nation / Olga Bashkina -- The liberal and Catholic origins of the Belgian Constitution. From the opposition under the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the Constitutional Debates of 1830-1831 / Stefaan Marteel -- The Coppet Group and the political liberalism of the Belgian founding fathers / Christophe Maes -- Constituent power in the Belgian National Congress and the 1831 Belgian Constitution / Christophe Maes, Bas Leijssenaar -- 'All powers emanate from the nation'. People, nation and sovereignty in the Belgian Constitution of 1831 / Brecht Deseure, Christophe Maes -- Belgium's 1831 representative system : making representation national again / Christophe Maes, Brecht Deseure -- The monist nation and the general will : Raymond Carré de Malberg on sovereignty / Olga Bashkina -- Pulling the curtain on the national sovereignty myth. Sovereignty and referendums in Belgian constitutional doctrine / Christophe Maes, Brecht Deseure, Ronald Van Crombrugge -- Laboratories for democracy. Democratic renewal in the Belgian Federation / Ronald Van Crombrugge -- A non-populist direct democracy for Belgium / Nenad Stojanović -- Democratic constitution-making under the Belgian Constitution. Utilising its untapped potential / Ronald Van Crombrugge -- Sovereignty without sovereignty. The Belgian solution / Raf Geenens.

This paper analyzes the impact of corporate taxes on structural unemployment, using an applied general equilibrium model for the European Union. We find that the unemployment and welfare effects of corporate taxes differ considerably among European countries. The magnitude of these effects rise in particular in the broadness of the corporate tax base of a country, and the strength of international spillover effects through foreign direct investment. The effect on unemployment is smaller if the substitution elasticity between labour and capital is large, if international spillover effects operate primarily via multinational profit shifting, and if equilibrium forces on the labour market are strong. Although the effect of corporate taxes on unemployment may be smaller than the effect of labour and value-added taxes (e.g. under relatively strong real wage resistance), the welfare costs of corporate taxation are typically larger for most European countries under plausible parameters, especially under strong international spillovers.

Bibliography at end of each chapter. ; Mode of access: Internet.

'A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change' by Robert Bideleux annd Ian Jeffries is reviewed.

Twentieth-century Europe saw many international schemes for the forced resettlement of national minorities. This text draws a comprehensive and wide-ranging historical narrative of this population transfer, examining the thinking that informed the solution for the so-called 'minorities problem'.

This excellent and concise summary of the social and economic history of Europe in the Middle Ages examines the changing patterns and developments in agriculture, commerce, trade, industry and transport that took place during the millennium between the fall of the Roman Empire and the discovery of the New World. After outlining the trends in demography, prices, rent, and wages and in the patterns of settlement and cultivation, the author also summarizes the basic research done in the last twenty-five years in many aspects of the social and economic history of medieval Europe, citing French, Ge

This book provides a concise and accessible account of the historical experience of European parliaments - why different electoral systems were adopted, how they have functioned, how they have affected the development of political parties, and in what respects they have been found over time to be either suitable or unsatisfactory. The book begins with a summary of the main electoral systems, analysing and re-assessing each in the light of historical experience. The core of the book, however, is a country-by-country account of the systems which have operated in each of the main West European.