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When (and why) do legislators quit their jobs? Previous answers to this question have focused on retirements. Looking at voluntary resignations instead, in this article we argue that leaving Congress to assume an elected (executive) office or a position in the (sub)national bureaucracy may be a career‐advancing move motivated by progressive ambition. We document this claim with data from Argentina, where roughly 12% of elected deputies leave voluntarily before their term ends, but rarely become unemployed. Consistent with expectations, we show that resignations tend to follow instances of executive alternation at the (sub)national level, and are driven by legislators placed at the top of party lists as well as those elected in midterm years.

1. Introduction As described in the earlier chapters, one of the entry points in our study of urban governance was the supply and demand of services. Education is one important service that we studied in three of the four cities (Delhi, Hyderabad and Kolkata). Our focus was on primary education. Many changes have taken place in the area of education in the past fifteen to twenty years. First, universal primary education is increasingly viewed as a major important policy objective, both in order to enhance individual capabilities and as a way to stimulate economic growth. This is reflected in the adoption in 2002 of the 86th Constitutional Amendment, making free and compulsory education a fundamental right. The Planning Commission regards education as 'the most critical element in empowering people with skills and knowledge and giving them access to productive employment in the future' (GoI, 2006: 45). Second, the demand for education has significantly increased. As the Probe report (1999) observed, many parents, also from sections of the population that were hitherto excluded from education, would like to send their children to school. Literacy rates have gone up significantly, which is why the 1990s is labeled as the literacy decade. Third, there has been a rapid increase in private providers. Especially in urban India, but also in rural India, many children go to private, often English-medium schools. Fourth, civil society actors have become more prominent in the field of education. There are a number of very large and influential and a lot of small NGOs that work with or complement the government, or that monitor progress in a critical manner. Fifth, in order to improve the quality of education and in conjunction with the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, there have been efforts to decentralize school management.

"Der Beitrag beinhaltet erste Zwischenergebnisse eines von der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung geförderten, empirischen Forschungsprojekts. Verglichen werden die Auswirkungen fortschreitenden Personalabbaus auf die Arbeitsemotionen und die psychologischen Verträge in drei deutschen Fallstudienbetrieben. Diese unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich Branchenzugehörigkeit, Größe und Mitbestimmungsstrukturen. Zwar führen sowohl betriebsbedingte Kündigungen als auch 'sozialverträgliche' Formen des Personalabbaus zu psychischen Belastungen und Stress. Gleichwohl korrespondieren die Arbeitsemotionen mit dem Grad der Verrechtlichung der Arbeitsbeziehung, aber auch mit der Mobilisierungsfähigkeit der Belegschaften sowie mit den von diesen kalkulierten externen Arbeitsmarktchancen. Wie die MitarbeiterInnen Personalabbau und analog stattfindende Restrukturierungen wahrnehmen und verarbeiten wird u.a. durch jene Regelungen beeinflusst, die die jeweiligen Arbeitnehmerinteressenvertreter mit dem Management aushandeln konnten." (Autorenreferat)

Introduction to The Problem: The resignation of the regional head and/or vice today is a serious problem, both in the perspective of democracy, law, and even budget politics. Run as regional head and/or vice is a right, but maintaining the mandate after being elected is an obligation. It is compounded by the political direction of the law, which creates a pragmatically oriented political configuration, thus facilitating the resignation process. Of course, this atmosphere, in addition to injuring constituency, also contradicts democracy and the direction of its legal goal.Purpose/Objective Study: This research is based on two problem formulations, first, how is the regulation related to the resignation of the regional head and/or vice in the perspective of legal politics? Second, how are the resignation of the regional head and/or vice seen from a democratic perspective?Design/Methodology/Approach: This research uses a juridical-conceptual approach with a multidisciplinary method. The secondary data is analyzed qualitatively both on a juridical basis (legislation) and conceptually (democratic construction) so that the results will be obtained not only descriptive but also prescriptive.Findings: The regulations that are formed are still very pragmatic in the interests of the party. Therefore, the political configuration is still a preference to accommodate the rights and interests of political elites who seem oligarchic. Furthermore, this attitude of resignation also does not reflect the attitude of a democrat because it only focuses on his rights and annuls his obligations.Paper Type: Research Article

In the Italian social context difficulties in remaining in the labor market characterizes working mothers, leading them sometimes to resign from their jobs. The aim of this research is to explore narratives of those women dropping out of the workforce during pregnancy and soon after childbirth and their experiences in these circumstances. The study analysed 30 interviews with working mothers with an average age of 35.4 years, living in Naples, Italy, who "spontaneously" left their jobs. Grounded Theory Methodology allowed a deeper understanding of these women's thoughts, feelings, and experiences. The content of the interviews was categorized into 4 macro-areas: (1) The role of the family and of the working contexts, (2) Mothering and caregiving (3) Identity conflicts, and (4) The consequences of resignation. A sense of helplessness towards fulfilling maternal expectations, role assignments, and employers' requests ultimately led to the individuals' response to the requirements of motherhood. The narratives highlighted how respondents feel powerless and oppressed by the burden of guilt and feelings of ambivalence towards both work and motherhood and how all these subjective feelings were supported and had been induced by external social factors (discriminatory business strategies, organizational time management, lack of support services, familial cultural models idealizing maternity).

This Armed Forces & Society symposium on the ethics of senior officer resignation in the United States includes a collection of four papers, each looking at principled resignation in different ways. Two authors, Dubik and Snider, believe principled resignation of senior military officers is sometimes justified, especially in wartime, where their inherent morals clash with their professional demands; these senior officer's ability to resign in protest distinguishes their service to this nation between stewards and servants. Conversely, Feaver and Kohn believe principled resignation is almost never justified as this action weakens the military profession and ultimately threatens national security. Further, the disastrous effects increase the ever present friction and mistrust in the civil-military process. Each author answers the question in the context of current American civil military relations and it is their hope that this symposium will lead to further discussions, research, and policies regarding the ethics surrounding the issue.