Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Preface -- Praise for Backstage Democracy -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Concepts -- Actor Discretion -- Scope of Discretion -- 3 Context and Methodology -- Context -- Methodology -- 4 Practices in Practice -- Core Agents -- Discretionary Practices -- Employing Influential Politicians, Bureaucrats and Experts (LU4, LU6, LU9) -- Acquisition of Party Status (LU5) -- Legislative Proposals (LU2, IU1) -- Access to Voters (LU7) -- Milking the State's Real Estate (LU15, IU10) -- Ignoring Laws (IU11, IU12) -- Intentional Negligence (IU7) -- Evading Regulation: Funds Through Funds (LU10, LU11, IU6) -- Small Favors and Gifts (LU1, LU3, LU13) -- Pet Projects (LU12, LU14) -- Leadership Unplugged (IU1, IE2, IU14) -- Applying Psychological Pressure (IU15, IU16) -- Political Racketeering (IU5) -- Nepotism or "Landing Platforms" (IU8, IU14) -- Courts as Networks of Friends (LU8) -- Leakage of Information (IU2, IE1, IU3) -- Abuse of Media Power (IU3, IU4, IU13) -- 5 Drivers of Continuity -- Entrenched Power Networks -- Hierarchical Organizational Cultures -- Fragmentation of Power -- 6 Drivers of Change -- Legislative and Procedural Gaps -- Fragmentation of Power -- Role of Technology -- EU and Other IOs -- Local Pressure Institutions -- 7 Evaluating Exclusive Situationalism and Its Broader Horizons -- Concepts Under Scrutiny -- Broader Horizons of Situationalism -- Incentives for Change -- Beyond Incentives -- Limitations and Future Research -- 8 Conclusions -- Exhibit A: List of Interviewees -- Exhibit B: MPs and Their Private (Business) Interests as Declared to Chief Official Ethics Commission for 2003 -- Index.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1 The Financial Stability Board - A Mixed Track Record at the Center of Global Financial Governance -- The Birth of the Financial Stability Board -- The Track Record of the FSB -- Overall Argument -- The FSB as a Government Network -- Contestation Within the FSB and the Power of Reputation -- Legislative Reluctance -- Method -- Outline of the Book -- 2 The Power of a Government Network - and its Limits -- Globalization: From Hierarchy to Network -- The Rise of the Regulatory State -- The Rise of Government Networks -- Legislators - Falling Behind -- Competing Explanations -- Global Governance of Climate Change and Artificial Intelligence -- 3 Timely Implementation and Mock Compliance With Basel III -- Government Network -- Alternative Explanations -- 4 OTC Derivatives -- The Puzzle -- Government Network -- Trans-Atlantic Coordination Failure -- Regulatory Fragmentation in the United States -- Fragmentation in Trade Reporting -- Alternative Explanations -- Conclusion -- 5 The Never-Ending Too-Big-To-Fail Story -- The Puzzle -- Government Network -- Bail-in -- Crisis-Management Groups and Cooperation Agreements -- Temporary Stay on Early Termination Rights -- Alternative Explanations -- PLAC, GLAC, TLAC - The Sound of Basel -- Conclusion -- 6 Effectiveness and Legitimacy of Government Networks -- Why Global Financial Governance? -- Effectiveness -- Legitimacy -- Democratic Legitimacy at the International Level? -- Stakeholder Inclusion -- Deliberative Equality -- Expert Councils - A Proposal -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.

In this chapter, we aim to compare the Nordic societies in a broad fashion in the last 200 years in their process of "sailing" (with the implication of rough waters along the way) from social fragmentation to more inclusive welfare societies. Our main goal is to examine the co-evolution of economic, political, and fiscal factors among the Nordic societies in the long-run by making use of recent longitudinal datasets. In this way we can map out some key patterns that characterized the shift toward more peaceful and well-functioning societies. First, we focus on the process towards economic and political convergence that took place, with some exceptions, in the latter part of the 20th century. Second, we also examine how these processes of convergence translated into the realm of fiscal and social policies, and to what extent they were related to decreasing levels of social fragmentation. The chapter shows that the paths towards welfare states were not uniform among the Nordic countries, and that some of the pivotal forces and periods were connected to various types of crises, namely that these were not processes that were smooth or inevitable. We conclude our paper with some general findings and discussion of current day problems among the Nordic societies from a comparative historical perspective.

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 2 International Law, Globalization, and Transformation -- 2.1 International Law and Globalization -- 2.1.1 Globalization, Sovereignty and Changing Structures -- 2.1.1.1 Rise of Network Society -- 2.1.1.2 Erosion of Sovereignty -- 2.1.2 Challenges of Globalization towards International Law -- 2.1.2.1 Dimension of Transformation: From Westphalian towards Post-Westphalian -- 2.1.2.1.1 New Law for a New World -- 2.1.2.1.2 From "Law of Cooperation" towards "Law of Integration" -- 2.1.2.2 Expansion of International Community -- 2.1.2.2.1 International Organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) -- 2.1.2.2.2 Individuals and Impact of Human Rights -- 2.1.2.3 A New Normative Framework -- 2.1.2.4 Fragmentation and International Law -- 2.1.2.4.1 Increasing Differentiation and Fragmentation -- 2.1.2.4.2 New Spaces, Regimes and Jurisdictional Rules -- 2.1.2.5 Blurring Borderline Between Public and Private Law -- 2.1.2.6 Paradigm Shifts -- 2.1.2.6.1 Earlier Shifts: International Community -- 2.1.2.6.2 Post-War Shifts -- 2.2 Responses to the Transformation: An Inquiry for a New Paradigm? -- 2.2.1 The Rise of the Idea of Global Law -- 2.2.2 Global Law and Constructivism -- 2.2.3 A Global Public Order? A Genealogy of Pluralism, Administrative Law and Constitutionalism -- 2.2.3.1 Global Legal Pluralism -- 2.2.3.2 Global Administrative Law -- 2.2.3.3 Global Constitutionalism -- 3 Constitutionalism in Global Context: A Developing Discourse -- 3.1 Mapping Global Constitutionalism Theories -- 3.1.1 Global Constitutionalist Theories: Assumption of an Ongoing Constitutionalization Process -- 3.1.1.1 Holistic Approaches: World State, Cosmopolitanism, Universalism -- 3.1.1.1.1 Cosmopolitanism and "the World State" -- 3.1.1.1.1.1 Kantian Tradition and Cosmopolitanism

The International Law and Policy of Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms /Tomer Broude and Yuval Shany --Conflict of Norms or Conflict of Laws? Different Techniques in the Fragmentation of International Law /Ralf Michaels and Joost Pauwelyn --The Power of Secondary Rules to Connect the International and National Legal Orders /Andre Nollkaemper --Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms from the Standpoint of Governments /Erik Denters and Tarcisio Gazzini --Interpreting Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms : Judicial Borrowing in International Courts /Benedikt Pirker --Jurisdictions and Applicable Law Clauses : Where does a Tribunal find the Principal Norms Applicable to the Case before it? /Lorand Bartels --The OSPAR Convention, the Aarhus Convention, and EC Law : Normative and Institutional Fragmentation on the Right of Access to Environmental Information /Nikolaos Lavranos --EU Review of UN Anti-Terror Sanctions : Judicial Juggling in a Four-Layer, Multi-Sourced, Equivalent-Norms Scenario /Guy Harpaz --The Interaction between International Investment Law and Human Rights Treaties : A Sociological Perspective /Moshe Hirsch --Delineating Primary and Secondary Rules on Necessity at International Law /Jurgen Kurtz --Equivalent Primary Rules and Differential Secondary Rules : Countermeasures in WTO and Investment Protection Law /Martins Paparinskis --Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms and the Legitimacy of Indigenous Peoples' Rights under International Law /Claire Charters --Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms : Concluding Thoughts /Robert Howse.

This monograph is a major survey of East Central European (ECE) political elites and concentrates on Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. It is grounded within classic elite theory slightly adapted to ECE necessities. More practically, the book examines political elite composition and identifies political elite fragmentation in ECE. The author questions that East Central European political elites have incorporated democratic values and conduct. The main argument is that there is a significant gap between the formal democratic ECE institutions and political elite behaviour. This gap has different dimensions which are relevant at the domestic level and also cause problems at the EU level. Ultimately, the political elite-institution gap questions democratic political achievements after 1989. In providing a major analysis of ECE political elite structure and conduct the book points to the most urgent challenges of ECE political systems – the reform of the political elite. From the content: The Importance of Analysing ECE Elites Forms of Political Elite Formation and Activity Political Elite Fragmentation in ECE Elite Formation and Reproduction in East Central Europe Patterns of Political Elite Behaviour Influencing Political Elite Behaviour Institutional Change after 1989 The Relationship between Europeanisation and Euroscepticism Elite Systems in East Central Europe Case Studies: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary Implications of Elite Attitudes for Europeanisation Political Elites: Incapable Europeanisers?

Ecological effects of aviation / T. Kelly and J. Allan -- The local costs to ecological services associated with high seas global transport / R. Mann -- Shipwrecked : shipping impacts on the biota of the Mediterranean Sea / B.S. Galil -- Snakes and ladders : navigable waterways as invasion corridors / B.S. Galil and D. Minchin -- The transport and the spread of living aquatic species / D. Minchin -- Small craft and the spread of exotic species / D. Minchin ... [et al.] -- The environmental impacts of private car transport on the sustainability of Irish settlements / R. Moles, W. Foley and B. O'Regan -- Mortality in wildlife due to transportation / A. Seiler and J.-O. Helldin -- Habitat fragmentation due to transport infrastructure : practical considerations / E. O'Brien -- Restoring habitat connectivity across transport corridors : identifying high-priority locations for de-fragmentation with the use of an expert-based model / E.A. van der Grift and R. Pouwels -- Habitat and corridor function of rights-of-way / M.P. Huijser and A.P. Clevenger -- Impact of road traffic on breeding bird populations / R. Reijnen and R. Foppen -- Towards the sustainable development of modern road ecosystems / L.M.J. Dolan et al. -- Environmental impacts of transport, related to tourism and leisure activities / J. Davenport and T.A. Switalski -- Contaminants and pollutants / D. Stengel, S. O'Reilly and J. O'Halloran

In this study, we propose to investigate whether the geometric model and vegetation cover of restinga remnants influences the diversity of ants on the Northern Coast of Bahia. Using Winkler extractors and baits of honey and sardines, the ants were collected from five restinga remnants. Correlations were made between the percentage of soil with vegetation cover, circularity and fractal dimension index and the diversity and richness of ants. Lastly, Kendall correlations and Theil-Kendall regression were performed. The diversity index of ants was not associated with the percentage of soil with vegetation cover. The diversity and richness of terrestrial ants were negatively influenced by the circularity index and positively by the fractal dimension index. The circularity index was inversely proportional, while the fractal dimension index was equivalent to the ant diversity index. The similarity dendrogram showed that areas with less fragmentation had similar myrmecofauna composition. The vegetation cover of the soil does not influence the diversity of ants, but the fragmentation of the areas and the geometric model measured by the fractal dimension index have an influence, being possible that the type of soil, in general, prevents the nesting of a larger volume of species and mask the possibility of finding a closer relationship between these variables.

This dissertation interweaves two distinct but interdependent projects. The first is the application of the statistical equilibrium framework for studying local public goods data. It constitutes a first step in a longer term project aimed at building a statistical mechanics picture of the complex and evolving process of local government fragmentation across the entire spectrum of urban locales in the US. The second is a philosophical exploration of the nature of principle-based inference in economic statistical equilibrium models. The results of this philosophical analysis, decidedly structured from the practitioner's point of view and reflective of the procedural habits involved in estimating statistical models, pave the way for future research at the intersection of semantic, theories of information, statistical mechanics and political economy. ; Cette thèse mêle deux projets distincts mais interdépendants. Le premier est l'application du cadre de l'équilibre statistique à l'étude des données des biens publics locaux. Il constitue une première étape d'un projet à plus long terme visant à construire une image quantitative d'un processus complexe et évolutif, celui de la fragmentation des gouvernements locaux aux États-Unis. Le second est une exploration philosophique de l'inférence modale (basée sur des principes) dans le cadre des modèles d'équilibre statistiques en économie. Cette analyse se situe à l'intersection des théories sémantiques de l'information, de la mécanique statistique et de l'économie politique.

This dissertation interweaves two distinct but interdependent projects. The first is the application of the statistical equilibrium framework for studying local public goods data. It constitutes a first step in a longer term project aimed at building a statistical mechanics picture of the complex and evolving process of local government fragmentation across the entire spectrum of urban locales in the US. The second is a philosophical exploration of the nature of principle-based inference in economic statistical equilibrium models. The results of this philosophical analysis, decidedly structured from the practitioner's point of view and reflective of the procedural habits involved in estimating statistical models, pave the way for future research at the intersection of semantic, theories of information, statistical mechanics and political economy. ; Cette thèse mêle deux projets distincts mais interdépendants. Le premier est l'application du cadre de l'équilibre statistique à l'étude des données des biens publics locaux. Il constitue une première étape d'un projet à plus long terme visant à construire une image quantitative d'un processus complexe et évolutif, celui de la fragmentation des gouvernements locaux aux États-Unis. Le second est une exploration philosophique de l'inférence modale (basée sur des principes) dans le cadre des modèles d'équilibre statistiques en économie. Cette analyse se situe à l'intersection des théories sémantiques de l'information, de la mécanique statistique et de l'économie politique.

This article addresses the current confrontation between the United States and China in the context of the history of international relations and civilization expansions. The work demonstrates how most attempts to analyze the essence of this important phenomenon in modern world politics are based on too narrow a view: both from the standpoint of world history and the entire system of modern international relations. The author introduces the concepts of "Westernism" and "Westernist period" in order to describe the modern world. These terms are reminiscent of "Hellenism" and "Hellenistic period", which the period of the global spread of Western civilizational models. Using world history as an example, the author examines characteristic features of such periods and concludes that the wide geographical spread of the cultural forms of any civilization and the civilizational unity caused by it historically did not lead to complete political unity. As a rule, this spread ended in a period of fragmentation, which in the sense of international relations can be called multipolarity. The author infers that the current Sino-US conflict is neither purely civilizational nor geopolitical, but it demonstrates that civilizationally united westernized world enters a period of political fragmentation. This is how one should understand the process, which in the modern foreign policy language is called the transition from unipolarity to multipolarity.

In this chapter, the authors aim to compare the Nordic societies in a broad fashion in the last 200 years in their process of "sailing" (with the implication of rough waters along the way) from social fragmentation to more inclusive welfare societies. The authors' main goal is to examine the coevolution of economic, political, and fiscal factors among the Nordic societies in the long run by making use of recent longitudinal data sets. In this way, they can map out some key patterns that characterized the shift toward more peaceful and well-functioning societies. First, the authors focus on the process towards economic and political convergence that took place, with some exceptions, in the latter part of the 20th century. Second, they also examine how these processes of convergence translated into the realm of fiscal and social policies and to what extent they were related to decreasing levels of social fragmentation. The chapter shows that the paths towards welfare states were not uniform among the Nordic countries and that some of the pivotal forces and periods were connected to various types of crises, namely, that these were not processes that were smooth or inevitable. The chapter concludes with some general findings and a discussion of current-day problems among the Nordic societies from a comparative historical perspective. ; peerReviewed

Agricultural mechanization is essential to increase farmers' income in modern agriculture. However, the use of machinery for crop production in China is quite inefficient. To understand the obstacles limiting farmers' use of machinery, we conducted face-to-face interview surveys with 1023 farmers (including cooperative directors, machine operators, and farmers without machines) in two major cereal-producing regions with large differences in farming scale: the North China Plain (2.7 ha per capita) and the Northeast China Plain (12.8 ha per capita). The results revealed that farmers in both regions had strong will to use machines. The obstacle preventing farmers from buying machines was the lack of machinery training in the Northeast China Plain and land fragmentation in the North China Plain. Among different farmer groups, land fragmentation was the main barrier for cooperative directors. Farmers without machines thought that there was lack of machinery training and that the cost of machinery purchase was high. Machine operators believed that machine maintenance was too expensive. The income and age also had an effect on the different groups of farmer. It is concluded that, to improve mechanization efficiency and stimulate farmers' intention to use machinery, the government should make policies to encourage the merge of fragmented farmlands, provide targeted subsidies for agricultural machinery, and organize machinery training in an efficient way.

Three different rotational speeds (800, 1000 and 1250 rpm) and traverse speeds of (0.42 mm/sec) at a constant taped pin have been employed to produce the stir zones generated from friction stir processing (FSP) of near eutectic Al- 14 wt.% Si alloy. The processed samples were thoroughly analyzed macroscopically and microscopically. The as-cast microstructure of eutectic (α Al+ Si) and primary Si were fragmented to produce spheroidization of small size of Si and deformed matrix. The stir zones showed an increase in hardness from around 45-50 Hv for as-cast to 40-65 depending on the variables applied. All the processed samples were characterized by advanced and retreated regions with large single piping defects formed mainly at the retreated region. High temperature spheroidization at 500 oC with two soaking times of 10 and 20 hrs was applied for the processed sample of 1000 rpm to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the silicon fragmentation and hardness. Growth and fragmentation of Si have taken place at soaking time of 10 hrs. At soaking time of 20 hrs noticeable microvoids and macrovoids were formed at the stir zones. Microhardness of both the advancing and the retreating regions decreased with increasing soaking time.