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Twenty-one years after the signing of the Dayton Agreement, BiH continues to face persistent socio-political tensions, a difficult economic situation and outlook as well as problems with ethnic relations. Given BiH's history of violence, heed ought to be paid to the lack of progress associated with the reconciliation process between ethnic groups. Based on analysis of in-depth interviews, carried out between 2011 and 2015, this paper argues that focusing attention on individual responsibility for the atrocities committed during the 1992-1995 war, rather than on collective guilt, will lay the groundwork to more positive intergroup relations. Collective guilt or shame contributes to negative affect, which strengthens denial and avoidance. This article discusses how perceived outgroup heterogeneity decreases long term intergroup polarization and facilitates the participation of the "other" group's members to prevent future violence. Also, this paper addresses the question of the "black sheep effectˮ, as research in social psychology demonstrates the tendency for group members to disparage an ingroup member who has violated an important social norm, rule or law. Once a reorientation toward the "other" begins, the process is likely to continue so long as it is reinforced by the ingroup as a social norm.

This article is dedicated to researching the women's diplomacy in France in the first half of the XVI century from the perspective of gender history. Despite the fact that ambassadorial offices were mostly occupied by men, women could still perform as diplomats both officially and informally. The image of a woman as a politician is revealed on the example of diplomatic activity of Duchess of Angoulme Louise de Savoy, mother of Francis I de Valois. The article determines her position among the power elites from contemporaries' point of view. The article also reveals the role of a high-ranking lady in exercising diplomatic functions and highlights the features of the official correspondence form of the king's mother. The main directions of foreign policy during the regencies of Louise of Savoy are determined. The role of royal women in exercising diplomatic functions in relation to the political aspects of making the Ladies' Peace in 1529 in Cambrai is considered. The author concludes that personality factors, political authority and personal relations played a major role in women's diplomatic work. In the conditions of instability of the French crown, Louise of Savoy manages to avoid the political and economic crisis in the country and create a unique precedent in the sphere of foreign affairs. This allowed her successors to expand diplomatic networks further by continuously conducting correspondence. Apart from concluding traditional dynastic alliances, diplomatic activity included negotiations, carried out by ladies either through trusted ambassadors or in person, signing peace agreements, and forming their own female diplomatic clientele. ; Настоящая статья посвящена изучению женской дипломатии во Франции первой половины XVI в. с точки зрения гендерной истории. Несмотря на то что посольские должности были монополизированы мужчинами, женщины все же могли принимать участие во внешней политике как официально, так и неофициально. На примере дипломатической деятельности герцогини Ангулемской Луизы Савойской, матери короля Франциска I де Валуа, раскрывается образ женщины как политика ренессансной эпохи, определяется ее место во властной структуре в представлении современников. В статье также выявляется роль высокопоставленной дамы в ведении дипломатических практик, выделяются особенности формуляра официальной корреспонденции матери короля. Определяются основные направления внешней политики в периоды регентств Луизы Савойской, рассматриваются конкретные политические аспекты заключения Дамского мира в Камбре 1529 г. Автор делает вывод, что в женской дипломатической работе главную роль играл персональный фактор, наличие политического веса и связей с определенной группой лиц. В условиях нестабильности французской короны Луизе Савойской удается избежать политического и экономического кризиса в стране и создать уникальный прецедент внешнеполитической активности, что позволило ее преемницам в дальнейшем раскинуть более широкие дипломатические сети путем беспрерывного ведения переписки. Помимо заключения традиционных династических союзов, к дипломатическим практикам добавляется ведение дамами переговоров как опосредованно через доверенных послов, так и непосредственно лично, подписание мирных соглашений и формирование собственной женской дипломатической клиентелы.

Caption title: An agreement of the people of England and the places therewith incorporated.Ascribed to John Lilburne. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; MU: Pre-1801 imprint.

In a discussion on Frances definition of the Syrian borders following WWI, the author traces the border conflicts & agreements that threatened peace in the Levant since the Mudros armistice to argue that the amicable solution between Turkey & France was achieved by diplomatic cordiality, patience, & the promise of Syrian independence. A historical narrative describes the disputes between Turco-French & Anglo-French interests in the development of the Syrian border under Allied occupation, the Ankara Agreement, The Convention of Friendship & Good Neighbourly Relations, and the Dutch Delimitation Convention. The establishment of the Permanent Frontier Commission, & the Turko-French Agreement of 1939 is argued to be credited to the patience, tact, & personal charm of the then Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs.

THIS PAPER STUDIED DIFFICULTIES IN THE CURRENT CARTOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTION CONCERNING THE POLITICAL MAP OF GERMANY DUE TO THE FACT THAT THE BORDER WITH EAST GERMANY AND WITH POLAND ARE NOT DE JURE ACCORDING TO THE BORDERS OF THE GERMAN REICH AS OF DEC 31 1937 THIS ISSUE IS IMPORTANT IN GERMANY AS DIFFERENT POLITICAL SYSTEMS ARE CONTAINED IN THE DIFFERENT FRONTIERS AND BORDERS CONTRIBUTE TO THE TERRITORIAL IDENTIFY OF A GROUP. IN THE PAST THE INTEGRATION OF LANDSCAPE GEOGRAPHY AND NATIONAL IDENTITY LED TOWARD AN EDUCATION FOR WAR. TO GIVE AN IDEA OF THE POLITICAL MENTALITY WHICH IS SYMBOLIZED BY THE DIFFERENT BORDERS, IT IS USEFUL TO TRANSFORM THE CARTOGRAPHIC LINES INTO A SORT OF 'MENTAL MAP', INTO A STUDY OF GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION. AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS STUDY WE LOOK AT THE TRADITION OF TERRITORIAL SOCIALIZATION, AT 'THE GERMAN CURRICULUM FOR WAR' WHICH HAS INFLUENCED SO MUCH OF OUR CENTURY. LOOKING AT POST-WAR GERMANY, WE HAVE TO ANALYSE THE PHENOMENON OF 'TOTALITARIANISM AS A BASIS FOR INGROUP-OUTGROUP EDUCATION'. THIS POLITICAL DOCTRINE IS ALSO AN IDEOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION TO 'WESTERN' AND 'EASTERN LESSONS ON POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY'. THE CONCLUDING DISCUSSIONS ARE ON 'BUNDESWEBR (WEST GERMAN ARMY) AND SAFEGUARDING THE PEACE AS A SUBJECT AT SCHOOL', AND 'THE FUTURE FOR "PEACE EDUCATION AT SCHOOL"'.

Following the recent endorsement of the U.S.-Afghanistan bilateral security agreement by Afghanistan's Loya Jirga, a new CFR report outlines the composition, role, and rationale for the roughly ten thousand U.S. troops that will possibly remain in the country after the 2014 drawdown. The authors explain how the United States should manage the complex political, security, and economic challenges that will accompany the reduction in U.S. and allied forces. They argue for a force of eight to twelve thousand troops to assist Afghan national security forces and prevent a resurgence of al-Qaeda

Role of NATO in a post-cold war world. Contents: Russia first; Let Europe take care of itself; Return to a balance of power; The democratic peace; Expand NATO now; Can NATO survive as is; Is consensus possible?

In international relations, especially relations between countries, it will always have the potential to have cooperation, agreements, even disputes. In general, all countries in the world make relations between countries as a manifestation of wanting peace because every country definitely needs other countries to be able to meet their country's needs. The current concept of Diplomacy is something that international actors are currently doing to establish cooperation with a country. However, when the path of diplomacy cannot be used, using hard power in the form of war is an instinctive thing that is done by a country to achieve its interests. Islam has its own perspective and guidance in studying relations between countries, through peace, the concept of diplomacy and the circumstances in which war is permitted.Keywords: Peace-Diplomacy-War, Islamic Perspective, International Relations.

Renewed conflict by ethnic groups in regional peripheries has been a feature of international politics over the last 30 years. This article is mainly concerned with the protracted ethnopolitical conflict in Northern Ireland. The 1998 Good Friday Agreement may have ended the political violence that has shaken the foundations of Northern Ireland's fragile structures since the late 1960s. The Northern Ireland peace process has need of external economic funding to assist in building the peace dividend. The article focuses on the impact & role of the International Fund for Ireland & the European Union's Peace & Reconciliation Fund through the perceptions of senior Irish civil servants, funding agency community development officers, & local community leaders in Belfast, Derry, Dublin, & along both sides of the Irish border. Adapted from the source document.

Granted, there is a touch of the absurd in speaking of the present as the "aftermath" of the war in Vietnam. As the battered populations of Cambodia and Laos have discovered, American "peace with honor" in one part of Indochina has meant little more than a change in bombing targets. Nevertheless, presidential proclamations assure us that peace has been made and honor preserved, and during the first two months following the agreement ceremonially concluded in Paris these assurances fell upon our ears with almost the same regularity as the 110,000 tons of bombs dropped on Indochina. As the remnants of a once mighty peace movement can testify, the warwearied public has been only too willing to accept these assurances and close its eyes to the ugly realities that would threaten the welcome illusion.