Suchergebnisse

MAY, 1904 GETTYSBURG COLlJEGE GETTYSBURG, PA. . 1 M : mmm0m0m*m*mm*mH0mm$mm W. 0. BARBU^KHi * XI And now a monument erected stands O'er that same spot where they fought and died, Who at the last obeyed their Lord's commands, A monument of all its kind the pride, ■ For there the mighty arms of war reside, Aud tho' the shattered oak marks a lost cause, The ivy's twining leaflets ail scars hide, And while our land obeys Sweet Freedom's laws, 'One Country and One Flag.' we'll win the world's applause. v t -#HBJE£jL*U^D»'w ''* ■» * //.'vl*" i THE MERCURY. 91 Bennett had seen the girl but once, yet that indelible first impression which is the making or undoing of so many of us had lurked in the young dentist's mind with provoking tenacity. He was strolling in the park on a spring Sunday, enjoying the genial sunshine and soft breezes laden with the perfumed exhalations of budding shrubbery. Suddenly aware of the presence of some one humming the air of the latest sentimental song, he stepped quickly aside where the narrow gravel walk cut through a tall hedge of boxwood. The path made an abrupt turn on the other side, so that he could not see her coming until she tripped lightly through the opening in the leafy wall and cast her eyes over the grassy sword with an anxious, searching look. Bennett's hat seemed to come off of itself, and the motion, together with his involuntary bow, drew her attention toward him. "Please pardon me, sir," she said, shyly, "but have you noticed a blue straw hat about the grass anywhere ? I was romping with the children and went off without it. So dreadfully forgetful, but then the weather is so delightful one can almost go without—" She stopped, observing by the look on his face that he re-membered having seen it. "Why, yes," he stammered, "it is hanging on the arm of the rustic chair in the summer house, just beyond the crocus beds." "Oh, thank you," she said, with a charming smile, and skipped away, leaving the astonished Bennett staring after her, a merry trill of warbling laughter floating back to him across the green. Ever since that first accidental meeting she had occupied a place in his thoughts. Why was it, he asked himself, that this simple hearted, frivolous girl, of doubtful social position, should have caused him so completely to lose his wonted self-posses-sion— he, Roger Bennett, whose control over his feelings and their outward manifestation was a thing proverbial. There was but one explanation. She had roused in him the long-smoul-dering spark of an emotion which he had thought never existed; had found a loop-hole in the seemingly impregnable fortress of his indifference to the charms of the weaker sex. Had any I til fl«l|| Mil . - , - , . 92 THE MERCURY. I one at this time ventured to jest with the young dentist on the matter, that person would doubtless have received admonition to mind his own business, or something equally as pertinent, and yet Bennett could not rid himself of the conviction that he was genuinely interested in the girl. Several times he thought he recognized her on the street and actually found himself in the act of following; but it always proved to be some one else. He would swear at himself for being the fool of a petticoat, yet all the while chafing and restless under the goad of a nameless and impelling desire to the like of which, up to a short time ago, he had never known. Late one night, just as Bennett was starting to walk from the Club to his apartments, which were not far distant, he was accosted a few doors from the building by a burly fellow who had evidently been watching the entrance for some one he was awaiting. The man growled an apology and asked if Dr. Jenkins had been to the Club that evening. Bennett, wondering what business such a character could have with the doctor, answered in the negative and was about to pass on. But the other seized the dentist's arm, his voice changing tone from obsequious politeness to the gutteral harshness of growing wrath. "So!" he snarled. "Stayed away, has he? Well, the damned old pill-box'll find out a thing or two if he tries to git ahead o' Joe Gilson." Startled at this outburst against his aged friend, and with his own anger rapidly rising, Bennett demanded of the man what business he had with Dr. Jenkins. "Crooked business. His own dirty work, that he wants me to help him out of, and then tries to git without payin' what's comin' to me." Surprised beyond measure at this unexpected revelation, Ben-nett listened eagerly as the man, angered at the loss of another opportunity to blackmail the old physician, turned traitor to the trust for which he had in reality been already well paid, and disclosed to his astonished listener all the details of the strange affair which Dr. Jenkins was conducting in such an underhand way. Hidden in the obscurity of a dark corner, the two men tmdSm^mlwMi^m.lK^^^^f^^^f/j^g^ /.'■* THE MERCURY. 93 conversed for some time in low tones, an exclamation now and then escaping the thoroughly interested Bennett. "What's that! A young girl, did you say !" "Yes, sir. And a beaut', too. Swellest doll yer ever winked yer glims at. Big, blue eyes; bright, yellow hair. Used to be a guverness in some highfalutin' family afore she—" "Hold on a moment. What did you say the street and number was?" The other mumbled the address while Bennett scribbled hastily on the back of a card. Then, thrusting a ten-dollar note into the eager palm of his informant, he hurried down the street and up to his rooms. Lighting a cigarette to soothe his feverishly-excited brain, he dropped into an easy chair and sat until far into the night conjuring up ethereal, im-aginary forms out of the writhing, drifting smoke masses— smiling when he thought he saw a vision of blue eyes and yellow hair, but when the haze resolved itself into the shrewd, pinched visage of Dr. Jenkins, the handsome face of the smoke became distorted into a vicious scowl. ****** A light breeze wafted the perfume of the flowers in the hospital garden through the open window of a room where.a sweet-faced young girl was lying upon a little white bed.' The look of utter weariness upon the face, the temples flushed with color, indicated that the patient was slowly recovering from a pro-tracted illness of fever. As the cool outer air swept gently through the apartment the eyes opened, large and blue, and filled with a mute expression of longing for the outer world and sunshine again. For a moment they watched the tidy nurse busying herself about the room and then closed again. The little white hand brushed back a stray yellow curl from the pale cheek and dropped limply by her side. She was fast asleep. The so.und of carriage wheels on the driveway caused the nurse to start, hurry to the window and look out, as if expect-ing someone. A brougham drew up at the gate. Four elderly, professional-looking gentlemen alighted and walked swiftly up to the main entrance, where they were admitted, as if by pre-ar-rangement, without a moment's delay. The nurse, hearing J I 94 THE MERCURY. them coming up stairs, opened the door softly and greeted them with a frown, her finger to her lips, whereupon they advanced on tip-toe, softly entered the room and began a whispered consultation. Then one of the party, a small, wiry old man, produced a sort of wallet, which he unfolded and laid upon a table, disclosing an array of formidable-looking instru-ments. He next brought forth a small bottle containing a pale yellow fluid, which he held up to the light and regarded with a smile of fiendish satisfaction. The others leaned forward eagerly. "Will you tell us, Dr. Jenkins," said one, "how you purpose to use this in making your scientific test ?" The little doctor held the phial between his thumb and fore-finger, watching the sunlight play through the virulent concoc-tion in little spurts of lambent fire, and began speaking as if he ignored the presence of the other three and was merely talking to himself. "This bottle holds a small quantity of serum con-taining the bacilli of a strange new disease which has lately become alarmingly prevalent among the poorer districts of the city. I have secured some of the germs for the purpose of inoculating a patient and, by close observation, recording the symptoms of the disease for reference in future cases. The inability of the health authorities and medical profession gener-erally to cope with the plague is due to the lack of knowledge of the symptoms, thus they are unable to take any preventive measures until the malady is already far advanced. It is this difficulty that I propose to obviate by the results of this exper-iment. In carrying out my plan I run a great risk on account of the peculiar characteristics of the disease. It may happen that before even my own practiced eye can detect a trace of the disorder it will be already so far advanced that the patient's chances for recovery would be very small indeed. On this account I have observed the utmost secrecy in the whole matter, having taken into my confidence only yourselves, gen-tlemen, the nurse, Miss Simpson, and her lover, Joseph Gilson, whom I was obliged to hire to persuade his sweetheart to act as my accomplice. The subject upon whom I am going to experiment is a young girl who was employed as a governess I . I I THE MERCURY. 95 i until she fell ill with a severe attack of the fever. As she is just now convalescing I think her blood will be in such a weak-ened condition as to readily assimilate the serum containing the bacilli. You will please observe me closely, gentlemen, as I proceed, because, while I have carried this affair to an almost criminal extent, still it is all in the interests of science, and should it leak out I would feel safer in having a few reliable witnesses to testify that everything was properly carried on and all due precautions taken." Having delivered himself of this explanation, Dr. Jenkins proceeded to arrange his instruments, together with sundry flasks and bottles of chemicals and antiseptics, upon a small table close to the bedside. The group of medical gentlemen watched him intently, their expressions of awe and admiration alternating with glances of pity at the unconscious form on the bed, the quiet, peaceful face almost as white as the pillow over which wavy masses of golden-yellow hair were spread in be-witching disarray. The nurse moved to the bedside and Dr. Jenkins gave her a few directions in a low whisper. Down in the street below a handsome young man was seen hurrying toward the hospital gate, his anxious eyes fixed upon the open window of the chamber in which this scene was transpiring. The three physicians, who had become involved in an argu-ment among themselves, turned suddenly to behold a scene which made them instinctively shudder, despite their years ot surgical practice. The nurse stood near the head of the bed, a towel over her arm and a glass holding a yellow liquid in her hand. The girl on the bed still slept soimdly, with one arm, bare almost to the shoulder, lying exposed upon the coverlet. Bending over this, with all the cruel suggestiveness of the hawk about to pounce upon the innocent and unsuspecting dove, stood the little, dwarfed figure of Dr. Jenkins. The hooked nose was thrust forward; the keen, gray eyes glittered malig-nantly, and in the claw like fingers of his upraised hand there flashed the sting-like point of a hypodermic needle. The sleeping victim heaved a deep sigh. A breathless stillness pervaded the room. 96 THE MERCURY. ****** She opened her eyes and saw someone standing by the bed. It was not the doctor. It was a handsome young man who stood glaring at the open door with a look of savage defiance and shook his clenched fists at some visionary foe. But no, perhaps it was real after all. What was that peculiar, pungent odor of chemicals that filled the room, and those broken bottles on the floor, with little rivulets of yellow-tinged water creeping along the cracks of the boards? The sunlight flashed back from several small objects of polished steel scattered about the room. The table had been overturned and the door swung on one hinge, two of the panels splintered. What had happened? The nurse was gone, the doctors were gone, and no one here but, but— He was bending over her now, telling her in the soft tones of deep emotion how he had saved her from what might have meant a horrible death ; how he had been thinking of her ever since they had met in the park on that spring Sunday; how lonely his selfish life was becoming to him, and that he wanted someone to—to—. He dropped on one knee by the bedside. "Love," she said, with a glorious smile, reaching out and putting both her arms about his neck. K^t> MUSIC TO-DAY. Miss HELEN "WAGNER, '06. IN the present day there are no really great geniuses in the world of composition. We have numerous interpreters of the legacies the masters of the past centuries have left us, and never was the standard of execution higher than it is to-day. The present gives us Paderewski as an example in his almost perfect technique and Joseph Hoffmann as a most sympathetic interpreter. Vocal art and orchestral music have attained a high degree of perfection. But in regard to invention the world seems to be slumbering at present; there are promises of better days—promises of new fields and new openings—but . I ■ ■• THE MERCURY. 97 for the moment music seems to be in an unsettled state; no one school is predominant. And music can advance without a head no more than can an army. With the beginning of the nineteenth century Italy, reigned supreme in the musical realm. The number of masters it gave to the world and the genius of those masters was only equalled by the German school in the nineteenth century when Mozart and Verdi in Italy gave place to Beethoven and Haydn in Ger-many. These Giants had not yet completed their glorious ca-reers when Schumann, Mendelssohn and Wagner came to take up their work. But no fitting successor has appeared upon whom their mantle can fall; and so the German school, too, though still the recognized head, is fast declining. And we wonder who is to carry on the great work. For in the musical world, as well as in the commercial, the military and the edu-cational world, it seems that it is impossible in the natural piogress of things for any one country to hold the supremacy for more than a few generations. Strauss is the most prominent German composer of to-day. His compositions, particularly his orchestral compositions, have given him universal fame, but his faults are too glaring to per-mit his being considered a perfect genius—a master. And there are other recognized leaders, in other countries, however. In England there are Richard Elgar and Alexander Mackenzie; in France, Jules Massenet and Camille Saint Saens; among the Scandanavians and Slavonic composers we have Grieg and Sinding; among the Russians, Alexander Glazonnoff, and among the Bohemians, Antonin Dvorak. Musical develop-ment in America has always been considered incompatible with its wonderful development along other lines. However Macdowell and Parker have compelled the European schools to come to a realization of the fact that there are musical pos-sibilities in our country. Each country has its own peculiar style of music; that is, music bears the impress of the nationality of a composer just as people's faces are advertisements for their fatherland. And so each country is peculiarly adapted to the production of some ■ 96 THE MERCURY. She opened her eyes and saw someone standing by the bed. It was not the doctor. It was a handsome young man who stood glaring at the open door with a look of savage defiance and shook his clenched fists at some visionary foe. But no, perhaps it was real after all. What was that peculiar, pungent odor of chemicals that filled the room, and those broken bottles on the floor, with little rivulets of yellow-tinged water creeping along the cracks of the boards? The sunlight flashed back from several small objects of polished steel scattered about the room. The table had been overturned and the door swung on one hinge, two of the panels splintered. What had happened ? The nurse was gone, the doctors were gone, and no one here but, but— He was bending over her now, telling her in the soft tones of deep emotion how he had saved her from what might have meant a horrible death; how he had been thinking of her ever since they had met in the park on that spring Sunday; how lonely his selfish life was becoming to him, and that he wanted someone to—to—. He dropped on one knee by the bedside. "Love," she said, with a glorious smile, reaching out and putting both her arms about his neck. MUSIC TO-DAY. Miss HELEN "WAGNER, '06. IN the present day there are no really great geniuses in the world of composition. We have numerous interpreters of the legacies the masters of the past centuries have left us, and never was the standard of execution higher than it is to-day. The present gives us Paderewski as an example in his almost perfect technique and Joseph Hoffmann as a most sympathetic interpreter. Vocal art and orchestral music have attained a high degree of perfection. But in regard to invention the world seems to be slumbering at present; there are promises of better days—promises of new fields and new openings—but JBttiftJsi^iBLypU'il ' "• I'**"■W'MUW.fwAM THE MERCURY. 97 for the moment music seems to be in an unsettled state; no one school is predominant. And music can advance without a head no more than can an army. With the beginning of the nineteenth century Italy, reigned supreme in the musical realm. The number of masters it gave to fhe world and the genius of those masters was only equalled by the German school in the nineteenth century when Mozart and Verdi in Italy gave place to Beethoven and Haydn in Ger-many. These Giants had not yet completed their glorious ca-reers when Schumann, Mendelssohn and Wagner came to take up their work. But no fitting successor has appeared upon whom their mantle can fall; and so the German school, too, though still the recognized head, is fast declining. And we wonder who is to carry on the great work. For in the musical world, as well as in the commercial, the military and the edu-cational world, it seems that it is impossible in the natural piogress of things for any one country to hold the supremacy for more than a few generations. Strauss is the most prominent German composer of to-day. His compositions, particularly his orchestral compositions, have given him universal fame, but his faults are too glaring to per-mit his being considered a perfect genius—a master. And there are other recognized leaders, in other countries, however. In England there are Richard Elgar and Alexander Mackenzie; in France, Jules Massenet and Camille Saint Saens; among the Scandanavians and Slavonic composers we have Grieg and Sinding; among the Russians, Alexander Glazonnoff, and among the Bohemians, Antonin Dvorak. Musical develop-ment in America has always been considered incompatible with its wonderful development along other lines. However Macdowell and Parker have compelled the European schools to come to a realization of the fact that there are musical pos-sibilities in our country. Each country has its own peculiar style of music; that is, music bears the impress of the nationality of a composer just as people's faces are advertisements for their fatherland. And so each country is peculiarly adapted to the production of some 98 THE MERCURY. one class of music due entirely to the temperaments of its peo-ple. The symphony and dramatic compositions have always been Germany's forte; and France, until recently, has been wholly devoted to the opera. In these days composers seem to be losing their productions upon the folk-songs of their peo-ple and this gives a very decided national impress to all recent composition. For instance, the Irish and Scotch melodies, worked up as they have been by Stanford and Mackenzie into large creations, betray at once the nationality of their compos-ers, as well as the wild turbulent elements in the music of Rus-sia. And even in the music of America this characteristic is very noticeable; the negro tunes and Indian touches will give character to American music for all time. MOTIVES TO RIGHT LIVING. F. R. YOUNG, '06. AS one stands aloof and looks at the great whirl of humani-ty in its daily struggle for existence, for pleasure, for gold and for fame, he asks himself what is all this clamor, to what will it eventually amount? His feeling is one of sor-row as he sees the countless thousands spending so much time and energy for the perishable and leaving the imperish-able go by unnoticed. Here is one class struggling for existence alone. They have no high ambitions, no lofty aspirations, no noble emotions of the soul. The impress of vice and crime is plainly stamped upon their features. They hear only vulgar language and see vile deeds. They are born into this world from parents who are only a few grades above the brute creation and they live by working or stealing, whichever they find more profitable and less laborious. Such people do not live, they exist, not be cause they have some definite object in life, but because they are ushered into it without any will of their own. They dare not die for fear of the dreadful darkness beyond. There is another class which in many respects is to be cen- ■■^■^H mgLtAMM |piPP|H|PPMWWVMMiMiniK THE MERCURY. 99 I ' sured more than the first class. This is composed of those who make the pursuit of pleasure the chief aim in life. They come from the lower as well as from the higher ranks of society. Those of the lower class work hard all day in order to keep abreast with the fashions of the higher society, and, in seeking to gratify their desire for pleasure, they spend their small com-pensation on frivolous things which satifies only their vanity and leaves their necessity unsupplied. Others of better rank devote their time, talent and money to the pursuits of pleasure. They spend their time in attending theatres and balls and other social functions, in securing the latest cut in dress, in order to have prestige in social circles. They drive about in their handsome carriages or whirl along in their automobiles missing hourly, in their desire to obtain that fair, fleeing, elusive bubble which they call pleasure, those opportunities to secure true and ennobling enjoyment. And when they grasp that airy bubble, as they sometimes do, it bursts in their fingers, and, opening their hands to see what they have, they behold nothing. Well has Ruskin said, " If you make the aim of your life amusement, the time will come when all the horrors of a pantomime will not bring you an hon-est laugh." There are still others who make not pleasure their God, but who worship as fervently at the shrine of wealth. They think of money, talk of money and dream of money. They bend all their energies to that one end—the acquisition of riches. How many hearts there are in this broad land that are yearn-ing for the love once theirs, but which has grown cold and in-different in the relentless struggle for wealth. They study the markets to keep well informed in regard to the rise and fall of prices. They frequent the stock exchange and join the wild, frenzied mass in which men fight like demons for paltry gold. How many there are in the world who have no higher aim than the acquirement of base metal. But there is yet another class whose aim is to obtain fame. Hear Milton: 100 THE MERCURY. "Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise, That last infirmity of a noble mind, To scorn delight and live laborious days, But the fair guerdon, when we hope to find And think to burst out into sudden blaze, Comes the blind Fury with the abhorred shears, And slits the thin-spun life." In their laborious efforts to have their names placed highest on the roll of honor, they often accomplish much for the good of humanity. They devote themselves most assiduously to their work in order to make some great discovery or invention that will give them eminence. They are anxious to hear the ap-plause of the world ringing in their ears. They want to look down from their dizzy heights upon the common people, and feel themselves far above them—very demigods, as it were. They like to have the world fawn and cringe at their feet, and laud their achievement to the skies. What folly! What thoughtlessness! Will people never learn that they, who make the pursuit of pleasure their chief aim in life, miss many opportunities for doing good to those who are in need on every hand? Why will they think only of themselves and never of their poor suffering neighbor? In always gratifying their own desires, they lose the greatest and truest pleasure—that pleasure which comes to the soul of one who has made a sacrifice for the sake of bringing happi-ness to others. Such people care only for themselves and as such they do little good for others. The man who cannot get his head above the rim of a dollar is a very small man. The man who can be lifted no higher by his aspirations than the acquisition of wealth has a narrow, bi-ased nature. He knows not the true life. It is a sad and grievous sight to see a man of large business capacity, high in tellectual attainments and great executive ability devoting his talents to nothing higher than the hoarding of money. If increased wealth brought increased happiness there would be no wrong in striving so earnestly for it, but it seldom brings such blessings. It brings increased responsibility, increased labor and care. It robs man of his peace of mind, deprives uumiiiiamimmWMmtMm THE MERCURY. 101 him of contentment of soul and destroys that equanimity of disposition which he formerly enjoyed. The more he gets the more he wants. He is never satisfied. He has visions of many things which greater riches can secure for him, and he bends every effort to the task of obtaining those things; he grows hard, cold and and selfish toward his fellowman and his God. What should be the motives which actuate a man in regard to right living? They should be the highest and noblest which the human intellect is capable of comprehending. In the first place, man should live right because it is the divine will. Secondly, because he is so highly endowed with physical, in-tellectual and spiritual capabilities that it is only by proper liv-ing and development of those powers that he can truly enjoy life and help to carry out the divine plan so far as it is reposed in him. And it is by cultivating, to the highest degree, these capacities that man is prepared to be of the greatest benefit to his fellowman. Man's attitude to man should be that of a free and independ-ent being yet with the kindness of a brother. He should sym-pathize with one in his weakness, and admire another in his strength; he should treat his superiors with deference, his equals with respect and his inferiors with kindness. THE END. W. A. G. '04. AFEARFUL March storm had been raging with terrific fury all day long and as night silently closed in upon the country, it seemed to increase in strength until it had al-most reached the velocity of a hurricane. All was inky dark-ness, not even the gentle twinkle of the stars, those bright watchers of the night, could be seen. The entire heavens seemed to be obscured by an impenetrable cloak of darkness, which hung over the whole land, like some menacing demon of evil, endeavoring to wreak its vengeance upon mankind for IHi^BBi^BnraM^^^^""1 102 THE MERCURY. some real or visionary crime. At short intervals a blinding, sharp and livid streak of lightning flashed across the sky, like some meteoric phenomenon of the heavens, cutting, as it were, the awful darkness in twain and causing for the fractional part of a second, a brilliancy like that of daylight. At each flash the objects of the surrounding country seemed to loom into gi-gantic proportions; the trees to tower skyward and to almost reach into its borders. The forest trees, seen in the twinkling of an eye, looked like vast spectral hosts marching on to battle. Objects, such as stones, fences and those to be found in the country districts appeared many times their actual size. Scarcely had the lightning passed when a deafening crash smote the air, causing the earth to tremble in its embrace. It seemed as though hell was spitefully spitting forth all her pent-up fury at the earth in a vain and fruitless endeavor to shatter it to atoms. The wind blew a gale in and out among the trees, causing them to moan and sigh as with pain. This, added to its own mournful wail, produced such a din as to cause one to shudder with apprehensive fear. The rain fell in torrents, even at times it seemed to fall in sheets, such was the awful deluge. In the midst of this exhibition of the warring elements, a solitary horseman, seated upon a magnificent steed could have been seen wending his lonely way along the public road which leads from the city of R- , to the little village of Hadden-shire. Skilful though the rider might be, and even should his horse be ever so sure of foot, yet his nocturnal journey in such a storm was fraught with no small amount of danger. One misstep of the noble animal—should he wander but a moment from the road—might result in death. What an awful night to be abroad! The country-folk had long since gone to their beds, where they now either rested in the arms of sleep, or, securely shielded from all harm, listened with calm contentment to the conflict being waged without. Hour after hour passed by and still the noble steed trudged laboriously onward. At times it seemed as if he must give up his task, so great were the odds against him. Again and again it seemed as though he could go no further, such was the con" : THE MERCURY. 103 dition of the roads. Then, as if by an effort almost human, he seemed to gather new strength and start forward with new life and vigor. Nevertheless the result was too evident to escape the watchful eye of the rider, who kept patting the noble beast and urging him forward with words of kindness. The beast seemed to be imbibed with the feelings and even the very na-ture of the man seated upon his back. " My brave lad," exclaimed the rider, as, making a misstep, the horse stumbled and almost fell, " don't fail me now. Let others drop out of the race but keep at it, my lad. I need you most now, my boy. Prove yourself worthy ol the trust and task I impose upon you." As if he understood each word, and even the heart-rending tone in which they were spoken, the beast again gathered to-gether his remaining strength and by a great effort started on-ward. At last, after hours had passed away, the rider beheld, not far in the distance, the soft mellow rays of a light, which gleam-ed from the window of a house standing back a short distance from the highway. " Thank God," he exclaimed as it first broke upon his vision, "at last." Approaching the house he was soon within the yard which surrounded it. He cast his eyes about him in a vain endeavor to obtain his exact position in relation to the building. Save for the gleam of the lamp from a window in the upper story, all was darkness. Suddenly, as he sat upon his horse gazing in the direction of the building, which loomed up before him in dim, ghostlike outlines, a sharp flash of lightning shot across the sky, causing for a moment sufficient light for him to distinguish objects at a great distance. Quick as was the flash, yet his eye was quick-er, and he observed that he was on that side of the building which opened into the yard into which he had come from the road. Hastily dismounting he rapidly approached the door and rapped with no timid hand. After waiting a few minutes and receiving no answer he repeated the operation. This time 104 THE MERCURY. he was more successful. The light vanished from the window and soon he heard some one descending the stairs and approach the door. "Who's without," was asked by the person at the door. " It is I, the one to whom you sent the telegram," was the answer. This was followed by the clinking sound of a key turning in a lock and as the massive oaken door swung backward on its hinges the wanderer of the night stepped into the hallway. " Some one will tend to my horse," he asked as he entered. " It shall be attended to immediately, sir," was the answer of the one who had admitted him, "in the meantime remove your wet clothing, for really you look more like a drowned rat than a man." In the upper room of that house lay a woman, who was nearing death's door. One look at her worn and sad face told the old, old story. Once honored among men, a leader in so-ciety, she had chosen to cast them all aside and for what—a life of seemingly great pleasure, but in reality of empty noth-ingness. Her's had been power and greatness, but all for naught. Ambitious to the core she had become discontented with her lot in life. Not content with her already great success she strove for greater honors. Soon she was heard of as the most famous actress in the land. The country rang with her fame and beauty, no social function was complete without her pres-ence. At all gatherings her's was the seat of honor. Her name became a household word, at the club she was always the topic of conversation. Each one strove to surpass the other in supplying her every wish. She had gained her aim, but at what cost? Home, husband, all; all had been sacrificed in the vain endeavor to satisfy the craving for fame and glory. Slowly but surely her brilliant star of fame grew dim and dis-appeared. Her name was forgotten, her glory gone forever. For years even her most intimate friends knew nothing of her. She was living, yet dead. Aye, truly, " the path of glory leads i» . i it nJ* *;.*.«., PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. EGKENR©B1 & BECKER CHAMBERSBTJRG ST., Dealers in Beef, Veal, Lamb, Pork, Sausage, Pudding, Bologna, Hams, Sides, Shoulders, Lard, Prime Corned Beef. DO YOU KNOW WHERE The Choicest Candies, The Finest Soda Water, The Largest Oysters, The Best Ice Cream, Can be found in town? Yes, at Young's Confectionery On Chambersburg Street, near City Hotel, Gettysburg, Pa. SEFTON & FLEMMING'S LIVERY Baltimore Street, First Square, Gettysburg, Pa. Competent Guides for all parts of the Battlefield. Arrangements by-telegram or letter. Lock Box 257. J. I. MDMPER. 41 Baltimore St,, Gettysburg, Pa, The improvements to our Studio have proven a perfect success and we are now better prepared than ever to give you satisfactory work. .WHAT HAPGOODS HAS DONE. During the year 1903, Hapgoods has placed in high grade positions over 500 young College, University and Technical School Graduates. Our campaign for 1904 is now in progress. More firms than ever are looking to us for capable graduates, and we wish to get in touch at once with every Senior who will be looking for a position in business or techni-cal work. Write nearest office for booklet. HAPGOODS, 309 Broadway, New York; Harirord Bldg., Chicago; Pennsylvania Bldg., Philadelphia ; Williams Bldg., Cleveland; Pioneer Bldg., Seattle ; Colorado Bldg., Washington; Minn. Loan and Trust Bldg., Minneapolis; Chemical Bldg., St. Louis ; Park Bldg., Pittsburg. FAVOR THOSE WHO FAVOR US. E. C. TAWNEY Is ready to furnish Clubs and Boarding Houses with . Bread,Rolls,Cakes,Pretzels,etc At short notice and reason-able rates. lOS West Middle St., Gettysburg Shoes t^epaiped 115 Bahitu ■ Si near Court House. Good Work Guaranteed. J.W. BUMBAUGH'S City Cafe and Dining Room Meals and lunches served at shot notice. Fresh pies and sandwiches always on hand. Oysters furnishe d all year. 53 Chambersburg S. mmmmmm m. m- 1 =«==«= *X= **=**: : U-PI-DEE. A new Co-ed has alighted in town, U-pi-dee, U-pi-da I Jjhv In an up-to-datest tailor-made gown.U-pi-de-i-da ! fl p The.boys are wild, and prex Is, too, You never saw such a. hulla-ba-loo. CHORUS. — U-pi-dee-i-dee-i-da I etc. Her voice is clear as a soaring lark's, And her wit is like those trolley-car sparks I When 'cross a muddy street she flits, The buys all have conniption fits 1 The turn of her head turns all ours, too. There's always a strife to sit in her pew ; 'Tis enough to make a parson drunk, To hear her sing old co-ca-che-lunk 1 ,, The above, and three other NEW verses to U-PI-DEE, JJPJI and NEW WORDS, catchy, up-to-date, to many ' TT others of the popular OLD FAMILIAR TUNES ; be- ' sides OLD FAVORITES ; and also many NEW SONGS. SONGS OF ALL THE COLLEGES. mCopyright, Price, $rjo, postpaid. 190U. m ULU HINDS & NOBLE, Publishers, New York City, uu^ ft ft Sckoolbooks of all publishers at one store, fr i* • 50 YEARS' EXPERIENCE TRADE MARKS DESIGNS COPYRIGHTS &C. Anyone sending n sketch and description may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentablo. Communica-tions strictly confidential. Handbook on Patents sent free. Oldest agency for securing patents. Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive special notice, without charge, In the Scientific American* A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir-culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a year: four months, $L Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN & Co.36,Broatl™a>- New York Branch Office, C25 F St., WashiURton, D. C. You will find a full line of Pure Drugs and Fine Stationery at the People's Drug Store Prescriptions a specialty. FOR HOMES, Schools, Colleges and Libraries,. . The Underwood Stereoscopic Tours. A marvel in the educational world! Endorsed by prominent American and European Educa-tors. E. G, 37 E. Penn Hall, Gettysburg, Pa. ' . I.i,/-«.« PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. EAGLE HOTEL Rates $2.00, $2.50 and $3.00 per day. HAS A CAPACITY OF 400 GUESTS —=^ GEO. F. EBERHART, PROPR. JI Ji Dealer in E Picture Frames of All Sorts. Repair work done promptly. t^"I will also buy or exchange any second-hand furniture 40hambersburgSt,, - GETTYSBUKG, PA. Buy Your ^"m» SUMMER SUIT -^JT- 3 IT FITS. IS STYLISH, LOOKS WELL, WEARS WELL. CLOTHING We mean Hand-Tailopcd ^eady-to-tueaP Nobby Dress Hats, Swell Neckwear, Fancy Shirts, Men's Underwear. -m T J-pD-pDJQ; CENTRE SQ, -1- * v—' -1- -1- *—}1 iF2.ta.pp Building, YORK, PENN'A. Watch for his Representative when he visits the College / PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Geo. E. Spacer, PIANOS, ORGANS, MUSICAL MERCHANDISE Music Rooms, - York St. Telephone 181 GETTYSBURG C. B. KITZMILLE.R DEALER IN HATS, CAPS, BOOTS AND DOUGLAS SHOE.S. McKnight Building, Baltimore St. Gettysburg, Pa. k M. ALLEMAN, Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of Hardware, Oils, Paints and Queeqsware Gettysburg, Pa. THE ONLY JOBBING HOUSE IN ADAMS COUNTY W. F. Codori, -^DEALER IN -SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS. York Street, Gettysburg:, Pa. "i u \ i'' .

The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available at: https://covid19.who.int/ [Accessed on 23 August 2020] Sim K, Chua HC. The psychological impact of SARS: a matter of heart and mind. CMAJ. 2004; 170:811e2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1032003. Wu P, Fang Y, Guan Z, Fan B, Kong J, Yao Z, et al. The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Can J Psychiatr. 2009; 54:302e11. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400504. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020; 395:912e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. Robertson E, Hershenfield K, Grace SL, Stewart DE. The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to SARS: a qualitative study of Toronto health care workers. Can J Psychiatr. 2004; 49:403e7. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370404900612. Barbisch D, Koenig KL, Shih FY. Is there a case for quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015; 9:547e53. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.38. Jeong H, Yim HW, Song YJ, Ki M, Min JA, Cho J, et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38: e2016048. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016048. Liu X, Kakade M, Fuller CJ, Fan B, Fang Y, Kong J, et al. Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Compr Psychiatr. 2012; 53:15e23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003 Chadda RK, Deb KS. Indian family systems, collectivistic society and psychotherapy. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55: S299‑ https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.105555. Grover S, Sahoo S, Mehra A, Avasthi A, Tripathi A, Subramanyan A, et al. Psychological impact of COVID‑19 lockdown: An online survey from India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020; 62:354-62. https://doi.org/ 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry _427_20. Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med. 2010; 40: 218–27. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12160-010-9210-8. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. Bhandari S, Sharma R, Singh Shaktawat A, Banerjee S, Patel B, Tak A, et al. COVID-19 related mortality profile at a tertiary care centre: a descriptive study. Scr Med. 2020;51(2):69-73. https://doi.org/10.5937/scriptamed51-27126. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol Bull. 1995; 117: 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497. Caspi A, Harrington H, Moffitt TE, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Socially isolated children 20 years later: risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006; 160(8):805-11. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.8.805. Eaker ED, Pinsky J, Castelli WP. Myocardial infarction and coronary death among women: psychosocial predictors from a 20-year follow-up of women in the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1992; 135(8):854-64. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116381. Luo Y, Hawkley LC, Waite LJ, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: a national longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med. 2012 Mar; 74(6):907-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2011.11.028. Olsen RB, Olsen J, Gunner-Svensson F, Waldstrøm B. Social networks and longevity. A 14-year follow-up study among elderly in Denmark. Soc Sci Med. 1991; 33(10):1189-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90235-5. Patterson AC, Veenstra G. Loneliness and risk of mortality: a longitudinal investigation in Alameda County, California. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 71(1):181-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.024. Savikko N, Routassalo P, Tilvis RS, Strandberg TE, Pitkalla KH. Predictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population. Arch Gerontol Geriatrics. 2005; 41:3;223-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2005.03.002. Health Advisory for Elderly Population of India during COVID19. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AdvisoryforElderlyPopulation.pdf [Accessed on 13 August 2020]. Dicks D, Myers R, Kling A. Uncus and amygdala lesions: effects on social behavior in the free-ranging rhesus monkey. Science. 1969; 165:69–71. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3888.69. Kanai R, Bahrami B, Duchaine B, Janik A, Banissy MJ, Rees G. Brain structure links loneliness to social perception. Curr Biol. 2012; 22(20):1975-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.08.045. Bender AR, Daugherty A, Raz N. Vascular risk moderates associations between hippocampal subfield volumes and memory. J Cogn Neurosci. 2013; 25:1851–62. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00435. Raz N. Diabetes: brain, mind, insulin–what is normal and do we need to know? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011; 7:636–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.149. Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Naftali R, Andrew GW, Cohen NJ, McAuley E, et al. Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58:176–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.2.m176. Maass A, Düzel S, Goerke M, Becke A, Sobieray U, Neumann K, et al. Vascular hippocampal plasticity after aerobic exercise in older adults. Mol Psychiatry. 2015; 20, 585–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.114. Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, Schneider JA, Kelly JF, Barnes LL, et al. Loneliness and Risk of Alzheimer Disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(2):234–240. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234. Kogan JH, Frankland PW, Silva AJ. Long-term memory underlying hippocampus-dependent social recognition in mice. Hippocampus. 2000;10(1):47-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-1063(2000)10:1%3C47::aid-hipo5%3E3.0.co;2-6. Yorgason JT, España RA, Konstantopoulos JK, Weiner JL, Jones SR. Enduring increases in anxiety-like behavior and rapid nucleus accumbens dopamine signaling in socially isolated rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2013;37(6):1022-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12113. Bledsoe AC, Oliver KM, Scholl JL, Forster GL. Anxiety states induced by post-weaning social isolation are mediated by CRF receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Brain Res Bull. 2011;85(3-4):117-22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresbull.2011.03.003. Lukkes JL, Engelman GH, Zelin NS, Hale MW, Lowry CA. Post-weaning social isolation of female rats, anxiety-related behavior, and serotonergic systems. Brain Res. 2012; 1443:1-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2012.01.005. Ago Y, Araki R, Tanaka T, Sasaga A, Nishiyama S, Takuma K, et al. Role of social encounter-induced activation of prefrontal serotonergic systems in the abnormal behaviors of isolation-reared mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013; 38(8):1535-47. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.52. Veenema AH. Early life stress, the development of aggression and neuroendocrine and neurobiological correlates: what can we learn from animal models? Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009;30(4):497-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.03.003. Zhao X, Sun L, Jia H, Meng Q, Wu S, Li N, et al. Isolation rearing induces social and emotional function abnormalities and alters glutamate and neurodevelopment-related gene expression in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(7):1173-1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.016. Sciolino NR, Bortolato M, Eisenstein SA, Fu J, Oveisi F, Hohmann AG, et al. Social isolation and chronic handling alter endocannabinoid signaling and behavioral reactivity to context in adult rats. Neuroscience. 2010;168(2):371-86. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2010.04.007. Ghasemi M, Phillips C, Trillo L, De Miguel Z, Das D, Salehi A. The role of NMDA receptors in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014; 47:336-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.017. Olivenza R, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Lorenzo P, Fernández AP, Rodrigo J, et al. Chronic stress induces the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat brain cortex. J Neurochem. 2000;74(2):785-791. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740785.x. Maeng S, Zarate CA Jr, Du J, Schloesser RJ, McCammon J, Chen G, et al. Cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine: role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63(4):349-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.028. Kalia LV, Kalia SK, Salter MW. NMDA receptors in clinical neurology: excitatory times ahead. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(8):742-755. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422(08)70165-0. Waxman EA, Lynch DR. N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Subtypes: Multiple Roles in Excitotoxicity and Neurological Disease. The Neuroscientist. 2005; 11(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858404269012. Hermes G, Li N, Duman C, Duman R. Post-weaning chronic social isolation produces profound behavioral dysregulation with decreases in prefrontal cortex synaptic-associated protein expression in female rats. Physiol Behav. 2011;104(2):354-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2010.12.019. Sestito RS, Trindade LB, de Souza RG, Kerbauy LN, Iyomasa MM, Rosa ML. Effect of isolation rearing on the expression of AMPA glutamate receptors in the hippocampal formation. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25(12):1720-1729. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110385595. Toua C, Brand L, Möller M, Emsley RA, Harvey BH. The effects of sub-chronic clozapine and haloperidol administration on isolation rearing induced changes in frontal cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate and D1 receptor binding in rats. Neuroscience. 2010;165(2):492-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.039. Alò R, Avolio E, Mele M, Storino F, Canonaco A, Carelli A et al. Excitatory/inhibitory equilibrium of the central amygdala nucleus gates anti-depressive and anxiolytic states in the hamster. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2014; 118:79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2014.01.007. St JP, Petkov VV. Changes in 5-HT1 receptors in different brain structures of rats with isolation syndrome. General pharmacology. 1990;21(2):223-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(90)90905-2. Miachon S, Rochet T, Mathian B, Barbagli B, Claustrat B. Long-term isolation of Wistar rats alters brain monoamine turnover, blood corticosterone, and ACTH. Brain Res Bull. 1993;32(6):611-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90162-5. Van den Berg CL, Van Ree JM, Spruijt BM, Kitchen I. Effects of juvenile isolation and morphine treatment on social interactions and opioid receptors in adult rats: behavioural and autoradiographic studies. Eur J Neurosci. 1999;11(9):3023-3032. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00717.x. Vanderschuren LJ, Stein EA, Wiegant VM, Van Ree JM. Social play alters regional brain opioid receptor binding in juvenile rats. Brain Res. 1995;680(1-2):148-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00256-p. Moles A, Kieffer BL, D'Amato FR. Deficit in attachment behavior in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene. Science. 2004;304(5679):1983-1986. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095943. Panksepp J, Herman BH, Vilberg T, Bishop P, DeEskinazi FG. Endogenous opioids and social behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1980;4(4):473-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(80)90036-6. Gong JP, Onaivi ES, Ishiguro H, Liu Q, Tagliaferro PA, Brusco A, et al. Cannabinoid CB2 receptors: immunohistochemical localization in rat brain. Brain Res. 2006;1071(1):10-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.035. Breivogel CS, Sim-Selley LJ. Basic neuroanatomy and neuropharmacology of cannabinoids. Int Rev Psychiatry 2009; 21:2:113-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260902782760. Haj-Mirzaian A, Amini-Khoei H, Haj-Mirzaian A, Amiri S, Ghesmati M, Zahir M, et al. Activation of cannabinoid receptors elicits antidepressant-like effects in a mouse model of social isolation stress. Brain Res Bull. 2017; 130:200-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.018. Banach M, Piskorska B, Czuczwar SJ, Borowicz KK. Nitric Oxide, Epileptic Seizures, and Action of Antiepileptic Drugs. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2011;10: 808. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152711798072347. Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7):829-37, 837a-837d. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Feurheartj%2Fehr304. Hu Y, Wu D, Luo C, Zhu L, Zhang J, Wu H, et al. Hippocampal nitric oxide contributes to sex difference in affective behaviors. PNAS. 2012, 109 (35) 14224-14229. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207461109. Khan MI, Ostadhadi S, Zolfaghari S, Mehr SE, Hassanzadeh G, Dehpour, A et al. The involvement of NMDA receptor/NO/cGMP pathway in the antidepressant like effects of baclofen in mouse force swimming test. Neuroscience Letters. 2016; 612:52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.006. Matsumoto K, Puia G, Dong E, Pinna G. GABAA receptor neurotransmission dysfunction in a mouse model of social isolation-induced stress: Possible insights into a non-serotonergic mechanism of action of SSRIs in mood and anxiety disorders. Stress. 2007; 10:1:3-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890701200997. Zlatković J, Filipović D. Chronic social isolation induces NF-κB activation and upregulation of iNOS protein expression in rat prefrontal cortex. Neurochem Int. 2013;63(3):172-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.002. Haj-Mirzaian A, Amiri S, Kordjazy N, Momeny M, Razmi A, Balaei MR, et al. Lithium attenuated the depressant and anxiogenic effect of juvenile social stress through mitigating the negative impact of interlukin-1β and nitric oxide on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Neuroscience. 2016; 315:271-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.024. Larson HJ. The biggest pandemic risk? Viral misinformation. Nature 2018; 562:309. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07034-4. Zarocostas J. How to fight an infodemic. Lancet 2020; 395:676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X. World Health Organization, 2019. Ebola Virus Disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/csr/don/28-november-2019-ebola-drc/en/ [Accessed on August 8, 2020] Times of India. Covid-19: doctors gone to collect samples attacked in Indore. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/covid-19-doctors-goneto- collect-samples-attacked-in-indore/videoshow/74942153.cms; 2020 [Accessed on August 8, 2020]. Withnall A. Coronavirus: why India has had to pass new law against attacks on healthcare workers. The Independent. April 23, 2020. Semple K. "Afraid to be a nurse": health workers under attack. The New York Times. 2020 Apr 27. The Economist. Health workers become unexpected targets during COVID-19. The Economist. May 11, 2020. Turan B, Budhwani H, Fazeli PL, Browning WR, Raper JL, Mugavero MJ, et al. How does stigma affect people living with HIV? The mediating roles of internalized and anticipated HIV stigma in the effects of perceived community stigma on health and psychosocial outcomes. AIDS Behav. 2017; 21: 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1451-5. James PB, Wardle J, Steel A, Adams J. An assessment of Ebola-related stigma and its association with informal healthcare utilisation among Ebola survivors in Sierra Leone: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20: 182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8279-7. Aljazeera, 2020. Iran: Over 700 Dead after Drinking Alcohol to Cure Coronavirus. Aljazeera. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/ news/2020/04/iran-700-dead-drinking-alcohol-cure-coronavirus200427163529629.html. (Accessed June 4, 2020) Delirrad M, Mohammadi AB, 2020. New methanol poisoning outbreaks in Iran following COVID-19 pandemic. Alcohol Alcohol. 55: 347–348. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agaa036. Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Zamani N, Kolahi A-A, McDonald R, Hovda KE. Double trouble: methanol outbreak in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran-a cross-sectional assessment. Crit Care. 2020; 24: 402. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03140-w. Soltaninejad K. Methanol Mass Poisoning Outbreak: A Consequence of COVID-19 Pandemic and Misleading Messages on Social Media. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2020;11(3):148-150. https://dx.doi.org/10.34172%2Fijoem.2020.1983. Islam MS, Sarkar T, Khan SH, Kamal AM, Hasan SMM, Kabir A, et al. COVID-19–Related Infodemic and Its Impact on Public Health: A Global Social Media Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020; 00(0):1–9. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0812. Hawryluck L, Gold W, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, Styra R. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1206–1212. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1007.030703. Lee S, Chan LYY, Chau AAM, Kwok KPS, Kleinman A. The experience of SARS-related stigma at Amoy Gardens. Soc Sci Med. 2005; 61(9): 2038-2046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.010. Yoon MK Kim SY Ko HS Lee MS. System effectiveness of detection, brief intervention and refer to treatment for the people with post-traumatic emotional distress by MERS: a case report of community-based proactive intervention in South Korea. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2016; 10: 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-016-0083-5. Reynolds DL, Garay JR, Deamond SL, Moran MK, Gold W, Styra R. Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiol Infect. 2008; 136: 997-1007. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268807009156. Marjanovic Z, Greenglass ER, Coffey S. The relevance of psychosocial variables and working conditions in predicting nurses' coping strategies during the SARS crisis: an online questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2007; 44(6): 991-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.02.012. Bai Y, Lin C-C, Lin C-Y, Chen J-Y, Chue C-M, Chou P. Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv. 2004; 55: 1055-1057. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.9.1055. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Guidelinesforhomequarantine.pdf [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedguidelinesforHomeIsolationofverymildpresymptomaticCOVID19cases10May2020.pdf [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AdvisoryformanagingHealthcareworkersworkinginCOVIDandNonCOVIDareasofthehospital.pdf (Accessed on 25 August 2020). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedguidelinesforInternationalArrivals02082020.pdf [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Cost of the lockdown? Over 10% of GDP loss for 18 states. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cost-of-the-lockdown-over-10-of-gdp-loss-for-18-states/articleshow/76028826.cms [Accessed on 21 August 2020]. Jorda O, Singh SR, Taylor AM. Longer-Run Economic Consequences of Pandemics. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper. 2020-09. https://doi.org/10.24148/wp2020-09. Firdaus G. Mental well‑being of migrants in urban center of India: Analyzing the role of social environment. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017; 59:164‑ https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_272_15. National Crime Record Bureau. Annual Crime in India Report. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Home Affairs; 2018. 198 migrant workers killed in road accidents during lockdown: Report. Available at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/198-migrant-workers-killed-in-road-accidents-during-lockdown-report/story-hTWzAWMYn0kyycKw1dyKqL.html [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20:689-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5. Dalton L, Rapa E, Stein A. Protecting the psychological health of through effective communication about COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):346-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30097-3. Centre for Disease Control. Helping Children Cope with Emergencies. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/childrenindisasters/helping-children-cope.html [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Liu JJ, Bao Y, Huang X, Shi J, Lu L. Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. Lancet Child & Adolesc Health. 2020; 4(5):347-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30096-1. Sprang G, Silman M. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Parents and Youth After Health-Related Disasters. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2013;7(1):105-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.22. Rehman U, Shahnawaz MG, Khan NH, Kharshiing KD, Khursheed M, Gupta K, et al. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Indians in Times of Covid-19 Lockdown. Community Ment Health J. 2020:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00664-x. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 287:112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934. Wang C, Zhao H. The Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety in Chinese University Students. Front Psychol. 2020; 11:1168. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.01168. Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7(3): e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30047-x. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3(3): e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976. Lancee WJ, Maunder RG, Goldbloom DS, Coauthors for the Impact of SARS Study. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Toronto hospital workers one to two years after the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv. 2008;59(1):91-95. https://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fps.2008.59.1.91. Tam CWC, Pang EPF, Lam LCW, Chiu HFK. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hongkong in 2003: Stress and psychological impact among frontline healthcare workers. Psychol Med. 2004;34 (7):1197-1204. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002247. Lee SM, Kang WS, Cho A-R, Kim T, Park JK. Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Compr Psychiatry. 2018; 87:123-127. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.comppsych.2018.10.003. Koh D, Meng KL, Chia SE, Ko SM, Qian F, Ng V, et al. Risk perception and impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on work and personal lives of healthcare workers in Singapore: What can we learn? Med Care. 2005;43(7):676-682. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000167181.36730.cc. Verma S, Mythily S, Chan YH, Deslypere JP, Teo EK, Chong SA. Post-SARS psychological morbidity and stigma among general practitioners and traditional Chinese medicine practitioners in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2004; 33(6):743e8. Yeung J, Gupta S. Doctors evicted from their homes in India as fear spreads amid coronavirus lockdown. CNN World. 2020. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/25/asia/india-coronavirus-doctors-discrimination-intl-hnk/index.html. [Accessed on 24 August 2020] Violence Against Women and Girls: the Shadow Pandemic. UN Women. 2020. May 3, 2020. Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/4/statement-ed-phumzile-violence-against-women-during-pandemic. [Accessed on 24 August 2020]. Gearhart S, Patron MP, Hammond TA, Goldberg DW, Klein A, Horney JA. The impact of natural disasters on domestic violence: an analysis of reports of simple assault in Florida (1999–2007). Violence Gend. 2018;5(2):87–92. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0077. Sahoo S, Rani S, Parveen S, Pal Singh A, Mehra A, Chakrabarti S, et al. Self-harm and COVID-19 pandemic: An emerging concern – A report of 2 cases from India. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51:102104. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102104. Ghosh A, Khitiz MT, Pandiyan S, Roub F, Grover S. Multiple suicide attempts in an individual with opioid dependence: Unintended harm of lockdown during the COVID-19 outbreak? Indian J Psychiatry 2020; [In Press]. The Economic Times. 11 Coronavirus suspects flee from a hospital in Maharashtra. March 16 2020. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/11-coronavirus-suspects-flee-from-a-hospital-in-maharashtra/videoshow/74644936.cms?from=mdr. [Accessed on 23 August 2020]. Xiang Y, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020;(3):228–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8. Van Bortel T, Basnayake A, Wurie F, Jambai M, Koroma A, Muana A, et al. Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(3):210–214. https://dx.doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.15.158543. Kumar A, Nayar KR. COVID 19 and its mental health consequences. Journal of Mental Health. 2020; ahead of print:1-2. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1757052. Gupta R, Grover S, Basu A, Krishnan V, Tripathi A, Subramanyam A, et al. Changes in sleep pattern and sleep quality during COVID-19 lockdown. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020; 62(4):370-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_523_20. Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4): P300-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0. Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S et al. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020; 14(5): 779–788. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsx.2020.05.035. Wright R. The world's largest coronavirus lockdown is having a dramatic impact on pollution in India. CNN World; 2020. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/31/asia/coronavirus-lockdown-impact-pollution-india-intl-hnk/index.html. [Accessed on 23 August 2020] Foster O. 'Lockdown made me Realise What's Important': Meet the Families Reconnecting Remotely. The Guardian; 2020. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/keep-connected/2020/apr/23/lockdown-made-me-realise-whats-important-meet-the-families-reconnecting-remotely. (Accessed on 23 August 2020) Bilefsky D, Yeginsu C. Of 'Covidivorces' and 'Coronababies': Life During a Lockdown. N. Y. Times; 2020. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/world/coronavirus-lockdown-relationships.html [Accessed on 23 August 2020]

DER VÖLKERKRIEG BAND 5 Der Völkerkrieg (-) Der Völkerkrieg Band 5 (5 / 1916) ( - ) Einband ( - ) [Abb.]: Erzherzog Leopold Salvator ( - ) Titelseite ( - ) Impressum ( - ) Der Völkerkrieg. Die Ereignisse an der Westfront von Mai bis August 1915 / Belgien während des zweiten Kriegshalbjahres von Mitte Januar bis Anfang August 1915 / Frankreich während des zweiten Kriegshalbjahres / Die Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft während des ersten Kriegsjahres ( - ) Die Ereignisse an der Westfront von Mai bis August 1915 ( - ) [Abb.]: Erzherzog Joseph Ferdinand Kommandant der 4. Armee ( - ) Die Kämpfe zwischen Maas und Mosel (193) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den deutschen Generalstabsmeldungen (193) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Soldaten beim Baden vor dem Unterstand in einem Walde zwischen Maas und Mosel (2)Deutsche Truppen in den Wäldern zwischen Maas und Mosel in Ruhestellung ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Soldaten in Ruhestellung bei Saint-Mihiel (2)Pferdeställe deutscher Kavallerie bei Saint-Mihiel ( - ) Die Kämpfe bei Les Eparges vom 20. Juni bis 6. Juli 1915. Zusammenfassende Berichte aus dem deutschen Großen Hauptquartier (202) Der Bericht vom 1. Juli 1915: (202) [Karte]: Uebersichtskarte über das Kampfgebiet zwischen Les Eparges und Combres. (Vgl. die Karte Bd. V S. 79.) (203) [2 Abb.]: (1)Französische Unterstände in den Wäldern zwischen Maas und Mosel (2)Deutsche Feldartillerie in Feuerstellung bei Saint-Mihiel ( - ) [2 Abb.]: Feldlager deutscher Truppen in der Gegend von Verdun (2)Deutsche Kavallerie führt ihre Pferde in die Meurthe bei Baccarac in die Schwemme ( - ) Der Bericht vom 21. Juli 1915: (205) Von den Kämpfen um Saint-Mihiel (208) Der deutsche Gewinn im Priesterwalde am 4. und 5. Juli 1915 (210) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Wirkung einer deutschen Granate auf einen französischen Pferdeschuppen im Kampfgebiet zwischen Maas und Mosel (2)Deutsche Soldaten im Quartier in einem französischen Bauernhause ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Französische Gefangene nach dem Verhör durch deutsche Offiziere (2)Gottesdienst in der zu einem deutschen Lazarett umgewandelten französischen Kirche eines Dorfes zwischen Maas und Mosel ( - ) Episoden. In einem Beobachtungsstand (213) Die Kämpfe in Lothringen, in den Vogesen und im Sundgau. (215) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den deutschen Generalstabsmeldungen. Alle wichtigeren französischen Meldungen sind zur Ergänzung beigegeben. (215) [2 Abb.]: (1)Französische Alpenjäger in einem Schützengraben in den Vogesen 2000 m über dem Meeresspiegel (2)Französische Alpenjäger in den Vogesen an einem Maschinengewehr zur Abwehr von Flugzeug-Angriffen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Schufterei im deutschen Lager bei den "Drei Ähren" in den Vogesen (2)Aus einem deutschen Schützengraben an einem Berghang in den Vogesen. Im Hintergrund ein Gewehrständer ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Truppen auf dem Marsch ins Gefecht in den Vogesen (2)Ein deutsches Schanzwerk in den Vogesen, links auf dem Bilde durch vorgestellte Tannenbäumchen markiert ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein deutscher Waldfriedhof am Hexenweiher in den Vogesen (2)Ein deutscher Verbandplatz in den Vogesen. Verwundete wurden hinter die Front gebracht ( - ) Die Zerstörung des Viadukts von Dammerkirch am 30. Mai 1915 (226) Die Kämpfe um die Höhe von Ban-de-Sapt vom 22. Juni bis Ende Juli 1915 (227) [Karte]: Uebersichtskarte über die Gegend von Ban-de-Sapt und Saint-Dié (vgl. die Karte Bd. I, S. 241.) (229) Von den Kämpfen um das Lingemassiv und Münster vom 20. Juli bis 22. August 1915 (231) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Gepäckkolonne auf dem Marsch in den Vogesen (2)Ein deutscher Offiziers-Unterstand in den Vogesen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein Sonntagmorgen vor einem deutschen Mannschafts-Unterstand in den Vogesen (2)Morgenstunde in einem deutschen Mannschafts-Unterstand in den Vogesen ( - ) Am Hartmannsweilerkopf (235) Episoden (238) Ein Kampf in den Lüften. Aus einem Feldpostbrief der "Frankfurter Zeitung" (238) Verwundete Armierungssoldaten (239) Die Lastkraftwagen in den Vogesen (240) Vom Luftkampf an der Westfront (243) Deutsche Fliegerangriffe auf Paris (243) Fliegerangriffe auf deutsche Städte und die deutschen Vergeltungsmaßnahmen (243) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein von den Deutschen an der Westfront herabgeschossenes französisches Flugzeug (2)Die Großherzogin-Mutter Luise von Baden und ihre Tochter die Königin Viktoria von Schweden besuchen in Karlsruhe die Hinterbliebenen der beim französichen Fliegerangriff Getöteten ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern beim Vorbeimarsch deutscher Truppen (2)König Friedrich August von Sachsen beim Besuch der Westfront mit Generaloberst v. Heeringen ( - ) Von den deutschen Fürsten und Heerführern (251) Personalien (251) Besuche an der Front und Kundgebungen (251) Von den feindlichen Staatsoberhäuptern und Heerführern (253) Personalien (253) Besuche an der Front und Kundgebungen (253) Aus den besetzten Gebieten Frankreichs (255) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kaiser Wilhelm und Prinz Heinrich beim Tee im Quartier des Generalobersten von Heeringen (2)Kaiser Wilhelm und Prinz Heinrich während eines Gefechtes an der Westfront ( - ) [3 Abb.]: (1)Der französische General Sarrail (2)Der französische General Dubail. Der Kommandant der französischen Truppen in den Vogesen (3)Der französische General Humbert. Der Nachfolger General Sarrails im Kommando der III. Armee ( - ) Belgien während des zweiten Kriegshalbjahres. Von Mitte Januar bis Anfang August 1915. Fortsetzung von Band III, Seiten 225 bis 240. ([257]) Von König Albert und der belgischen Regierung. ([257]) Personalien ([257]) Maßnahmen und Kundgebungen ([257]) Militärische Maßnahmen (258) Von der deutschen Verwaltung in Belgien (259) Frankreich während des zweiten Kriegshalbjahres. Von Mitte Januar bis Anfang August 1915. Fortsetzung von Band III, S. 241 bis 276. ([263]) Enttäuschungen und Stimmungen ([263]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Französische Familien, die ihre von der französichen Artillerie bedrohten Ortschaften räumen müssen, begeben sich in Begleitung deutscher Soldaten zum nächsten Bahnhof (2)Tägliches Konzert der Kapelle eines Garderegiments auf dem Marktplatz zu Vouziers ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Wachtparade deutscher landsturmtruppen auf der Grand' Place zu Lille (2)Junge militärpflichtige Franzosen einer von deutschen Truppen besetzten Ortschaft, die unter Bewachung gehalten werden, um ihr Entweichen zu verhindern. ( - ) Maßnahmen der französichen Regierung (267) Personalien (267) Militärische Maßnahmen (268) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der deutsche Generalgouverneur von Belgien Freiherr von Bissing verläßt das Museum der schönen Künste zu Brüssel nach seiner Wiedereröffnung (2)Der deutsche Generalkommissar für die Banken in Belgien Dr. Carl von Lumm (in der Mitte) mit seinen Mitarbeitern (von links nach rechts) Direktor Dr. Schacht von der Dresdner Bank, Dr. Gutleben von der Darmstädter Bank, Dr. Somari und Prinz Georg von Sachsen-Meiningen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Generalgouverneur von Belgien Freiherr von Bissing besichtigt die elektrischen Drahtversperrungen an der Grenze zu Limburg (2)Mittagskonzert einer deutschen Militärkapelle auf dem Marktplatz in Brügge ( - ) Die Kundgebung am 14. Juli 1915 (270) Proteste (271) Von den Beziehungen zu den verbündeten und neutralen Staaten (271) Aus den französischen Kolonien (273) Die Kriegstagung der französischen Kammern. Die ordentliche Session des Jahres 1915. II. Die wirtschaftlichen Maßnahmen sind auf den S 281 bis 286 zusammengefaßt. (274) Die äußere Politik (274) Die innere Politik der Tagung von Mitte Januar bis Anfang April 1915 (Fortsetzung von Band III, S. 253 bis 255) (275) Die innere Politik der Tagung vom 29. April bis Anfang August 1915 (276) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Generalissimus Joffre besichtigt französische Soldaten, die mit dem neuen Stahlhelm ausgerüstet sind (2)Die Sanitätskommission der französischen Kammer unter Führung des Unterstaatssekretärs Justin Godart (rechts auf dem Bilde) bei der Inspektion eines französischen Schützengrabens ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Unterstaatssekretär für Artillerie und Munition Albert Thomas (in der Mitte des Bildes) in den französischen Schützengräben in der Champagne; der Minister und seine Begleiter tragen den neuen Stahlhelm (2)Französische Munitionsarbeiterinnen in den Munitionswerken von Saint-Chamond, damit beschäftigt, Schrapnellhülsen mit Kugeln zu füllen. ( - ) Das französische Wirtschaftsleben im zweiten Kriegshalbjahr (281) Am Ende des ersten Kriegsjahres (286) [2 Abb.]: (1)Bundesrat Dr. Arthur Hoffmann. Präsident der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft im Jahre 1914 (2)Schweizerische Infanterie ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein schweizerischer Beobachtungsposten auf dem Pizzo Gallina an der Schweizerischen Grenze zwischen Wallis und dem Val Formazza (2)Schweizerische Truppen in Ruhestellung auf dem Splügenpaß ( - ) Die Schweizer. Eidgenossenschaft während des ersten Kriegsjahres. Vom August 1914 bis August 1915. Zusammenfassender Bericht von Werner Guggenheim, St. Gallen. Geschrieben im Dezember 1915 ([289]) [Gedicht]: Das Friedensland ([289]) Die Neutralität der Schweiz ([289]) Vom schweizerischen Volk (292) Innere Strömungen (292) Deutsche und welsche Schweiz (294) [2 Abb.]: (1)Bundesrat Giuseppe Motta. Präsident der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft im Jahre 1915 (2)Schweizerisches Wachtkommando an der Grenze im Hochgebirge ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein schweizerischer Militär-Transport im Hochgebirge (2)Ein schweizerischer Scheinwerfer-Posten an der französischen Grenze ( - ) Von der Regierung der Eidgenossenschaft. Die wirtschaftlichen und finanzpolitischen Maßnahmen der Regierung der Eidgenossenschaft sind im Kapitel "Der Einfluß des Kriegs auf die Wirtschaft der Schweiz" S. 303 f. zusammengefaßt. (298) Die Landesverteidigung (299) Von der schweizerischen Armee (299) Vom Grenzschutz (301) Falsche Gerüchte (302) Der Einfluß des Krieges auf die Wirtschaft der Schweiz (303) Die Panik (303) Die wirtschaftliche Rüstung beim Kriegsausbruch (304) Maßnahmen des Bundesrates (304) Die Staatsrechnung (306) Beschaffung von Geldmitteln (306) Der schweizerische Geldmarkt (308) Die Schwierigkeiten der Rohstoffzufuhr (308) Handel und Gewerbe (309) Die Liebestätigkeit in der Schweiz (312) Kleinere Hilfswerke (312) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ulrich Wille. General der Schweizerischen Armee (2)Ein Drahthindernis der schweizerischen Grenzbefestigung mit Wachtkommando ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Theophil Sprecher v. Bernegg. Oberstkorpskommandant und Generalstabschef der Schweizerischen Armee (2)Schweizerische Truppen an der Grenze beim Straßenbau ( - ) Die Agentur für Kriegsgefangene (313) Die Kriegsgefangenenpost (314) Die Internierten und Evakuierten (315) Die Schwerverwundetenzüge (316) Die Aufgabe der Schweiz (319) Das neutrale Fürstentum Liechtenstein. Ein staatsrechtliches Kuriosum ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein schweizerischer Beobachtungsposten an einem Waldrande der Westgrenze (2)Ein schweizerischer dreistöckiger Beobachtungsposten an einem Waldrande der Westgrenze ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Schweizerische Flieger und ein Flugapparat, wie sie zum Grenzschutz Verwendung finden (2)Der schweizerische General U. Wille mit seinem Stabe bei einer Inspizierung des Grenzschutzes ( - ) Der Völkerkrieg. Der italienische Krieg bis zur dritten Isonzoschlacht / Italien und der Vatikan während der ersten Kriegsmonate / Der türkische Krieg von Ende Februar bis August 1915 / Die Türkei während des zweiten Kriegshalbjahres ( - ) Der italienische Krieg bis zur dritten Isonzoschlacht. Vom 23. Mai 1915 bis Anfang August 1915. ([1]) Italien, Tirol und Triest ([1]) Während des Aufmarschs in Oesterreich-Ungarn (3) Kundgebungen und Maßnahmen (3) Personalien (5) Kundgebungen der Völker der Monarchie (5) Während des Aufmarsches in Italien (7) Kundgebungen und Maßnahmen (7) Personalien (8) [3 Abb.]: (1)General Luigi Cadorna. Der Chef des italienischen Generalstabs (2)General Graf Carlo Porro. Unterchef des italienischen Generalstabs (3)Prinz Luigi v. Savoyen, Herzog d. Abruzzen. Oberbefehlshaber der italienischen Flotte ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Prinz Thomas von Savoyen, Herzog von Genua. Während der Abwesenheit des Königs an der Front Reichsverweser von Italien (2)Der Armeebischof Mons. Bartolomasi segnet die Fahnen zweier neuer italienischer Regimenter vor dem Ausmarsch an die Front ( - ) Das italienische Heer (10) Die Befestigungen an der italienischen Grenze Oesterreich-Ungarns (12) [Abb.]: Blick auf den österreichischen Teil des Gardasees. Links am Seeufer die Ponale-Straße, die von Riva ins Ledrotal führt; im Hintergrund links die Adamellogruppe, rechts die Brentagruppe ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Franzenshöhe am Stilfserjoch am Fuße der Ortlergruppe (2)Blick auf Trient, die Hauptstadt des Trentino ( - ) Zusammenfassende Darstellung der Kämpfe auf den italienischen Kriegsschauplätzen. Vom 23. Mai 1915 bis Anfang August 1915 (14) Vom italienischen Angriffsplan, der Kräfteverteilung und den Geländeverhältnissen der Kriegsschauplätze (14) Die italienischen Angriffe auf Tirol (16) [2 Abb.]: (1)K.u.K. General der Kavallerie Victor von Dankl. Der Oberkommandant an der Tiroler Front (1)Das Plateau von Folgaria - Lavarone (Vielgereuth - Lafraun) mit der Ortschaft Folgaria ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Plateau von Plätzwiesen in den Dolomiten (2)Blick auf das Dorf Serten in den Dolomiten ( - ) Die Kämpfe an der kärtnerischen Grenze (24) [2 Abb.]: (1)K.u.K. General der Kavallerie Franz v. Rohr. Der Oberkommandant an der kärnterischen Front (2)Ansicht von Malborgeth an der Eisenbahnlinie Pontebba - Tarvis ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)K.u.K. General d. Inf. Svetozar v. Boroevic. Der Oberkommandant aus der Isonzofront (2)Blick auf die Pögarbrücke und den Isonzo. ( - ) Die Schlachten am Isonzo (25) Bei den Tiroler Standschützen (29) [Karte]: Übersichtskarte über die italienischen Kriegsschauplätze ( - ) Die italienischen Angriffe auf Tirol (33) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den österreichisch-ungarischen Generalstabsmeldungen. Alle wichtigeren italienischen Generalstabsmeldungen sind zur Ergänzung beigegeben. (33) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine Maschinengewehrabteilung der Tiroler Landesschützen im Kampf (2)Sonntagsandacht der Tiroler Standschützen an der Front ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein österreichisch-ungarisches Gebirgsgeschütz in Deckung an der Tiroler Grenze (2)Eine österreichisch-ungarische Gebirgsbatterie wird an der Tiroler Grenze in Stellung gebracht ( - ) Auf der Wacht am Stilfserjoch (42) Um den Tonale-Paß (45) Der Ueberfall am Lago di Campo im Val Daone vom 1. bis 6. Juni 1915 (47) [Abb.]: Erzherzog Eugen von Oesterreich ( - ) Die Einnahme von Ala am 27. Mai 1915 (50) [Karte]: Uebersichtskarte über das Kampfgebiet an den Grenzen Südtirols. ([51]) Der Kampf um den Monte Coston (52) Die Tiroler Schützen bei Belfiore am 14. Juni 1915 (52) Die Kämpfe im Gebiet der Marmolata am 18. Juni 1915 (53) Der Kampf im Ampezzotal am 9. Juni 1915 (56) [2 Abb.]: (1)Italienische Artillerie 2700 m hoch in den Dolomiten (2)Italienischer Schützengraben an der Tiroler Grenze ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kriegsgefangene Italiener (2)Oesterreichisch-ungarische Feldbatterie an der Tiroler Grenze 2100 m hoch ( - ) Die Kämpfe um den Monte Piano (58) Die Ereignisse um Serten seit Kriegsbeginn bis Anfang August 1915 (60) Episoden (63) Wie Sepp Innerkofler fiel (63) Ein Kriegsbilderfabrikant (63) Wackere Tiroler Schützen. Von den Standschützen. (64) [2 Abb.]: (1)Italienische vorgeschobene Posten in den Tiroler Alpen 3000 m hoch (2)Eine österreichisch-ungarische Patrouille im Gefecht an der Tiroler Grenze ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein Zeltlager österreichisch-ungarischer Truppen im Etschtal (2)Oesterreichisch-ungarischer Beobachtungsposten auf dem Dache eines Hauses bei Riva ( - ) Die Kämpfe an der kärntnerischen Grenze (65) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den österreichisch-ungarischen Generalstabsmeldungen. Alle wichtigeren italienischen Generalstabsmeldungen sind zur Ergänzung beigegeben. (65) [2 Abb.]: (1)Aus einem österreichisch-ungarischen Schützengraben an der Kärntnerischen Grenze (2)In einem italienischen Gebirgsschützengraben in Erwartung des Angriffs ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein österreichisch-ungarisches Maschinengewehr in Feuerstellung (2)Italienische Gebirgsartillerie im Feuer ( - ) Die Eroberung des Monte Paralba und des Monte Ciadini (73) Die Kämpfe am Plökenpaß (74) Von der Beschießung des Forts Hensel (75) Hinter der Front (76) Episoden (78) Auf einer kärnterischen Sperre. Die Russen. (78) Die Schlachten am Isonzo (79) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den österreichisch-ungarischen Generalstabsmeldungen. Alle wichtigeren italienischen Generalstabsmeldungen sind zur Ergänzung beigegeben. (79) [2 Abb.]: (1)Gegen Fliegerangriffe geschütztes österreichisch-ungarisches Lager am oberen Isonzo (2)Die von den Italienern bei einem erfolglosen Angriff zurückgelassene Munition wird von österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen gesammelt ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oesterreichisch-ungarische Gebirgsbatterie am Isonzo (2)Ein österreichisch-ungarischer Offizier, der blutüberstömt von einem Patrouillenritt zurückkehrt; sein Pferd ist schwerverwundet niedergebrochen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oesterreichisch-ungarischer Beobachtungsposten in den Tiroler Bergen (2)Oesterreichisch-ungarischer Beobachter im Gipfel eines Baumes an der Tiroler Grenze ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oesterreichisch-ungarische Pioniere beim Verbessern der Wege und Herstellen neuer Verbindungsstraßen im Tiroler Kampfgebiet (2)Munition und Lebensmittel werden auf Packpferden an die österreichisch-ungarische Front in den Tiroler Bergen gebracht ( - ) Die erste Isonzoschlacht vom 6. bis 20. Juli 1915 (97) Von den Kämpfen um die Isonzoübergänge und den Görzer Brückenkopf (97) [Karte]: Uebersichtskarte über das Kampfgebiet an der küstenländischen Front von Flitsch bis Monfalcone. (99) Der Kampf um den Plava-Uebergang (101) Das Ringen im Krngebiet (Monte Nero). (103) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oesterreichisch-ungarische Gebirgstruppen mit Rennwölfen und Steigeisen ausgerüstet, besteigen einen Berggipfel (2)Das Abseilen eines Verwundeten von einem Berggipfel durch österreichisch-ungarische Gebirgstruppen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Italienische Gebirgstruppen erweisen einem gefallenen österreichisch-ungarischen Offizier die letzte Ehre (2)Ein italienisches schweres Geschütz in Stellung ( - ) Die zweite Isonzoschlacht am 30. Juni bis 6. Juli 1915 (105) Die dritte Isonzoschlacht vom 18. bis 27. Juli 1915 (107) Zusammenfassende Darstellung (107) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Stadt Cormons bei Görz (2)Ein österreichisch-ungarisches schweres Geschütz an der Isonzofront ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Verwundete österreichisch-ungarische Soldaten warten vor einem Etappen-Lazarett am Isonzo auf die ärztliche Behandlung (2)Ein österreichisch-ungarischer Artillerie-Beobachtungsposten am Telephon an der Isonzofront ( - ) Der 20. Juli 1915 am Monte San Michele (111) In Stadt und Festung Görz (113) Episoden (114) Zwischen den Stürmen (114) Italienische Erzählungen aus den Kämpfen um Podgora (115) Von den Taten österreichisch-ungarischer Panzerzüge (116) Ein Bajonettangriff (116) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ansicht der italienischen Stadt Ancona am adriatischen Meer (2)Blick auf Venedig von einem französischen Flugzeug aus 900 m Höhe photographiert ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ansicht des Hafens von Triest (2)Österreichisch-ungarischer Wachtposten an der Adria ( - ) Die Italiener und ihre "unerlösten Landsleute" (117) Die See- und Luftkämpfe (119) Die italienische Kriegs- und Luftflotte (119) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oesterreichisches Lager im karstartigen Gebiet auf dem Doberdo-Plateau (2)Das Ausladen österreichisch-ungarischer Verwundeten vor einem Spital ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ansicht von Monfalcone im Isonzogebiet (2)Eine Partie aus Salcano am Isonzo-Ufer ( - ) Der Angriff der österreichisch-ungarischen See- und Luftflotte gegen die italienische Ostküste am 24. Mai 1915. Vergleiche die Uebersichtskarte S. 131. (121) Amtliche Meldungen (121) Aus den Einzelberichten (124) Die Flottenkämpfe in der Adria bis Mitte August 1915. Nach Meldungen des K.u.K. Flottenkommandos, des italienischen Admiralstabs und ergänzenden Mitteilungen. (126) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oesterreichisch-ungarisches Lager auf dem Doberdo-Plateau (2)Auf dem Doberdo-Plateau. - Oesterreichisch-ungarische Soldaten füllen die Kochkisten, die dann in die Schwarmlinien gebracht werden. ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Österreichisch-ungarisches Geschütz in Stellung an der Isonzofront (2)Österreichisch-ungarische Proviantkolonne durchzieht einen Wald am Ufer des Isonzo ( - ) Die Flottenkämpfe in der Adria von Anfang Juli bis Mitte August 1915. Nach den Meldungen des K.u.K. Flottenkommandos, des italienischen Admiralstabs und ergänzenden Mitteilungen. (129) [Karte]: Uebersichtskarte über das Adriatische Meer. (131) Die Luftkämpfe von Ende Mai bis Mitte August 1915. Nach den Meldungen des K.u.K. Flottenkommandos, des italienischen Admiralstabs und ergänzenden Mitteilungen (135) [Abb.]: Admiral Haus der Kommandant der österreichisch-ungarischen Flotte ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Österreichisch-ungarischer Artillerie-Beobachter an der Küste des adriatischen Meeres (2)Österreichisch-ungarisches Flieger-Abwehrgeschütz an der Küste des adriatischen Meeres ( - ) Die italienische Kriegsberichterstattung (142) Die italienischen Verluste (144) Von den österreichisch-ungarischen Fürsten und Heerführern (144) Kundgebungen und Auszeichnungen. (144) Der Besuch des Erzherzog-Thronfolgers an der Südwestfront (145) Von den italienischen Fürsten und Heerführern (146) Personalien und Auszeichnungen (146) Das Haus Savoyen im Felde (147) Von der italienischen Verwaltung der besetzten österreichischen Gebiete (149) Italien und der Vatikan während der ersten Kriegsmonate. Von Ende Mai bis Anfang August 1915. Fortsetzung von Band VI, S. 249 bis 318 ([150]) Die Stimmung des italienischen Volks ([150]) [2 Abb.]: (1)General Antonio Santore, der in der Isonzoschlacht vom 18. bis 27. Juli 1915 fiel (2)Der König von Italien und (von links nach rechts) General Porro, der Herzog Aosta, sowie General Zupelli verfolgen den Verlauf eines italienischen Angriffs am Isonzo ( - ) [3 Abb.]: (1)Salvatore Barzilai. Italienischer Minister ohne Portefeuille (2)General Alfredo Dallolio. Italienischer Unterstaatssekretär für Waffen und Munition (3)Der italienische Ministerpräsident Salandra beim Besuch an der Front ( - ) Von der italienischen Regierung (153) Die Besuche Salandras im Hauptquartier und die Reise des Grafen Porro nach Paris (153) Personalien (153) Militärische Maßnahmen (155) Maßnahmen gegen die Angehörigen feindlicher Staaten (156) Verwaltungsmaßnahmen (156) Das italienische Wirtschaftsleben während der ersten Kriegsmonate (157) [2 Abb.]: (1)Österreichisch-ungarische Truppen in einem Schützengraben am Isonzo (2)Österreichisch-ungarisches Lager mit Fliegerdeckung am Isonzo ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Österreichisch-ungarische Truppen beim Reinigen der Gewehre am Isonzo (2)Österreichisch-ungarischer Vorposten in Deckung in einem Maisfeld am Isonzo ( - ) Von den nordafrikanischen Kolonien Italiens von Anfang Mai bis Anfang August 1915. Fortsetzung von Band VI, Seiten 262 bis 265. (161) Italien, die Türkei und der Balkan (163) Kundgebungen (163) Die Rede Salandras auf dem Kapitol am 3. Juni 1915 (163) Die Volkskundgebung am 6. Juni 1915 (168) [2 Abb.]: (1)Linienschiffsleutnant Egon Lerch. Kommandant des Unterseeboots "U 12", das am 12. August 1915 von einem italienischen Unterseeboot torpediert und versenkt wurde (2)Der italienische Panzerkreuzer "Amalfi", der am 7. Juli 1915 von einem österreichisch-ungarischen Unterseeboot in der Nordadria torpediert und versenkt wurde. ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der italienische Kreuzer "Giuseppe Garibaldi", der am 18. Juli 1915 von einem österreichisch-ungarischen Unterseeboot bei Ragusa versenkt wurde (2)Das italienische Luftschiff "Citta di Jesi", das von den österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen in der Nacht vom 5. auf den 6. August 1915 heruntergeschossen wurde, wird geborgen ( - ) Die Reden Giolittis und Barzilais. Die Entgegnung auf das österreichisch-ungarische Rotbuch. (169) Der Vatikan während der ersten Kriegsmonate. Fortsetzung von Band VI, S. 309 bis 318 (170) Vom Sitz und der Verwaltung des Heiligen Stuhls (170) Die Kriegsfürsorge des heiligen Stuhls (170) Die angebliche Papst-Unterredung der "Liberté" und ihre Richtigstellung (171) [Abb.]: Marschall Liman v. Sanders Pascha ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Türkische Artillerie auf dem Marsch zur Front (2)Türkische Kavallerie in den Straßen von Konstantinopel ( - ) Der Friedensaufruf des Papstes zum Jahrestage des Kriegsausbruchs (173) Der türkische Krieg. Von Ende Februar bis Anfang August 1915. Fortsetzung von Band IV, S. 169 bis 240 ([175]) "Heda, Türke, wach auf!" Der Weintraubenverkäufer ([175]) Die politische Bedeutung, die Lage und die Verteidigung der Dardanellen (178) [3 Abb.]: (1)General Sir Jan Hamilton. Der Oberbefehlshaber des Dardanellenkorps der Alliierten (2)Der französische General Gouraud (3)Der französische General D' Amade ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eines der alten Forts am Eingang der Dardanellen (2)Die französischen Generale Gouraud und Bailloud (sitzend) in einem Fort bei Sedd-ül-Bahr ( - ) [Karte]: Kartenskizze der Dardanellen (Vgl. die Karte S 191.) (181) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Erzherzog Thronfolger Karl Franz Josef und General der Kavallerie Franz v. Rohr bei einer Truppenbesichtigung an der Kärntnerischen Front (2)Der Erzherzog Thronfolger Karl Franz Josef dekoriert Soldaten auf dem südöstlichen Kriegsschauplatz bei St. Lucia ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Generalmajor Paul Nagy im Gespräch mit dem Gruppenführer des Kriegspressequartiers Hauptmann Hugo Weiser (2)Major Prinz Elias von Bourbon-Parma und Feldzeugmeister Wurm auf einer Fahrt zur Besichtigung der Front am Isonzo ( - ) Das Oberkommando und die Bildung des Expeditionskorps der Alliierten (186) Vom Oberkommando des englisch-französischen Expeditionskorps (186) Vom englisch-französischen Expeditionskorps (188) Lemnos, Tenedos und Mytilene als Operationsbasis der Alliierten (189) [Karte]: Uebersichtskarte über die europäische und kleinasiatische Türkei und die Nordostküste des Aegäischen Meeres (191) [3 Abb.]: (Dschewad Pascha, der Kommandant d. Dardanellen-Verteidigung (2)Admiral v. Usedom Pascha, der Kommandant d. Dardanellen-Verteidigung (3)Der Eingang der Dardanellen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Türkische Infanterie-Patrouille in den Straßen von Konstantinopel (2)Aus dem türkischen Militärspital zu Gülhane. Bei der Desinfektion der Uniformen verwundeter Dardanellen-Krieger ( - ) Zusammenfassende Darstellung der Kämpfe um die Dardanellen von Ende Februar bis Anfang August 1915 (193) Die Versuche zur Forcierung der Dardanellen durch die Flotte der Alliierten. Von Ende Februar bis Ende März 1915 (193) Die Landung der Alliierten an den Dardanellen und die Vorbereitungen dazu. Von Ende März bis Anfang Mai 1915 (196) Der Stellungskrieg an den Dardanellen. Von Anfang Mai bis Anfang August 1915 (200) [2 Abb.]: (1)Türkische Infanterie rastet während eines Marsches an den Dardanellen (2)Türkische Batterie in Feuerstellung auf der Halbinsel Gallipoli ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Begräbnis türkischer Soldaten in Defterdar am Goldenen Horn (2)Ein Krankensaal im türkischen Lazarett zu Gülhane mit Verwundeten aus den Dardanellen- und Kaukasus-Kämpfen ( - ) Die Versuche zur Forcierung der Dardanellen durch die Flotte der Alliierten. Von Ende Februar bis Ende März 1915 (202) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den Meldungen des türkischen Hauptquartiers. Alle wichtigeren englischen und französischen Meldungen sind zur Ergänzung beigegeben (202) [Karte]: Die Dardanellenschlacht am 18. März 1915. (207) Die Landungsversuche der Alliierten am 4. März 1915. Die angebliche Fahrt des "Amethyst" bis Nagara (209) Das Gefecht in der Nacht vom 10. auf den 11. März 1915 (209) Die Todesfahrt der englisch-französischen Flotte am 18. März 1915 (211) Episoden (216) Die Parade des Expeditionskorps in Alexandrien (216) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das englische Linienschiff "Triumph", das an der Schlacht vom 18. März 1915 teilnahm und am 25. Mai 1915 im Golf von Saros torpediert wurde (2)Die Rettung der Mannschaft des französischen Kreuzers "Gaulois", der in der Schlacht vom 18. März 1915 durch Geschützfeuer beschädigt wurde und später sank ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Von der Landung der Expeditionsarmee auf der Südspitze der Halbinsel Gallipoli (2)Britische Landungstruppen werden in Booten auf der Halbinsel Gallipoli gelandet ( - ) Talaat-Bey (217) Die Landung der Alliierten an den Dardanellen und die Vorbereitungen dazu. Von Ende März bis 4. Mai 1915 (217) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den Meldungen des türkischen Hauptquartiers. Alle wichtigeren englischen Meldungen sind zur Ergänzung beigegeben. (217) Aus dem amtlichen Bericht Sir Jan Hamiltons über die Kämpfe vom 25. April bis 4. Mai 1915. (223) [2 Abb.]: (1)Englischer Vizeadmiral John Michael de Robeck (2)Vizeadmiral Sackville Hamilton Carden mit seinem Adjutanten Lionel S. Ormsby-Johnson vor dem Gebäude der britischen Admiralität in Malta ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Von den Truppentransporten der Alliierten. Ein britisches Transportschiff fährt an einem vor Anker liegenden französischen Schlachtschiff vorüber (2)Am Hafen von Mudros auf der Insel Lemnos ( - ) Einzelheiten der englisch-französischen Landungskatastrophe (226) Der Untergang von "E 15" am 17. April 1915 (232) [2 Abb.]: (1)An einer Pferdetränke auf Gallipoli (2)Türkische und deutsche Offiziere bei der Einweihung einer türkischen Munitionsfabrik an den Dardanellen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: Türkische Truppen auf dem Marsch auf der Halbinsel Gallipoli (2)Türkischer Schützengraben auf der Halbinsel Gallipoli ( - ) Episoden (233) Der Schützengraben der Toten (233) Von den Gefangenen und der Beute (234) Der Stellungskrieg an den Dardanellen. Vom 5. Mai bis Anfang August 1915 (235) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den Meldungen des türkischen Hauptquartiers. Die wichtigeren englischen, in den folgenden Gesamtberichten nicht enthaltenen Meldungen sind zur Ergänzung beigegeben. (235) [2 Abb.]: (1)Sir Jan Hamilton und General Gourand in Sedd-ül-Bahr (2)Der Kommandeur der 1. französischen Division besichtigt die vorderen französischen Schützengräben an der Südspitze der Halbinsel Gallipoli ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Fahne eines französischen Kolonial-Regiments mit ihrer Wache auf dem türkischen Friedhof zu Sedd-ül-Bahr (2)Britische Infanterie ruht nach einem Kampfe in den Unterständen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Trümmer eines von den Türken heruntergeschossenen französischen Flugzeugs (2)Ein türkischer Scharfschütze ("Sniper"), der sich als Busch verkleidet an die englische Linie herangeschlichen hatte und gefangen genommen wurde ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das britische Geschütz "Annie" im Feuer vor Krithia (2)Englische Militärbasis bei Teke Burun ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das französische Schlachtschiff "Bouvet", das in der Schlacht vom 18. März 1915 in den Dardanellen unterging (2)Das französische Schlachtschiff "Gaulois", das in der Schlacht am 18. März 1915 beschädigt wurde und später versank ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der russische Kreuzer "Askold", der sich an der Dardanellen-Aktion der Alliierten beteiligte (2)Drei türkische Kanonenboote am "Goldenen Horn" ( - ) Die Kämpfe auf der Gallipoli-Halbinsel vom 4. bis 22. Mai 1915 (254) [2 Abb.]: (1)Englischer Sanitätsunterstand auf der Südspitze der Halbinsel Gallipoli (2)Ein türkischer Schützengraben auf der Südspitze der Halbinsel Gallipoli ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Landung und Transport eines schweren Geschützes auf dem Strande von Kap Helles (2)Landung eines englischen 155 mm Geschützes auf einem Leichter bei Sedd-ül-Bahr ( - ) Von den Kämpfen auf der Gallipoli-Halbinsel vom 4. bis 28. Juni 1915 (257) Aus den amtlichen Berichten des Generals Sir Jan Hamilton über die Kämpfe an den Dardanellen vom 28. Juni bis 4. Juli 1915 (259) Bericht vom 1. Juli 1915 (259) Hamiltons Bericht vom 2. Juli 1915 (260) Hamiltons Bericht vom 6. Juli 1915 (261) Hamiltons Bericht vom 8. Juli 1915. (262) Im Zeltlager der Expeditionsarmee auf der Gallipolihalbinsel (262) [2 Abb.]: (1)Englische Truppen auf der Gallipoli-Halbinsel bei der Herstellung vom Bomben aus gebrauchten Konservenbüchsen (2)Französische Truppen während einer Kampfpause am 21. Juni 1915. Die Offiziere der aus dem Kampf zurückgekehrten und der neu für die Schlacht bereit gestellten Truppen beraten sich ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Von den Türken auf der Gallipoli-Halbinsel gefangen genommene Briten in den Straßen von Pera (2)Türkische Gefangene werden von den Alliierten an der Dardanellenfront zu Arbeitsdiensten gezwungen ( - ) Die Fahrt des englischen Unterseeboots "E II" durch die Dardanellen am 25. Mai 1915 (265) Die Vernichtung der Schiffe "Goliath", "Triumph" und "Majestic" (266) Episoden (270) Aus den Schützengräben an den Dardanellen (270) Vom englischen Lager am "W-Strand" (271) Die Ereignisse im Schwarzen Meer. Von Ende Februar bis Anfang August 1915 (272) Der Bosporus und seine Verteidigung (272) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den Meldungen des türkischen Hauptquartiers (272) Die russische "Aktion" am Bosporus am 28. März 1915 (274) Der Untergang des "Medschidije" und die Rettung seiner Mannschaft (274) Im Mittelländischen und Aegäischen Meer (276) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den Meldungen des türkischen Hauptquartiers und ergänzenden Berichten (276) [2 Abb.]: Türkische Kolonnen auf dem Marsch im Kaukasus (2)Die deutsche Rote Kreuz-Expedition des Grafen Fritz von Hochberg auf der Reise durch das Taurusgebirge ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Von einer Verbandsstelle des "Roten Halbmonds" (2)Türkischer Landsturm, der zum Ausbessern der Straßen aufgeboten wurde ( - ) Die Fahrt der deutschen Unterseeboote von der Nordsee bis Konstantinopel (281) Die Kämpfe im Kaukasus (283) Die Fahrt der deutschen Unterseeboote von der Nordsee bis Konstantinopel (283) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein Freiluft-Gefängnis für gefangene Türken auf dem Deck eines englischen Kriegsschiffs (2)Von den Türken in den Gefechten auf der Halbinsel Gallipoli gefangen genommene Engländer in ihren Zelten ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Türkische Generalstabsoffiziere beobachten die Bewegungen der Alliierten auf der Halbinsel Gallipoli (2)Die Wohnung des Marschalls Liman v. Sanders in Galata mit einer Gruppe türkischer Offiziere ( - ) Zusammenfassende Darstellung (289) Die Kämpfe in Persien (291) Meldungen über die Kämpfe in Aserbeidschan (Vgl. die Karte in Band IV, S. 213.) (291) Zusammenfassende Darstellung (292) Der Aufruhr in Armenien, die Erklärung der Entente und die Antwort der türkischen Regierung (294) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der deutsche Kapitänleutnant Firle (2)Der kleine britische Kreuzer "Amethyst", der bis Nagara in die Dardanellen eingedrungen sein will ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der deutsche Kapitän Ackermann mit den Offizieren des großen Panzerkreuzer "Sultan Javus Selim" (Göben) (2)Blick auf Konstantinopel von der Galata-Brücke aus ( - ) Die Kämpfe am Persischen Golf (297) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den amtlichen türkischen Meldungen. Die wichtigeren Meldungen des indischen Amtes sind zur Ergänzung beigegeben. (Vgl. die Karte in Band IV, S. 217.) (297) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kamele des "Roten Halbmonds" mit Tragbahren für Verwundete (2)Türkische Pfleger vom "Roten Halbmond" bei der Abendmahlzeit in ihrem Lager ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein arabischer Landsturmmann in Bir'-es-Seeba (Beerseba) Palästina (2)aus einem Lager türkischer Truppen ( - ) Zusammenfassende Darstellung (302) Die Ereignisse auf den ägyptischen und arabischen Kriegsschauplätzen (304) Türkische Kundgebungen (304) Die Kämpfe an der ägyptischen Grenze (305) Eine Fahrt durch den Suezkanal (306) Die Kämpfe in Arabien (307) Völkerrechtsverletzungen der Alliierten (308) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein englischer Dampfer vor der Einfahrt in den Suezkanal (2)Ein von Australien kommender Dampfer ladet im Westhafen von Alexandria in der Nähe des Arsenals australische Truppen aus ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine Parade englischer Truppen in Khartum im Sudan (2)Der Hafen von Aden. Im Hintergrund die von den Engländern stark befestigten "Roten Felsen" ( - ) Vom Sultan, den Prinzen und den Heerführern der osmanischen Armee (310) Vom Sultan (310) Von den Prinzen. Ernennungen. (311) Auszeichnungen (311) Vom Zaren (312) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kapitänleutnant Otto Hersing, der Kommandant von "U 21" und "U51" (2)Das englische Linienschiff "Majestic" das am 27. Mai 1915 vor Sedd-ül-Bahr von dem deutschen Unterseeboot "U 51" torpediert wurde ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der engl. Kontreadmiral Sir Richard H. Peirse, der Smyrna bombardieren ließ (2)Eine Straße in Aleppo ( - ) Die Türkei während des zweiten Kriegshalbjahres. Von Ende Januar bis Anfang August 1915. Fortsetzung von Band IV, Seiten 234 bis 240 ([313]) Von der ersten Kriegstagung des türkischen Parlaments ([313]) Maßnahmen der türkischen Regierung. Die wirtschaftlichen Maßnahmen sind auf den S. 316 und 317 zusammengefaßt. (314) Militärische Maßnahmen (314) Maßnahmen gegen die Angehörigen fremder Staaten (314) Von den Beziehungen zu den Verbündeten. Von den Beziehungen zum Vatikan. Die Türkei, die Balkanstaaten und Italien (315) Ein englisch-französisches Komplott gegen die Türkei (316) Vom türkischen Wirtschaftsleben (316) Von den innerpolitischen Verhältnissen Aegyptens (318) Kundgebungen des Kalifen und des Khediven (318) Vom englischen Oberkommando (318) Vom "Sultan" von Aegypten (319) Maßnahmen der britisch-ägyptischen Regierung (319) Nachrichten aus dem Sudan (320) Der Völkerkrieg. Die Ereignisse an der Ostfront nach der Wiedereroberung von Przemysl bis zum Fall von Warschau ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Kriegsminister Enver Pascha und Admiral Souchon schreiten die Front einer Abteilung türkischer Marinesoldaten ab (2)Der türkische Thronfolger Jussuf Izzedin † mit seinem Stabe bei einer Besichtigungsreise auf der Gallipoli-Halbinsel ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Herzog v. Mecklenburg wird vom Kommandanten der Dardanellentruppen Liman v. Sanders Pascha empfangen (2)Deutsche und türkische Offiziere in Bir'-es-Seeba (Beerseba) Palästina. Von links nach rechts: Oberleutnant Issuf Isef, Oberst Trommer, Kommandeur der achten Division, Grenzkommandant Oberstleutnant Behdschet-Bey, Generalstabsoffizier Rüschdi ( - ) Saat und Ernte ([1]) Zusammenfassende Darstellung. Von Anfang Juni bis Anfang August 1915 (3) Das Ende des galizischen Feldzugs. Von Anfang Juni bis 22. Juli 1915 (3) Nach der Eroberung Lembergs bis zur großen Offensive der Verbündeten gegen das westrussische Festungssystem. Vom 23. Juni bis Mitte Juli 1915 (8) [2 Abb.]: (1)Verwundete Russen werden von deutschen Soldaten von einem Schlachtfeld Galiziens fortgeschafft (2)Deutsche Soldaten sammeln die Beute in einem erstürmten russischen Schützengraben in Galizien ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Soldaten besuchen die Gräber ihrer gefallenen Kameraden in einem galizischen Dorfe (2)Eine deutsche Sanitätsabteilung der Südarmee bringt schwerverwundete Deutsche und Russen nach dem stabilen Feldhofspital in Tucholka ( - ) Die große Offensive der Verbündeten gegen das westrussische Festungssystem bis zum Fall von Warschau. Von Mitte Juli bis 10. August 1915 (10) [Karte]: Uebersichtskarte über die Entwicklung der Ostfront von Mitte März bis Anfang August 1915. Ueber die Befehlsverteilung an der Front in Galizien und in der Bukowina vor dem 14. Juli 1915 vgl. die Karten S. 35. ([15]) Südlich der oberen Weichsel bis zur Einnahme von Lemberg (21) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den deutschen und österreichisch-ungarischen Generalstabsmeldungen vom 4. bis 23. Juni 1915 (21) [2 Abb.]: (1)Talaat-Bey. Der türkische Minister des Innern (2)Die osmanische Geistlichkeit in einem Festzug anläßlich des Gedenktages der 482. Wiederkehr der Eroberung Konstantinopels ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Frauen von Hebron, die ihre im Kriege gefallenen Männer betrauern (2)Dschemal Pascha, der Oberbefehlshaber der ägyptischen Expeditionsarmee mit seinem Stabe vor seinem Hauptquartier ( - ) Die Kämpfe bei Mosciska vom 4. bis 6. Juni 1915 (33) Die Wiederaufnahme der Offensive gegen Lemberg und der Rückzug der Russen (34) [3 Karten]: Die Entwicklung der Front der Verbündeten in Ostgalizien vom 12. Juni 1915 bis zur Wiederoberung von Lemberg am 22. Juni 1915. (1)Die Front der Verbündeten am 12. Juni 1915 vor dem Durchbruch bei Lubaczow-Jaworow. (2)Die Front der Verbündeten vom 17. bis 20. Juni 1915 beim Kampf um den Grodek - Wereszyka-Abschnitt. (3)Die Front der Verbündeten vom 21./22. Juni 1915 während des Kampfes um Lemberg. (35) Der Kampf um die Grodek - Wereszyca-Stellung. Zusammenfassender Bericht aus dem Deutschen Großen Hauptquartier vom 27. Juni 1915 (vgl. die Karten S. 35). (39) Die Einnahme von Lemberg (40) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein Unterstand österreichisch-ungarischer Infanterie in Südpolen (2)Eine Feldmesse bei einem österreichisch-ungarischen Ulanen-Regiment ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oesterreichisch-ungarische Soldaten bei der Verteilung des Essens (2)Ein österreichisch-ungarisches Landsturmregiment lagert in einem Walde Galiziens ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Proviantkolonnen der Verbündeten zwischen Przemysl und Lemberg (2)Kurze Rast deutscher Truppen in Mosziska auf dem Vormarsch nach Lemberg ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Wirkung eines großkalibrigen Geschosses der Verbündeten vor Lemberg (2)Abtransport russischer Soldaten, die vor Lemberg gefangen genommen wurden ( - ) Im Kampf um den Dnjestr vom 9. bis 22. Juni 1915 (45) Die Kämpfe der Armee Pflanzer-Baltin in Südostgalizien und in der Bukowina. Vom 9. bis 23. Juni 1915 (46) Episoden (48) Eine Husaren-Geschichte (48) Eine Robinsonade im Kriege (48) Jung Heidelberg (49) Ostgalizien und Lemberg unter russischer Herrschaft (50) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Offiziere des Korps Hofmann (2)General Szibulka mit seinem Stabe vor seinem Quartier in Stanislau ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Österreichisch-ungarische Ulanen-Vorhut an einem Waldrand (2)Verbandplatz vor einem österreichisch-ungarischen Feldlazarett ( - ) Südlich der oberen Weichsel von der Wiedereroberung Lembergs bis zur großen Offensive (53) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den deutschen und österreichisch-ungarischen Generalstabsmeldungen vom 24. Juni bis 16. Juli 1915 (53) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine deutsche Trainkolonne durchzieht ein Dorf in Südpolen. Im Vordergrund schlafende deutsche Soldaten (2)Deutsche Artillerie während einer Ruhepause ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Badeanstalt deutscher Truppen in einem Dorfe Südpolens (2)Deutsche Soldaten auf der Jagd nach Läusen ( - ) Zwischen Weichsel und Bug vor der großen Offensive der Verbündeten gegen das westrussische Festungssystem. Von Ende Juni bis Mitte Juli 1915 (63) [2 Abb.]: (1)General v. Emmich mit seinem Stabe in Ostgalizien (2)Eine bei den Kämpfen vor Lemberg erbeutete zerschossene russische Kanone ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Starke russische Befestigungen an einer Eisenbahnbrücke über den Stryj an der Strecke Stryj-Lemberg. Hinter den Drahtverhauen brückenkopfartig gebaute Betonbefestigungen mit Schießscharten (2)Das Proviantamt in Jaroslau. - Im Vordergrund russische Gefangene ( - ) Die Deutschen im Verbande der K.u.K. 4. Armee bei Idalin. Am 6. und 7. Juli 1915 (65) Vom Marsch der Heeresgruppe Mackensen zwischen Weichsel und Bug (66) Zamosc (68) Der Uebergang über den Dnjestr und die Kämpfe bis zur Besetzung der Zlota-Lipa-Stellung. Vom 23. Juni bis Mitte Juli 1915 (69) [2 Abb.]: (1)Vom Vormarsch aus Galizien nach Polen. Bagagekolonnen beim Ueberschreiten eines Flusses in Polen (2)Vom Vormarsch aus Galizien nach Polen. Mittagsrast in einem galizischen Dorfe ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Gefangene Russen mit ihren Maschinengewehren auf dem Transport hinter die Front in Galizien (2)Ein österreichisch-ungarischer 30,5 cm-Mörser wird in Ostgalizien östlich von Stryj in Stellung gebracht ( - ) Weiter nach Osten (73) In der Bukowina (74) Episoden (75) Aus den Kämpfen in Ostgalizien (75) An der Zlota-Lipa (76) In Polen von der Wiedereroberung von Przemysl bis zum Beginn der großen Offensive. Chronologische Uebersicht nach den deutschen und österreichisch-ungarischen Generalstabsmeldungen vom 18. Juni bis Mitte Juli 1915 (77) Nördlich der unteren Weichsel von der Wiedereroberung von Przemysl bis zum Beginn der großen Offensive. Chronologische Uebersicht nach den deutschen Generalstabsmeldungen vom 18. Juni bis 13. Juli 1915 (79) Von den Fürsten und Heerführern der Verbündeten. Von Anfang Juni bis Mitte Juli 1915 (81) Kundgebungen, Auszeichnungen und Personalien (81) Kaiser Wilhelm in Galizien (83) König Ludwig III. von Bayern, König Wilhelm II. von Württemberg und Prinz Johann Georg von Sachsen an der Ostfront (85) Die große Offensive nördlich der unteren Weichsel bis zum Fall von Warschau (87) Chronologische Uebersicht nach den deutschen Generalstabsmeldungen vom 14. Juli bis 12. August 1915 (87) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Chef des österreichisch-ungarischen Generalstabs Freiherr Conrad v. Hötzendorf nach dem Einzug in das wiedereroberte Lemberg im Gespräch mit dem römisch-katholischen Erzbischof Bilczewski und dem armenischen Erzbischof Theodorowicz (2)Blick auf die Stadt Lemberg ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine von den Russen erbaute und vor ihrem Abzug wieder zerstörte Luftschiffhalle in Lemberg (2)Eine von den Russen gesprengte Eisenbahnbrücke bei Lemberg wird von einer deutschen Eisenbahnkompagnie wieder aufgebaut. ( - ) Die deutsche Kultur der baltischen Ostseeprovinzen (97) [Abb.]: Generalfeldmarschall Prinz Leopold von Bayern ( - ) Der Vormarsch auf Mitau (101) Das Kgl. sächsische Karabinerregiment in den Kämpfen bei Alt-Autz und Hofzumberge am 17. und 18. Juli 1915 (104) [2 Abb.]: (1)Von den Russen auf der Flucht aus Ostgalizien verbrannte Eisenbahnwagen (2)Verladen russischer Gefangener auf dem Bahnhof in Stryj ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Öesterreichisch-ungarische Artillerie in Feuerstellung an der Zlota-Lipa (2)Der Kommandant der 36. Infanterie-Truppen-Division Ritter Schreitter von Schwarzenfeld mit seinem Stabe vor der Kampffront in Ostgalizien ( - ) Die Kämpfe vor Szawle am 21. Juli 1915 (108) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine von den Russen kampflos geräumte Infanterie-Feldstellung vor der Festung Rozan (2)Von deutschen Truppen im Sturm eroberte russische Feldstellung vor der Festung Rozan ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Aus dem vollständig zusammengeschossenen Rozan (2)Die von deutschen Pionieren bei Rozan erbaute Narew-Brücke, daneben die Reste der von den Russen vor ihrem Abzug zerstörten Brücke ( - ) Ein Gefecht in Kurland Ende Juli 1915 (109) Die Einnahme von Mitau am 1. August 1915 (111) Der Durchbruch bei Prasznysz am 13. bis 15. Juli 1915. Zusammenfassender Bericht aus dem deutschen Großen Hauptquartier vom 31. Juli 1915 (113) Der Angriff gegen die Nordwestfront des westrussischen Festungssystems. Von Mitte Juli bis 10. August 1915 (116) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine deutsche Munitionskolonne überschreitet auf einer Notbrücke den Narew-Fluß (2)General v. Scholz mit seinem Stabe in Kolno ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Blick auf das gut erhaltene Lomza vom Narew aus (2)Ein Teil der Stadt Kolno (Gouvernement Lomza), der von den Russen angezündet, niederbrannte ( - ) Die Württemberger vor Rozan und die Erstürmung der Bahnlinie Warschau - Ostrolenka. Vom 20. Juli bis 3. August 1915 (118) Wie Lomza fiel. Vom 7. bis 10. August 1915 (120) [2 Abb.]: (1)General von Gerok (2)General der Kavallerie v. Böhm-Ermolli mit seinem Armee-Generalstabschef Generalmajor Dr. Bardolff ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Oberbefehlshaber der Südarmee General der Infanterie v. Linsingen und Prinz Georg von Bayern (links vom Gneral v. Linsingen) an der ostgalizischen Front (2)König Ludwig III. von Bayern bei seinem Besuch in Lemberg im Gespräch mit General der Kavallerie v. Böhm-Ermolli ( - ) Episoden (121) Ritt in Kurland (121) Vor Rozan. Das große Reinemachen (122) Die große Offensive südöstlich der oberen Weichsel bis zum Fall von Warschau. Chronologische Uebersicht nach den deutschen und österreichisch-ungarischen Generalstabsmeldungen vom 16. Juli bis 10. August 1915. Einzelne Meldungen des russischen Generalstabs sind zur Ergänzung beigegeben. (123) [Karte]: Übersichtskarte der Kämpfe in Kurland. Vergleiche die südlich anschließenden Übersichtskarten von Ostpreußen Band II vor S 33, von Polen Band IV vor S. 33 und von Galizien Band II vor S 1. ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

Egypt is in a precarious economic situation reflecting a difficult external environment, political uncertainty, and weak economic policies. International reserves have been declining rapidly to a low level, driven by a sizeable current account deficit and large capital outflows. Large spending increases are driving up the fiscal deficit to unsustainable levels, with high real interest rates and weak growth adding to the mounting debt burden. And weak growth is fueling social pressures. Strong financial support from Arab bilateral donors has been holding the country afloat so far, but the leaking cannot continue much longer and the authorities have been forced to seek support from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other donors. Egypt is in a precarious economic situation reflecting a difficult external environment, political uncertainty, and weak economic policies. International reserves have been declining rapidly to a low level, driven by a sizeable current account deficit and large capital outflows. Large spending increases are driving up the fiscal deficit to unsustainable levels, with high real interest rates and weak growth adding to the mounting debt burden. And weak growth is fueling social pressures. Strong financial support from Arab bilateral donors has been holding the country afloat so far, but the leaking cannot continue much longer and the authorities have been forced to seek support from the IMF and other donors.

This article takes an integrated approach to evaluating the interaction of initial conditions, political change, reforms and economic performance in a unified framework covering 28 transition economies in East Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, and the Former Soviet Union (FSU). Initial conditions and economic policy jointly determine the large differences in economic performance among transition economies. Initial conditions dominate in explaining inflation, but economic liberalization is the most important factor determining differences in growth. Political reform emerges as the most important determinant of the speed and comprehensiveness of economic liberalization, raising the important question of what determines political liberalization. Results suggest the importance of the level of development in determining the decision to expand political freedoms.

Ezekiel R. Dumke Jr. ; The Weber and Davis County Communities Oral History Collection include interviews of citizens from several different walks of life. These interviews were conducted by Stewart Library personnel, WeberState University faculty and students, and other members of the community. The histories cover various topics and chronicle the personal everyday life experiences and other recollections regarding the history of the Weber and Davis County areas. ; 39p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 video disc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Ezekiel R. Dumke Jr. Interviewed By Rebecca Ory Hernandez 5 September 2012 12 September 2012 i ii Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Ezekiel R. Dumke Jr. Interviewed by Rebecca Ory Hernandez 5 September 2012 12 September 2012 Copyright © 2013 by Weber State University, Stewart Library iii Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in the University Archives, which also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description The Weber and Davis County Communities Oral History Collection include interviews of citizens from several different walks of life. These interviews were conducted by Stewart Library personnel, Weber State University faculty and students, and other members of the community. The histories cover various topics and chronicle the personal everyday life experiences and other recollections regarding the history of the Weber and Davis County areas. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Dumke, Ezekiel R., an oral history by Rebecca Ory Hernandez, 5 and 12 September 2012, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, University Archives, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. Ezekiel R. Dumke Jr. September 12, 2012 Ezekiel R. Dumke Jr. ca. 1943 1 Abstract: Ezekiel R. Dumke, Jr. "Zeke" was born June 3, 1923 in Ogden to Dr. E.R. and Edna Dumke. His father was a well-known local physician and his grandfather, E.O. Wattis, was a principal of the Utah Construction Company. Zeke sat down with Rebecca Ory Hernandez in his office in Salt Lake City to share stories about his family, including his parents, his brother, Ed, and his sister, Markey Dumke Healy, who passed away this year. Zeke reflected on his life growing up and attending Polk School in Ogden as well as his time spent in the Navy during World War II in the South Pacific. He attended Weber College for a short time in 1946. He met and married Katherine White, daughter of Ogden's Mayor Rulon and Reva White. Zeke was President of Western States Management and serves on many Boards of Directors and was president of the Dr. Ezekiel R. and Edna W. Dumke Foundation. Zeke and his family named the Ezekiel R. Dumke College of Health Professions, and recently named an endowed professorship in the college. Markey named the Dumke Simulation Laboratory in the Ezekiel R. Dumke College of Health Professions. The family continues to give generously to many local causes as one of the leading philanthropists in Utah. ROH: Today is Wednesday, August 15, 2012 and I am in the office with Zeke Dumke. This is Rebecca Ory Hernandez from Weber State University and we are here to talk a little bit about Zeke's history. ZD: Going back on my earliest memorable childhood experiences at Polk School, my grandfather, who was president of the six companies building the Boulder Dam, 2 took me on a personal tour where we stayed in the guest house down in Boulder City. He took me down on the dam site and up on the elevators where they were building the dam and looked in the tunnels. He gave me a map of what they were doing in the way of construction that I took that home and presented it to my class. This would be in 1934 during my fourth grade year. They were so impressed that they then had me present it to the total school assembly. Never having been involved in anything like that before, it was quite a memorable experience in my childhood. ROH: Tell me about your siblings. ZD: I had one older sister, Markey, who died earlier this year and I have a brother, Ed, who is three years younger. ROH: Did you have a group of friends that you would hang out with at Polk School? ZD: Not in particular. There was one fellow that lived a block down whose name was Harry Poe. He went into the Air Force during the war and he has died since. ROH: What were some of the things you did in Ogden as a child? ZD: Our backyard connected to my grandfather's home and the middle of his street split around a park. We used to call it the "watermelon circle." Various neighborhood kids would get together there and we'd play games and other things there. ROH: Were you born in the same house you grew up in? ZD: Yes. It was built by my grandfather. 3 ROH: Was that on Eccles or Van Buren? ZD: Van Buren. Next door was a home also built by my grandfather for my Aunt Ruth. My mom and Aunt Ruth had a double wedding. ROH: We know your dad was a fine physician in town. Did you ever go with your father on any calls that he went on? ZD: His first operational schedule was at seven o'clock. My best visits with him would be as he got ready to go to the hospital. I'd go in and sit on the stool and visit with him. He was a very busy man and sometimes he would take me up to the hospital on his tours. ROH: Did you ever think that you might go into medicine yourself? ZD: I did. I was planning to go into medicine when the war started, but I was called into duty. ROH: What division of the military did you go into? ZD: I graduated with a commission in horse cavalry. My parents had horses and I was raised with horses. At the age of 13 and 14, I was in horse shows and I won quite a few cups. ROH: Was the horse cavalry part of the army? ZD: Yes. By the time I graduated in 1943, the horses were eliminated and the army had gone mechanized. That meant that the cavalry people would go into tanks. I really get Closter phobic, so I didn't want to be in tanks. Just before they called 4 me, I joined the Naval Aviation program. I went on duty in June of 1943, I was a Naval Cadet. ROH: Did you learn how to fly? ZD: Yes, I started off in flight prep and then we had War Training Service (WTS). That was where we learned to fly. After that, I went to Iowa Preflight for my Preflight Training and about that time the navy realized they had many more pilots than they needed. They were not losing them in the Pacific as fast as they thought they would. I was then transferred and I spent the rest of the war as a quartermaster on a submarine chaser. ROH: Where were you? ZD: I was in the South Pacific. We did mainly convoy work between the Marshall Islands and anywhere from Guam to New Guinea to the Western Pacific. ROH: How long did you serve? ZD: Thirty-nine months. ROH: After the Southern Pacific did you come back to Utah? ZD: The war ended in August and the following March I was discharged on March 10, 1946. I went back to Weber College for my first quarter and then went down to University of Utah. ROH: Do you have any memories from that first quarter at Weber that you'd like to share? 5 ZD: Not really. I just came in a little late and the quarter was short and I was just getting acquainted. I really didn't know many people and I went up to our cabin at the Hebgen in the Summer of 1946, then I started at the University of Utah. ROH: Do you remember any of your teachers at Weber College? Did anyone make an impact on your education? ZD: No. It was a very brief quarter. ROH: Where did you spend your summers growing up and as a young man? ZD: My father bought a cabin on the Hebgen Lake in Montana. He had a dear friend by the name of Dr. Ochsner who had started the Ochsner clinic in New Orleans and they used to go fishing in the Summer time. Dr. Ochsner would bring his boys up to Montana. He had three of them that match up with my brother and me. Dr. Ochsner was famous for his crusade against smoking and was probably responsible for the labels on the cigarette packages that congress requires. My mother was a heavy smoker. On a trip back East, she was looking at a diamond bracelet she thought was really pretty and my dad said he would buy it for her if she would quit smoking. She did, just like that. She said, "For how long?" He said, "For at least a year." She said, "What if I start to smoke after that?" He said, "I'd hope you'd have more sense than that." Well, she quit for a year then she started again and died from cancer of the mouth as a result of her smoking. ROH: Do you know how your dad and Dr. Ochsner became friends? 6 ZD: My dad was very involved with upgrading of medical education. He studied in both Berlin and Vienna. Along the way, he met Dr. Ochsner. In 1944, my dad started the Ogden Surgical with Dr. Fister and Dr. Rich. He was one of the three founders. Dr. Ochsner would come each year as a speaker and bring his boys. ROH: Were you ever tempted to go back into medicine after returning from the war? ZD: After being gone for four years, I tried to pick up my classes right where I left off and it was a disaster. I realized that with those kinds of grades, I'd never be able to get into medical school, so I switched to business. I graduated in banking and finance. I had a friend, Jack Craighead whose father had multiple sclerosis. His mother, Madeline Craighead was a very dynamic lady, and she started the MS Society for the state of Utah and got me involved. I was the treasurer and later president. I am listed as a founder and I volunteered there for 14 years. That was my first public service kind of job. ROH: What were some of the things you did in starting that group? ZD: We weren't really interested in research; we were just trying to help patients. Actually at the end of it, my sister moved back to Salt Lake City after a divorce and she was the local representative for MS until she married Pat Healy of Ogden who became the director of the National Municipal League. Their job was to watch what government was doing and to lobby on behalf of the cities. ROH: Meanwhile, where were you living at this point? You studied business at the University of Utah, were you living in Salt Lake? 7 ZD: I never went back to Ogden after I started at the university. I always thought there would be another war and I didn't want to go back to the Navy. The sub chasers were too rough for me. I signed up for ROTC again for another year because I'd already had four years of ROTC. I got commissioned in field artillery. That was not a wise move because shortly after that, the Korean War started and I was listed as an officer without any service time with my commission. So, I was subject to call. I stayed active at the Fort with the 96th Division. Fortunately, we were never called to active duty. When I graduated from the University, there were three things I was interested in and had an opportunity to get a job in. I went to San Francisco to meet with my cousin, Bill Kimball, who had an army reserve job of lining up all the various industries for war duties in the San Francisco area. If there was another war they would know who to call on to do what. He was able to introduce me to people in the areas in which I was interested. When I was in school, Don Bradshaw ran the insurance agency for his father's firm, American Savings and Loan. I worked there and had exposure to casualty insurance and I liked that. So, I decided to go into the casualty insurance business. Through an introduction from my cousin, I met with the Standard Accident Insurance Company of Detroit. They suggested that I go to their training program for six months in Detroit. That's what I did. Right after I got out of the service, a big thing in my life was skiing. One of my ski buddies was Bob White. Once, while skiing in Snowbasin, he went over to talk to this beautiful blonde and I said, "Who's that?" He said, "That was just my 8 sister." Katherine and I met while she was a senior in high school and the following year she went to the University of Utah and we dated during her Freshman year. We didn't date again until her senior year. Her story was that it was to give me time to grow up. If we kept going together we probably never would have married. ROH: You don't think so? ZD: No, we were on different ships. ROH: How did you guys get back together? ZD: I think she realized what a quality person I was, but that's not her story. Anyway, we got together. If you want some humor in this, her dad was the mayor of Ogden at that time. ROH: What was his name? ZD: Rulon White. He was trying to clean up lower 25th Street in those days. He'd been warned that if he didn't let up on things that his daughter would be endangered. The police were keeping a good eye on his home. ROH: Where did he live? ZD: Near the corner of 28th Street and Harrison one down from the corner. I'd take out his daughter and every time I'd drive her home and park in front of his house to get acquainted the police would come up and ask me what I was doing. In August, I knew I was going back to Detroit and I wanted to give her a ring. My father had a lot up on upper 28th Street right by the foothill, so I thought that 9 would be the place I would go and not be bothered while I give her the ring. I had just slipped this ring on her finger and she wanted to turn on the car lights to be able to see it. Little did I know, my father told the police that people were coming up and having beer parties on his lot and asked if they'd keep an eye on it. As the lights turned on, here came the police. I often joke that the Ogden police tried their hardest to keep me from getting engaged, but I was fortunate and finally got it together. ROH: What was Katherine thinking when the police pulled up all these times? ZD: I don't know. Her dad was their boss. ROH: Who was telling him to lay off 25th Street? ZD: It was the mafia figures. They had the gambling, prostitution and all that was going on. ROH: Speaking of 25th Street, did you go out on dates to any of the places on 25th Street at that time? Was it a popular place for you to go? ZD: They used to have a large dance hall just up the hill from Ben Lomond Hotel. My wife and I always enjoyed dancing up there. ROH: Did you go shopping around 25th Street at that time? Was it a destination for activities? ZD: No. We had some very nice stores along Washington Boulevard, like Fred M. Nye and L.R. Samuels. I don't think any of those stores are in existence 10 anymore. The Ben Lomond was a fine hotel then. Commercial Security Bank was there as well. ROH: Was your dad still practicing medicine at this time? ZD: My dad was practicing and he was the first Chief of Staff of the Dee Hospital. He felt they needed more than just one hospital during the war and they saw an opportunity to have the government involved in building another hospital. It just so happened that the man in charge establishing hospitals for the army had been one of his commanding officers in World War I. He was very helpful in getting that put together and my father was the first Chief of Staff for St. Benedict's. ROH: Do you recall him saying anything about the fact that it was a good thing for Ogden to have two hospitals during that time? ZD: I was in the service at that time and had very little communication. ROH: So you were married in 1951. Where did you get married? ZD: April 17, 1951 at the Ogden Country Club. ROH: Tell me a little bit about it. ZD: It was a big wedding. The thing I remember the most is that I had a lot of friends that were really out to decorate my car when I left there because I had been guilty in taking part in sabotaging theirs. Fortunately, since Rulon White was the mayor, I told the Chief of Police that I was going to have problems. He took my car and it was not available until I got ready to leave and the police drove it up to 11 me and I drove off. That really upset my friends, they thought that was illegal politics. ROH: What did you do to your other friends cars? ZD: We used to tie cans on them and use soap to write over the windows and put rice up in the visors and all that kind of stuff. ROH: What did you do after you were married for work? ZD: Alder Wallace had a small agency and they wanted me to take care of it while I built my own agency. I did that for a short time, but the general agent didn't like me being there while building my own business because he was afraid I would walk off with all of the business his current agent had. I started my own agency and this was about the start of the Uranium boom. I saw the opportunity of dealing with some of the Texas people that were coming in for the purpose of drilling for Uranium. Perhaps I could handle the Utah business. I solicited a few of these people and that also got me involved to some degree in the Uranium business. ROH: Did you go to Texas and speak with them or was this in Utah? ZD: Here in Utah. I got quite an education in the drilling and prospecting business. I was given 20 or 30 claims and the operators decided to drill. Suddenly, the cost of drilling my claims was way beyond the money that I had at that time, so I abandoned the prospecting business. That was an early business experience, but I made some good friends and contacts in that area. 12 ROH: Would we know the names of any of those companies today? ZD: None of them are in business. Most of them were partnerships of people that were older than I was and they're gone now. There was a geologist by the name of Cliff Goldsmith in Dallas, Texas that I'm still in touch with. Moab gave me a start on my insurance business and it began to build slowly in Salt Lake City. I still had business contacts and one of my friends was Dick Ruling who was the manager of Hertz rental cars for Utah. It was owned by his father-in-law. Dick and his wife, Nancy, would go camping with us. One day, we decided to go down the San Juan River with a guide by the name of Gaye Stavely. He was excited about the fact that there was going to be a Glen Canyon dam set up on the Arizona line. It would be a very big dam that would back up 180 miles into Utah. He wanted to be a concessionaire. When we sat down and talked to him, it turned out that he wanted us to put up all the money and he would run it and have a big stake in it. We didn't want to do that. Dick had gasoline contacts with Chevron. Chevron was interested in getting the gas business for the new concession on Lake Powell. There was no road into this area and no development. There was a concession right across the Lake called Hall's Crossing that was run by Calvin Black. We got Calvin and some of his mining friends to join us in putting in a bid to the National Park Service. The Park Service felt that since we had Chevron and we had operators that were already working in that area in the mining business and used to tackling difficult contracts, that we would be the ideal people to take on this concession. We called it Bullfrog Marina. 13 The State of Utah started to build a road into the area. The Park Service had already established some buildings with material brought up from Paige, Arizona by boat and created some housing for their park service people. There was a contract for the road. It was during the period of the Vietnam War and money was not very available. We had our Senator, Ted Moss, who had a lot of influence with where the money went for roads and other things. Every time there was a little money left over he would direct it to our road in Utah. The government told us the road would never be done because there would be no funding, but it did get done thanks to Senator Moss. During this period, Calvin Black and the other miners from Blanding, Utah got in a fight over some mining claims. They wanted to have their interest purchased. Dick Ruling and I did that. Then, Calvin Black wanted to have a lot of special considerations that we didn't want to do so we ended up purchasing his interests as well. At that point, we found ourselves building and operating Bullfrog. We had another friend named Lincoln White who was in the jewelry business and liked to have exciting ventures and he joined us. There were three of us that owned the concession at that point. Since my time was more flexible, I ended up doing all the direction and working with the architects and the park service on what buildings we could build and where. I became the General Manager, but I was never hired that way I just ended up doing it. I spent twelve years in that capacity until we sold it to the Del Webb Company. Along the way, our road was completed and we started to have visitors come in. They all needed a place to stay and the only way we could do 14 that was with house trailers. We started a village of house trailers. Utah people were famous for coming down with all of the supplies that we would have liked to sell to them including gasoline. So, business was rather scarce in the early years. We heard of the success that some other operators had on park service lakes with houseboats. We got into the houseboat business and over the years ended up purchasing smaller boats 30 or 40 feet long, but everybody always wanted the biggest boat so we ended up buying boats that were 50 feet long. ROH: Did you rent these boats or were they purchased? ZD: We purchased about 80 houseboats and our clients rented them. There was good income with them. Our boats slept anywhere from 6 to 20 people depending on how our customers packed people in. Many people would sleep in sleeping bags on top of the roof. They liked to be under the open sky. We ended up purchasing a large assortment of boats over the years. We had to laugh because we really had more boats than we had slips or places to put them. It was like a juggler. We always had to have some of them out on the lake at all times in order to accommodate them. People in Utah didn't understand houseboats at first, but we did get a lot of people from California and Colorado. Early on, we had a houseboat delivered to a boat show in Salt Lake City to let people know about it and had a lot of people come through and they still didn't rent them. We had very few people from Utah use our houseboats in the first year or two and then the number grew. ROH: Give me an idea of the year now, what was the first year you rented boats? 15 ZD: About 1966, after the road was finished. Then we increased the number of customers. In the first years, we ended up with maybe only 2,000 people a year. Later, we both had up to 150,000 visitors. The houseboats business was really what made our operation a success. Houseboats had bedrooms and the bigger ones had three bedroom areas plus cots, so they brought a lot of people who bought a lot of supplies and gasoline and so on. Since we were on a lake that was rising up to 100 feet in depth each, it covered a lot of ground that we had to move over to try to keep our marina and our facility operating. At first, we were going to have a marina which floated on steel tanks. An outfit from Oklahoma came in and said, "Don't do that because those tanks won't last." They invited us to come back to Oklahoma City and took us down to Lake Texoma which is on the Texas and Oklahoma border. They showed us a marina that had been built on steel tanks that suffered from electrolysis between the electricity in the boats and the tanks. It would eventually put little pin holes into the tanks and they'd take on water and start to sink. That gave us the lesson of why we didn't want to have steel tanks. Instead, we went to Styrofoam and bought them from Mecco Engineering in Oklahoma. Over the years, we developed 150 slips and they worked out quite well. The park service was responsible for furnishing the roads and the power lines. The problem was that every spring the water would come up and we'd have to move. They didn't have it in the budget to put in new roads or power, so we ended up doing it and would go to the park service and hope to get our money back. Those expenses got to be quite high. We finally moved the whole marina 16 up to a new location. As the water came up and as the lake got bigger, the waves also got bigger. We had to move the whole marina around into the next canyon where we had land to block some of the waves to be able to operate the marina. Between the cost of having to buy all of the boats and marinas, and advancing the money for the roads, parking and getting the power lines down, the government was creating a loss for us of over a half-million dollars. We were trying to get government repayment. In the meantime, Del Webb had purchased Wahweap at the south end of the lake. They had quite a problem because their rented boats would get up to our place which was a hundred miles away or even 80 miles further and break down and it was a losing proposition to try to get service boats to go that far to do the repair work. They were very anxious to try to get either Hall's Crossing or our place, so we made a deal to sell to Del Webb. The interest rates were going up so rather than pay us they agreed to do it in installments at market interest plus two percent. With the interest rates going up, the interest got as high as 22 percent. At 22 percent, we were making more money on having sold it than we would have made by operating. Webb had to sell their casinos in Lake Tahoe and Las Vegas in order to get the money to pay off the banks back East before they could pay us off. I ended up working for Del Webb from the time we sold in 1977 until they paid us off in 1982. They had to pay me and maintain my office in Salt Lake City until we finally settled. I used my share of the payments to build warehouses. 17 At this time, my daughter was married to Scott Thornton, who was a contractor. Because I was doing this building, Scott came to work for me. My son, Zeke III, who had graduated with an MBA from Northwestern, went to work with a company called GATX which was a large internationally leasing company. Most of the tank cars that you see on the railways were leased by GATX as well as airplanes and mining equipment. He's very smart and good with computers and he was hired by GATX in San Francisco. They then transferred him to head the Denver office. He had to service and call on people all the way from Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, North and South Dakota. That was too much traveling, so he left them. He moved back to Salt Lake City and came to work for me to learn about my development business. He learned all I could teach him in six months and I've been hanging on to his shirt tail ever since. ROH: When did he come to work for you? ZD: It would have been about 1984 or 1985. At that point, things started to get more advanced in the office and I'm trying to figure out what it's all about. He came to me one day and said, "Dad, the girls are taking too much time trying to teach you about computers to keep up. Why don't you just tell them what you want to do and let them do it?" That was sort of the end of my computer work. The more advanced they got, the further behind I got. Zeke III got to the point where he wanted to have a paperless office and got everything on the computers. My daughter, Claire, and her future husband, Steve Ryberg, spent summers at the Hebgen Dam in our respective cabins. Our families would go up 18 there every summer. Later, they were looking for land on the Hebgen for their own cabin. They stumbled upon a ranch that was going to be for sale for about 2 million dollars and it included about 2,000 acres on the north lakeside of Hebgen which was private land rather than forestry. It was a little too expensive for them, so Steve and the family decided they'd like to buy it together. I knew that with the land at that price that he could make many times more than what he had in it. The whole family got involved. I could see that if you were going to have various houses there that they'd all want to be on the lake and have a place for their boat. There was a small marina there that they could buy. It wasn't making much money and we bought it cheaply. It got to be a problem because Scott, Betsy's husband, who was also partner in Salt Lake didn't really like being involved in something in Montana. Steve had sort of taken the lead on the marina and Scott was sort of against it. My oldest daughter Betsy, really didn't want to have anything to do with business, so Scott was her voice which then created some problems with our other children. They could all work together, but Scott was an independent speaking for Betsy. So, I was trying to work it out. Their agreement was that they would have to act unanimously on any investments and they did, but Scott and Betsy were going different directions. It became apparent that they either had to buy him out or make an arrangement where the majority ruled which is what we finally worked out. During this whole time, Zeke and Scott separated in the Salt Lake business. Zeke became the sole owner of Western States Management, which 19 had been my company. I arranged to take the balance of what I owned and transfer it to the children. Scott had an arrangement with the Woodbury Company which was a very big in real estate within the Intermountain area. Zeke didn't want to be in the building business. He liked the investment business, as did Scott. We obtained an interest in shopping centers through Scott and Woodbury. We have the Hampton Hotel in Salt Lake City and land in Idaho and Montana. Zeke and Scott run those together. We also built and operated the 721 shopping mall, which was near my office. There's also an office building on that mall. ROH: The one that has the Jimmy John's sandwich shop and San Pan? ZD: Yes. All of that area including the office building and the parking terrace underneath. There was a group building a Hampton, but they weren't able to find any land downtown. So, we donated the land and became partners. We have a similar deal with a Hampton Hotel next to our hotel in Springdale. We gave them the water rights and land and we have 51 percent interest. If we ever ran into a big problem we could either buy their interest or sell our controlling interest. ROH: Were you still involved in your insurance company, or did you abandon that at some point? ZD: I sold it. When I got involved as general manager of Bullfrog Resort, I had an airplane and I kept my office in Salt Lake, but would fly down to Bullfrog. I'd get an area manager to watch things, but I was the general manager. We had to do all our ordering and keep track of everything through my office in Salt Lake. I'd fly back and forth as needed. We'd normally get about 6 to 10 house boats each 20 year, but it would cost a lot of money. With the park service, we weren't able to bring in any new partners without their permission. At one time, my parents were going to put in $10,000, but it took us six months to get them cleared. Until 1972 we'd work with the park service and we considered ourselves partners. We'd operate and build the resort but they owned it. However, anything we built there was covered by possessory interest. That meant that they would recognize the amount of money that we'd put in and if they didn't renew our contract, they had to buy us out. They really didn't like that. They wanted all of our investments to depreciate and then buy our interest even though it may be worth much more. So, that possessory interest was very valuable to us. Any time we increased gas prices or food prices or rentals, we always had to get approval of the government and that always took a few months. It's really hard doing business that way. When I sold the resort I saw this other situation in Springdale where we owned the land and ran our business. That was much better. ROH: A lot more fun. ZD: Yes. I just didn't realize the problems we'd have. In effect, we had the ownership, but the city council and the planning commission were all elected by probably 90 percent Mormons that were the voice in the background was what controlled the zoning down there. We had a lot of problems getting anything done. For instance, they had a regulation against any high-rise building there. You could come in and build a two-story with a peak roof, but you couldn't go any more than that. We were on a slope, so the back of our building could be three 21 stories, but the front was only two stories. You had to determine if the three story was in violation or keep the two story. We had to come back and pile enough dirt on the bottom that they could say that it was a basement plus two stories. It was those kinds of problems that were pretty tough to deal with. Anyway, it's worked out well and we have a Best Western down there that has been very profitable. In addition, we're able to do the next hotel, The Hampton, and have enough room to do one more hotel after that on our land. ROH: Tell me about your spot in Yellowstone. ZD: This is the marina that was next to the ranch the family bought. They have some small cabins that are not furnished. If you've got a sleeping bag and if you don't need an inside toilet, they're not bad. We now have some bigger ones that do have a toilet, but the first ones were just a roof over your head. We also have a nice trailer park. ROH: That keeps the bears out. I think that's important. ZD: That's right, the bears and the bats. My wife is terrified by bats. Robert Redford used to come down and use our place. One time he went out on one of the houseboats and he got a little bite. He said, "It must have been a bat." That got carried nationally stating that Robert Redford had been bit by a bat on a houseboat at Bullfrog. He never knew if it was a bat, and I don't think it was. ROH: Was it good for business that he mentioned that he was in Bullfrog? 22 ZD: It was terrible. We had a lot of people cancel their reservations. We have a lot of stories about what happened there. We had one fellow that went out and just started with a canoe. He had a little outboard engine with a tube going to the gas tank. He didn't get 40 feet off land and somehow the canoe tipped over or swamped and the cord got caught around his ankle and he drowned. When we got the body back up he was dead. We were in Garfield County and the sheriff that had to come and investigate any death claims was in Cain County. He would have to drive through two other counties to get around in Bullfrog. The county line was about three miles north which put Bullfrog in his county. He still had to investigate, so we had to lay the body in the garage overnight until he could get up there. ROH: One question I wanted to ask you was about your children. How many children do you have? ZD: I have four children, three girls and my son Zeke Dumke III. Our oldest daughter, Betsy, and Scott Thornton live up by the Canyons Resort in Snyderville. Betsy is a great horse person and has five horses. She does a lot of riding and is also involved in the community and other things. She's currently the chairman of the National Advisory Committee for the University of Utah. She and Scott are both on the board of Nature Conservancy and she's on the board of KUED. Our daughter, Claire Reyberg, graduated as a nurse and worked with the emergency ward at LDS hospital for a few years until she married Steve and moved to Idaho where he was a forestry ranger. She worked at a small hospital there. Steve was then transferred to Evanston, Wyoming. For about 20 years he was the head 23 ranger there over the Uintah Mountains. He retired two years ago and they moved back to McCall, Idaho. Our son, Zeke, lives here in town. Our youngest, Andrea, is married to Mike Manship, a retired geologist, and they live in Bosman, Montana. They are close to where they can get up to the cabin and we see them in the summer. ROH: Where was he working as a geologist before he retired? ZD: He worked for some mines in South Africa and worked in some geology deals in this country. ROH: Today is Wednesday, September 12, 2012. Today we are going to discuss your family's foundation and how it began and a little bit about the history of your family's involvement in the foundation and philanthropy in Utah. I will let you go ahead and start. ZD: I was married in 1951, six years after I got out of the service and at that time my father and mother had decided with the encouragement of their attorney to start a family foundation, the Dr. Ezekiel R. and Edna Wattis Dumke Foundation. Being the oldest son, they asked me to be president. At first the amount of money was small and my parents added to it every year. ROH: Do you recall the amount that the foundation started with at that time? ZD: It was something like $25,000 and it got up to the point of being $25,000,000 Most of it was General Electric stock which came because of the family connection with Utah Construction. The family stock in Utah Construction 24 became General Electric stock, which grew very fast in the 1990's. In 2000, General Electric had done more in the way of financing was receiving more income out of financing than from other projects and manufacturing. At that point, the market said, "This is really more like a bank than a manufacturing company." We saw General Electric tumble from nearly $60 a share down to $6 a share. That made quite a difference in the amount of gifting we did. It's coming back up. It's about 20 dollars a share now. I served as president of the company for 42 years. My dad died in 1961. His interest was in medical things. He wanted to help support doctors and medical groups with interesting ideas that would make the practicing medicine better. My mother was very interested in art and music. In the early years, those were the directions we went along with the united funds and the symphony and so forth. When I turned 80-years-old I thought I was really getting old, but little did I realize that in ten years that I would still be alive. On my next birthday, I will be 90. The directors at that time were my sister's daughter and my brother had some children that were participating and I had some children that participated. My brother ended up feeling that he was not getting as much from the Dumke Foundation as he would have liked in his area. He had a son that lived in California that didn't participate at all and he thought that was bad and that it would be better if he could get his third of the foundation and operate separately so he could divide it up among requests of his children and not be bothered with what we were doing. The other children enjoyed working together and going out on visits to various groups that we were making gifts to. Brother Ed wanted to be 25 able to assign a certain amount to each of his children and that person could make gifts to anything that was legally qualified to receive it. They don't have the meetings we do and make visits to the various groups that we're giving to. ROH: Did he name his foundation something different? ZD: It is called the Dumke Wattis Foundation. He has a group in Idaho that operates the Idaho foundations that do all the work. His foundation directors tell them how they want to gift the money. Whereas, we have meetings twice a year and we go on site visits. We are much more involved in the working of the foundation than his family. My sister's daughter Nancy Swanfelder is on our foundation and has her own foundation dealing with children. My sister also has a son, but he's never been involved in the foundation. That's the way it's been working up to this day. My second daughter, Claire, is the president of the foundation. ROH: I've met Claire on several occasions and she is delightful. ZD: Claire graduated as a nurse from the university and worked in the trauma unit of Intermountain Healthcare, so she's very wise as to medical needs and what's good. We got involved with Weber because they needed some money. The family made some gifts and they named the Health Science building for my dad. ROH: Yes, the Ezekiel R. Dumke College of Health Professions. ZD: Claire would talk to Weber and ask what he really needed that will make a difference. This last year he said, "What we really need to do is get into endowment chairs." The University of Utah has been very active in that and very 26 successful. Weber didn't have any of those and would really like to get started that way. At this time, because of the drop of our General Electric stock, we only give about $500,000 a year and in the meantime, presidential endowments have gone up to a million and a half. That seemingly was way out of our reach. My daughter Andrea, Claire and Nancy got together and said, "You know, if this is what they really want and it's worthwhile let's just say that we're not making any other gifts and we will concentrate on the endowment to Weber College for three years. So, that's what they are doing. ROH: That's incredible, thank you. ZD: We made a substantial gift this year and it will take three more years before we can meet that goal. ROH: That will make a huge difference in the quality of the faculty too. ZD: In the meantime, they decided that Nancy had served her time as president, Claire had served her time, and it was time for Andrea to step up and be the president. I think they all felt great about our grant in the medical field and for Weber State. My dad was very much a Weber and Ogden man and he felt that University of Utah and the colleges down south were getting more than their share so he was always pulling for Weber. When he first came to Ogden in his early years, he was the first chief of staff for the Dee Hospital and for the St. Benedict's Hospital. He was real Ogden man. 27 Our other foundation was started by Kay and Zeke in about 1990 and is called the Kay Foundation. It makes it easier than to try and stumble with two names. My wife has been president for a number of years. ROH: What was the focus of giving for the Kay Foundation? ZD: The focus was pretty much the same type of thing as we had in the Doctor Foundation. My wife was very interested in the arts and served at the museum of fine arts at the university. I was very interested in many things and the Red Butte Gardens. When I was working at Bullfrog, we were trying to plant trees and get a planting schedule. We had a man from the university on the Red Butte board by the name of Miles Layburn who was very knowledgeable and drew up our plans. Every time we'd submit the plans to the park service in San Francisco they'd say, "This won't work because this tree or that tree won't grow in that particular zone. At the university, Miles had seen these trees growing in Salt Lake City. Finally, after being turned down on two submissions, I told the park service, "Why don't you decide on the trees that you think will grow here?" Of course, they were not in the designing business, so very little was done in our landscaping. Miles was my introduction to Red Butte, where I served for thirty years. As the employees came in we needed trailers for about one hundred people. We needed not only trailers for our employees, but a school for their children and a store so they could all buy food. All of these needs had to be met in the first years of operations. We needed something that generated more 28 income so we got houseboats. I think I told you about that. We ended up having 75 houseboats, but that was both good and bad because every year, business was so good that we'd order half a dozen or a dozen houseboats. We started out with small, 34 foot houseboats, but everybody wanted the bigger ones. We kept ordering bigger ones and that brought in more people and more repair and that type of thing. The cost of all of these things got to be quite a problem because in order to get more money into the company, we had to clear it with the park service. I remember my parents were going to put in a small amount like $10,000 and it took us six months to get them cleared to put in the money. Obviously, we'd have houseboats coming down and we couldn't wait for 6 months to pay for them. We ran into a lot of problems that way. They also had to approve the rates that we charged on gasoline and housing. Del Webb had purchased the properties on the south part of the lake and it became a very difficult thing for them to service boats that broke down where we were because we were 100 miles away. They wanted to buy Bullfrog and we decided to sell it to them. In paying us off, I had two other partners, Dick Ruling who was president of Bullfrog and Lincoln White, who was in the jewelry business. They were to pay us off over a short period of years. So, we sold to Del Webb and they ran into trouble selling they completed their hotel in Atlantic City and that was right at the time of a big financial problem. They had to pay us on what they owed us for Bullfrog at an interest of two percent of a prime and prime got up to be 20 percent. So, the 22 percent we were making on what they were having to pay us was better than operating the company. So, that did give me 29 money to do other things with and I increased the funding for the Kay foundation and also ended up building warehouses and making real estate investments. ROH: When you started, what were some of the things you were supporting? ZD: We would look at almost any kind of foundation, but we had criteria. We wouldn't do any bricks and mortars. We didn't want to make a $10,000 gift into a 10 or 20 million dollar building because it didn't show anything. However, if we were interested in it, the directors could say, "If you've got a computer room or something inside, we can fund there." ROH: I'm assuming you were supporting the University of Utah and what about others? ZD: We don't support things that have more than 50 percent come from government because there were lots of public schools and there were too many of those. Libraries were the same way. When our small foundation got to the point where we got almost a hundred requests it got to be a lot of work. We had to find a way to cut it down. The way we did that was tightening up our criteria. We don't give to individuals, or small groups or scholarships or anything with an individual involved. We just had to decide what we could do and do it better. We closed on our geographical and said we are for the intermountain. We stretched that a little bit because we had family in Idaho and Montana and we consider that as intermountain. We require that organizations write in and ask for the amount they need and why. We'd pass that to all of the directors and they would say whether or not they were interested in hearing more about it. We'd take a vote from our directors 30 and if they had three or more votes out of our board, we'd tell them to submit a request. They can get the request off the computer to fill it in and those requests we'd send back out to directors and they were much more detailed. From there we'd take the ones that were the most popular and try to fit them within our budget. Looking at the variety of people on board, it was no surprise that we had a variety of things that we ended up clearing. We were all sensitive to what the other person wanted. In the early days, as I got into Red Butte Gardens, my mother made some gifts and our foundation made some gifts and after that I felt a little uncomfortable as president trying to submit requests to the foundation of which I was president. My wife and I did most of the funding for Red Butte Gardens on a personal basis. Having got into the foundation business, I was in rotary and we decided to have a foundation for rotary. Clayton Williams was president and he made me the first president of the Salt Lake Rotary Foundation. Our goal was to accumulate at least a million dollars to fund our work. Every year, the members put in about 5 dollars apiece each month for the foundation. That gave us about $40,000 dollars that we would give back to the rotary club for donations. ROH: Are you still active in rotary? ZD: Yes, I am. I joined the rotary in about 1978. It had a deal that once you've been in 20 years and after you're 80 years old, you can belong on a retired basis. We try to get 60 percent attendance for members that are in rotary, but after you 31 reach that qualification you don't have to pay for any luncheons that you don't attend. In 1994, I was president of rotary. That was the same year that I became president of Red Butte Gardens and president of the Alta Club. Later, I was invited to be on the hospital board at the University of Utah. It became apparent to me that academia was the political strength on the lower campus. It didn't want to see the university put any more money than they had to into the hospital. I thought that was wrong because we were the organization that was seeing the most people and we got to the point where we had more employees between the doctors and the nurses, so we decided to start the Health Science Council to try to get influential people to help us with our appeal for more months. I suggested that we start our own foundation. We were going to name it the University of Utah Hospital Foundation. The state said we can't put the name Utah in there if the state doesn't own it. So, we left Utah out. At the University of Utah, we have a special group like at the Eccles Foundation that make big gifts and the university didn't want to have too many individual departments approach the Eccles Foundation and have them say, "We have too many requests from the university and we don't like that. The university decides who can apply and holds it to about five and that's what the Hospital Foundation works on." We seldom were at a point where we could approach the forbidden list. The Dumke Foundation was on that list also. The University Hospital Foundation is the name I chose and we picked a public board. We could 32 then go out and start to approach other people for our needs within the health sciences and the hospital. It's turned out to be quite successful. There were some real bumps along the road when President Smith came in. It turned out that when he became president of the university in North Carolina, he replaced the president that got fired for using their hospital foundation funds for travel funds and as a slush bucket. So, President Smith was very sensitive about this foundation which was a separate corporation that he didn't control. We went through a couple of years where he wanted to change our articles and bylaws to the point that we could not operate as a separate foundation, but as we brought in new directors, he'd have to give the okay. They would be his directors, under his control and to me that was no better than the university doing it themselves. He moved on before the problem had to be settled and the foundation is still operating the way it used to do it. It is working under the health sciences and they're paying the payroll of all the people involved. We work under Steve Warner who was the development person for the health science. Obviously, we're very much a university facility even though we're a separate corporation. We have a separate board and we can do what we want. However, if Steve Warner tells us that we can't do it then we're not going to do it, but we are operating like a foundation. 33 ROH: What is your favorite avenue of giving? What appeals to you most? Is it still the gardens or is there another area? Obviously, you've done a tremendous amount for healthcare. ZD: My greatest interest probably remains in healthcare. My mother financed the kidney building. She had a friend up in Ogden that asked her why she didn't make gifts to the University of Utah. She was furious because she'd been very active, but my dad always wanted it to be anonymous. She went to the University and said, "I want to finance a building. They had several buildings that they were waiting to build and the kidney one was connected with medicine, so she said, "I'll take it." That's the Dumke kidney building there. Recently, they decided that they needed that room for another building. So they are going to tear it down. They told us this a couple of years ago, so my brother and sister and I gave a major gift to the health building. It is named after my mother and father. We've been very active with the women's groups such as the gymnastics team. They won a couple of nationals and their coach, Greg Marsden said, "We are starting to lose some really key prospects because they're looking at our old facilities for gymnastics. Other colleges want to get into gymnastics and have new buildings for it, so that's where the students are going. We need a new building." So, Kay and I financed it and we have the Dumke building for Utah girls. We had a soccer field that we needed for the girls. They had the field, but there was no place for anyone to sit, so we put in the bleachers there. The girls 34 also needed a baseball field. We became major donors for that. I knew that Red Butte Gardens couldn't continue to build gardens without building income. The amount that people would pay for admission was not enough to support the gardens. We needed something with big income, which was the concert center. So, we did that and we said, "We don't think it's right to have this be the Dumke musical whatever, it should be Red Butte Concert Center," and that is the name. ROH: I think a lot of people go to Red Butte to see that concert series. ZD: They get about 2500 people at a time. My sister wanted to do something out there and it took us a couple of years to get it going. They have an area that's very popular for people to get married, with the waterfall in the background and the rose garden. The only problem was there were no public bathrooms and they needed a place if it was windy or rainy where the brides could change their clothes. Also, if it rained, they needed to accommodate 100 people in a sheltered area. My sister donated about half of the cost for that. They hope to have it finished in May of 2012. However, my sister died so she won't be able to enjoy it. ROH: What is your inspiration for being so philanthropic and generous? ZD: My grandfather and his brothers worked with and uncle and built a railroad from Portland to Astoria and they had some financial and the Cory Brothers went broke. My grandfather and his brothers were on their own. They started the Utah Construction and needed some money, so they went to David Eccles, who involved the Dees and some of the others. He gave them funding for a half interest in the company in 1903. My grandfather, E.O. Wattis, ran the jobs and 35 his brother, W.H. Wattis, was president. They did well and by 1933, my grandfather was president of six companies building the Boulder Dam. He knew when he died, he didn't want to have his stock split up between his six surviving children so he set up a trust leaving the stock income to his children, but the stock to his grandchildren. That's been very helpful for me. I had to come up with stock for loans as Bullfrog was growing and I had some assets to work with. Originally, with my estate planning, inheritance taxes and children gift taxes would be high on the E.O. Wattis Trust. I had the right to say, "I don't want that," and I was able to pass my grandfather's grant down to my children after I die. They've already changed the law so we won't be able to do that again, but I already passed the residual down and I still have the income. The stock was such an advantage to me in having an asset to work with and one of the reasons I've been able to do other investments and donations. These benefits have been passed on down to me and my brothers, sisters and cousins. I had another aunt that died and had no children, so she wanted to do what her father did so she passed her estate on to the nine nieces and nephews. My father played football in high school and worked in harvesting and for a mining company in Butte. He went to see his brother in Denver who said, "You need to go on to college." He didn't have assets, but he was a very good football player and they got him a scholarship to the University of Denver. After that, he wanted to become a doctor and his coach called Northwestern and got him admitted on a scholarship. He was working and going to school and playing football and that was too much. He was going to have to drop out, but he had an 36 aunt who loaned him the funds to get through school. He felt very indebted to people who would do that. My father gave my grandparents all their medical needs and other care at no charge. The family wanted to repay him after they died. He wouldn't take cash, but let the E.O.Wattis family fund a trust fund to finance young doctors that were having financial problems like he had when he was going to Northwestern. If they were already in school and they had a critical situation come up, he would loan them the money to graduate. He financed 28 different doctors getting through their school. Only one did not repay their loan. When he died, he left all of those "I owe you's" and the money that had been accumulated to the University of Utah. They have a similar trust up there. In each case, all of these students had been supported by somebody that cared enough to make a loan. ROH: Your foundations have a lot of areas from which to choose. You mentioned that you get over a hundred solicitations in a year. When did you decide to continue giving to Weber State University? ZD: The family funded the Doctor Dumke Health Science Operation and continues to be interested in Weber. It was through the Doctor Foundation that we gave the endowment. I don't get the credit for that because I stepped down as president and my daughter, Claire, was president and she and recommended that we should do something meaningful. She said, "We can do it by making this endowment which is roughly three years of income to the Doctor Foundation." 37 She gets the credit, not me. Claire was president. We all voted for it, but it was Claire's recommendation. ROH: Were you included in that group. ZD: Yes, I was included. ROH: I have to say thank you very much. Is there anything else that you'd like to mention about your activities? ZD: Flying was always something important that I learned to do while I was in the Naval Aviation Program. It came in very handy when we got the concession on Lake Powell because I was more flexible with my insurance business and could fly back and forth, even before we had a road. I was always very interested in the state of Utah and the lay of the land and the scenic wonders. I used my airplane for a lot of exploring. One of the important things in our family was that every year we took camping trips. Instead of going to the mountains where there are mosquitos and all, we normally go down to the desert. There are very few people down there and we all love the desert and we explore all sorts of exciting places. As we see our children with their children, they are doing the same thing. They like the camping. They do it with a little more style than we used to. We used to go out and didn't even have a tent. I think we all really appreciated it and that came out of my parents. They love camping and did it with us and it has affected our lives. 38 ROH: You know that President F. Ann Milner is stepping down as president soon and I didn't know if you might have a message for her or a note to say on her behalf. ZD: She called me and I had a very nice long talk with her. ROH: Glad to hear that. Is there anything else that you'd like to say in wrapping up? ZD: My understanding was that when George Eccles died, his biggest asset was Utah International converted to General Electric stock. Mariner Eccles had been president of Utah Construction and his foundation was mostly General Electric. As you look around the community you see the Dee's, the Browning's, and the Eccle's. I think it's interesting to see the spread of that and very few people know how far that Utah International stock has gone in things that were done. The Kimball Arts center was General Electric stock that came down through Utah. A number of us that have done things, but we shouldn't really get the first credit. It came from our family and Utah stock. ROH: I appreciate that you have taken this time to visit and share your story and your family's history. We've all benefitted from your success in business and your generosity, so we wanted to thank you. ZD: I always feel fortunate that we can do it. While I've run some successful businesses, it's really gone back to the fact that I had assets to start with to make them grow. Had I not had assets to work with, it would have been a different story. So, I feel very grateful for the things that came before me and I want to help some of those that will come after me. ROH: Thank you so much for your time, Zeke. I really appreciate it. 39 ZD: Thank you.

All authors: Wielgus, Maciek; Akiyama, Kazunori; Blackburn, Lindy; Chan, Chi-kwan; Dexter, Jason; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Fish, Vincent L.; Issaoun, Sara; Johnson, Michael D.; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Lu, Ru-Sen; Pesce, Dominic W.; Wong, George N.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Broderick, Avery E.; Chael, Andrew; Chatterjee, Koushik; Gammie, Charles F.; Georgiev, Boris; Hada, Kazuhiro Loinard, Laurent; Markoff, Sera; Marrone, Daniel P.; Plambeck, Richard; Weintroub, Jonathan; Dexter, Matthew; MacMahon, David H. E.; Wright, Melvyn; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Baloković, Mislav; Barausse, Enrico; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan; Boland, Wilfred; Bouman, Katherine L.; Bremer, Michael; Brinkerink, Christiaan D.; Brissenden, Roger; Britzen, Silke; Broguiere, Dominique; Bronzwaer, Thomas; Byun, Do-Young; Carlstrom, John E.; Chatterjee, Shami; Chen, Ming-Tang; Chen, Yongjun; Cho, Ilje; Christian, Pierre; Conway, John E.; Cordes, James M.; Crew, Geoffrey B.; Cui, Yuzhu; Davelaar, Jordy; Laurentis, Mariafelicia De; Deane, Roger; Dempsey, Jessica; Desvignes, Gregory; Dzib, Sergio A.; Eatough, Ralph P.; Falcke, Heino; Fomalont, Ed; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel; Friberg, Per; Fromm, Christian M.; Galison, Peter; García, Roberto; Gentaz, Olivier; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gold, Roman; Gómez, José L.; Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.; Gu, Minfeng; Gurwell, Mark; Hecht, Michael H.; Hesper, Ronald; Ho, Luis C.; Ho, Paul; Honma, Mareki; Huang, Chih-Wei L.; Huang, Lei; Hughes, David H.; Inoue, Makoto; James, David J.; Jannuzi, Buell T.; Janssen, Michael; Jeter, Britton; Jiang, Wu; Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra; Jorstad, Svetlana; Jung, Taehyun; Karami, Mansour; Karuppusamy, Ramesh; Kawashima, Tomohisa; Keating, Garrett K.; Kettenis, Mark; Kim, Jae-Young; Kim, Junhan; Kim, Jongsoo; Kino, Motoki; Koay, Jun Yi; Koch, Patrick M.; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Michael; Kramer, Carsten; Kuo, Cheng-Yu; Lauer, Tod R.; Lee, Sang-Sung; Li, Yan-Rong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lindqvist, Michael; Lico, Rocco; Liu, Kuo; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lo, Wen-Ping; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Lonsdale, Colin; MacDonald, Nicholas R.; Mao, Jirong; Marchili, Nicola; Marscher, Alan P.; Martí-Vidal, Iván; Matsushita, Satoki; Matthews, Lynn D.; Medeiros, Lia; Menten, Karl M.; Mizuno, Yosuke; Mizuno, Izumi; Moran, James M.; Moriyama, Kotaro; Moscibrodzka, Monika; Müller, Cornelia; Musoke, Gibwa; Nagai, Hiroshi; Nagar, Neil M.; Nakamura, Masanori; Narayan, Ramesh; Narayanan, Gopal; Natarajan, Iniyan; Nathanail, Antonios; Neri, Roberto; Ni, Chunchong; Noutsos, Aristeidis; Okino, Hiroki; Olivares, Héctor; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Oyama, Tomoaki; Özel, Feryal; Palumbo, Daniel C. M.; Park, Jongho; Patel, Nimesh; Pen, Ue-Li; Piétu, Vincent; PopStefanija, Aleksandar; Porth, Oliver; Prather, Ben; Preciado-López, Jorge A.; Psaltis, Dimitrios; Pu, Hung-Yi; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh; Rao, Ramprasad; Rawlings, Mark G.; Raymond, Alexander W.; Rezzolla, Luciano; Ripperda, Bart; Roelofs, Freek; Rogers, Alan; Ros, Eduardo; Rose, Mel; Roshanineshat, Arash; Rottmann, Helge; Roy, Alan L.; Ruszczyk, Chet; Ryan, Benjamin R.; Rygl, Kazi L. J.; Sánchez, Salvador; Sánchez-Arguelles, David; Sasada, Mahito; Savolainen, Tuomas; Schloerb, F. Peter; Schuster, Karl-Friedrich; Shao, Lijing; Shen, Zhiqiang; Small, Des; Sohn, Bong Won; SooHoo, Jason; Tazaki, Fumie; Tiede, Paul; Tilanus, Remo P. J.; Titus, Michael; Toma, Kenji; Torne, Pablo; Trent, Tyler; Traianou, Efthalia; Trippe, Sascha; Tsuda, Shuichiro; Bemmel, Ilse van; van Langevelde, Huib Jan; van Rossum, Daniel R.; Wagner, Jan; Wardle, John; Ward-Thompson, Derek; Wex, Norbert; Wharton, Robert; Wu, Qingwen; Yoon, Doosoo; Young, André; Young, Ken; Younsi, Ziri; Yuan, Feng; Yuan, Ye-Fei; Zensus, J. Anton; Zhao, Guangyao; Zhao, Shan-Shan; Zhu, Ziyan.-- Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. ; The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has recently delivered the first resolved images of M87*, the supermassive black hole in the center of the M87 galaxy. These images were produced using 230 GHz observations performed in 2017 April. Additional observations are required to investigate the persistence of the primary image feature- A ring with azimuthal brightness asymmetry- A nd to quantify the image variability on event horizon scales. To address this need, we analyze M87* data collected with prototype EHT arrays in 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013. While these observations do not contain enough information to produce images, they are sufficient to constrain simple geometric models. We develop a modeling approach based on the framework utilized for the 2017 EHT data analysis and validate our procedures using synthetic data. Applying the same approach to the observational data sets, we find the M87* morphology in 2009-2017 to be consistent with a persistent asymmetric ring of ∼40 μas diameter. The position angle of the peak intensity varies in time. In particular, we find a significant difference between the position angle measured in 2013 and 2017. These variations are in broad agreement with predictions of a subset of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We show that quantifying the variability across multiple observational epochs has the potential to constrain the physical properties of the source, such as the accretion state or the black hole spin. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. ; The authors of the present paper thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt projects 1171506 and 3190878, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177 and GenT Program (project CIDEGENT/2018/021); the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649 and Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51431.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. , for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1716327, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11933007); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (grants PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universita e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; the Academia Sinica; Chandra TM6-17006X; the GenT Program (Generalitat Valenciana) Project CIDEGENT/2018/021. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TG-AST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. The simulations were performed in part on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, and on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario (http://computeontario. ca), Calcul Quebec (http://www.calculquebec.ca), and Compute Canada (http://www.computecanada.ca). We thank the staff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01154.V. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with the National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key R&D Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, ptica, y Electronica (Mexico), and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). The IRAM 30 m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany), and IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant PLR- 1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 947. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under an open-source license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with hydrogen masers. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, both from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people.

De la identidad regional gaucha brasileña, formada por las manifestaciones culturales de los habitantes de la provincia de Rio Grande do Sul (RS), ubicada al extremo sur de Brasil, y que limita con Argentina y Uruguay, se desprenden las características culturales y simbólicas del gaucho brasileño.
La presente investigación está ubicada en esta región, dada la escasez en términos de investigaciones sobre el diseño de joyería, a pesar del amplio desarrollo de la industria joyera en la zona– es el segundo polo de fabricación en Brasil –y de que hay allí universidades con cursos de grado en el área del diseño de joyería. De esos cursos egresan muchos profesionales independientes, poniendo sus colecciones en el mercado a partir de la fabricación artesanal de las piezas.
Puesto que la fabricación de joyas se realiza mediante técnicas artesanales, la concepción de la pieza va por el camino del diseño, desde su investigación temática hasta los dibujos técnicos. La elección e investigación de la temática para una colección de joyas corre por cuenta del diseñador. Lo que se observa es el interés por la aplicación de la temática regionalista en colecciones de joyas, como se puede observar en los trabajos de Celso Dornelles y Maria da Graça Portela Lisboa, que se proponen a rescatar en el pasado, materiales y formas de la cultura gaucha brasileña.
El auge de la cultura gaucha de los siglos XVIII y XIX, en los campos de Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay se puede verificar en los relatos de dos viajeros, como Saint-Hilaire1 y Dreys2 . Específicamente sobre la cultura encontrada en Rio Grande do Sul, Dreys describe en su observación la presencia de un hombre rural, sin fronteras, que trabaja en el campo y tiene como medio de transporte el caballo, que además es el amigo fiel del gaucho. La figura de ese campesino se ve reflejada en hombres y mujeres de las Pampas, mujeres que, como describe Assunção (2007, p. 287), "no tienen ningún escrúpulo en montar a horcajadas, como los hombres".
El término gaucho, utilizado para designar a todos los nacidos en la provincia de Rio Grande do Sul y en los países vecinos, no siempre tuvo connotaciones positivas. Dias y Appel3 (2012) describen la transformación del significado de la palabra. En 1790, gaucho y gauderio eran sinónimos de changadores, ladrones de ganado. Ya Assunção (2007, p. 226) dice que el vocablo tuvo tres significados: el vago del campo, el hombre de las pampas y, por último, volvió al primer significado de vagabundo rural, pero con características de soldado patriota.
Ya con las fronteras políticamente determinadas entre los tres países Argentina, Uruguay y Brasil, se observa el intenso intercambio cultural generado entre ellos, principalmente en las ciudades fronterizas. Hartamann (2011) en su observación in loco de fiestas de manifestaciones de la cultura gaucha el Desfile del 20 de septiembre4 en la ciudad brasileña de Uruguayana, frontera con Paso de los Libres, Argentina y de una "criolla"5 en Uruguay, pone de relieve la mezcla entre culturas en la que permanece en común el trabajo en el campo, la costumbre de tomar mate y el amor por el caballo. En Uruguayana el desfile es una mitificación del gaucho por parte de los peones de estancia y los estancieros, que muestran su mejor caballo y sus mejores accesorios, lo que se aleja de su realidad diaria, que es de una vida simple y sin lujos. En lo que se refiere a las "criollas" eso es distinto, se presenta como una manifestación cultural del trabajo y las habilidades campesinas en la que los gauchos participantes compiten por sus habilidades con el caballo. Distinto de la propuesta brasileña del desfile de 20 de septiembre, las "criollas" uruguayas no personifican a un gaucho guerrero y rico como los gauchos brasileños en sus eventos.
A partir de esa diferencia entre manifestaciones populares en RS hay una entidad que regulariza la manifestación de la cultura gaucha, el Movimiento Tradicionalista Gaucho (MTG) que surge en 1966 y tiene como objetivo "catalizar, disciplinar y orientar las actividades […] preconizando la Carta de Principios" (Mariante como se cita en Jacks, s/f, p. 38), el cual coordina los Centros de Tradiciones Gauchas (CTG). Eso contribuye para que haya una discusión interna de lo que es el gaucho ideal y sus manifestaciones. Incluye también un reglamento sobre la indumentaria, que los participantes fieles a ese movimiento deben seguir.
El MTG define conceptos propios de la cultura gaucha, como por ejemplo el tradicionalismo en la provincia de RS. Se entiende la expresión tradicionalista como un movimiento social en el RS en el siglo XX, por medio del cual se promueve el culto a la tradición gaucha. Savaris6 (en Dias y Appel, 2012) explica que el tradicionalismo no es tradición y tampoco regionalismo. Es una estructura montada para rendir culto al regionalismo, dar importancia al nativismo y valorar la tradición. Fagundes7 (s/f, párr. 1) complementa con el texto de la "Carta de Princípios do Movimento Tradicionalista do Rio Grande do Sul" que define al tradicionalismo como: "un organismo social, perfectamente definido y estatuido, de naturaleza cívica, ideológica doctrinaria, con características propias y singulares que ponen en plano especialísimo el panorama de la vida rio-grandense, brasileña y americana"8 .
La búsqueda en fortalecer la identidad cultural gaucha en el territorio de la provincia de RS se da por medio del Movimiento Tradicionalista Gaucho. En la presente investigación, el concepto de identidad es interpretado como la identificación de una población con un tipo de manifestación cultural. Otra cuestión que se plantea es la identidad fronteriza, que es comúnmente observada en la provincia, debido a las ciudades que limitan con Uruguay y Argentina. Se busca ubicar a esta cultura dentro de la cultura popular, identificándola en la manifestación de la identidad gaucha en la vida diaria de la población, y señalando cómo tuvo lugar su construcción en la provincia.
Para dar cuenta del fortalecimiento de la cultura, en el año 1868 se creó en RS la Sociedad Partenón Literario, en Porto Alegre, en la cual empezó una valorización literaria del gaucho, para contribuir con lo que sería, más tarde, la identidad gaucha y las costumbres. Ya en la década de 1950, hubo un auge del tradicionalismo, que tenía por objetivo el culto a las manifestaciones culturales gauchas. Fue en ese mismo período que se crearon los Centros de Tradiciones Gauchas, los CTGs. El primer CTG creado fue el 35CTG, en la ciudad de Porto Alegre, que empezó con la idea de mantener vívida la cultura campesina en la ciudad. Entre los fundadores estaban Barbosa Lessa, Flávio Ramos, Guido Mondin y Glaucus Saraiva, jóvenes que estaban en la capital para estudiar pero que tenían ese apego al campo (Fagundes, s/f).
Finalmente, el "nativismo" surgió en la década de 1980, poniendo la mirada en la música gaucha y la creación de festivales. Ese movimiento, o la continuación del tradicionalismo, como muchos autores lo definen, se convirtieron en un movimiento social, por la admiración de la clase media por los hábitos gauchos, que antes eran considerados inaceptables en la ciudad (Jacks, s/f). Ese movimiento empezó en el área urbana por medio de la radio, los periódicos, la televisión y se convirtió en objeto de admiración de los jóvenes de la ciudad, hasta influenciar a todas las edades y clases. Hoy se puede observar la gran cantidad de locales con vestimentas camperas como artículos de lujo, además de producción cinematográfica9 a partir de obras literarias sobre el gaucho.
A partir de ese movimiento, la población joven, por estar ubicada en el momento del fortalecimiento cultural y también por su inmigración desde las ciudades campesinas hasta los grandes centros urbanos, hace que ciertas tendencias se diseminen entre todos los miembros de una misma generación. Se empezó a reconocer la cultura gaucha como estilo de vida y construcción de una región, lo que llevó a la conformación del gauchismo, que se aplica al movimiento que trae desde el campo a la vida de la ciudad la vestimenta, las costumbres, la música y los objetos característicos. El ejemplo más frecuente es el uso de la indumentaria del campo por parte de jóvenes universitarios del área de estudios rurales (Ingeniería Agrónoma, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia) y sus grupos de convivencia. También se puede citar el mate, que además de tomarlo en casa, lo llevan a todas partes.
Con ese nuevo público los nativistas y los tradicionalistas al diseño con temática regional se añaden distintos productos como la indumentaria y los accesorios. Entre los accesorios es posible observar el lanzamiento de una cooperativa que trabaja con lana y su de ella en productos de diseño. El sector joyero empezó en 2007 con lanzamientos de colecciones con temática regional. Por ejemplo, Celso Dorneles y Maria da Graça Portela Lisbôa, que buscan por medio de distintos puntos de la identidad cultural gaucha, una base para sus creaciones y además tienen influencia de la cultura fronteriza por su lugar de nacimiento. Utilizan la técnica de fabricación artesanal para presentar líneas de joyas con un límite de producción, y también para los materiales utilizados, que muchas veces vienen de creaciones de artesanos de la frontera.
La importancia de citar el mercado joyero en Brasil se debe al crecimiento de esa industria en la cadena productiva. Actualmente, el país vive un crecimiento en el sector de explotación de metales y piedras preciosas10 como industrias de base, y el desarrollo artesanal sobre el diseño joyero. El organismo del gobierno que actúa en esa área es el Instituto Brasileiro de Gemas e Metais Preciosos (IBGM) que todos los años publica un informe sobre tendencias del sector en el país y trata de brindar datos sobre los mercados interno y externo a las industrias.
Además de los materiales comunes para joyas como los metales, plata y oro, y las piedras preciosas, el país cuenta con una gran variedad de materias primas provenientes de la naturaleza, fauna y flora. En la provincia de RS, conocida por sus extensas tierras para la crianza de ganado vacuno, ovejas y caballos, los materiales derivados de esos animales son utilizados en gran escala, desde la indumentaria hasta productos para el hogar. Se clasifican como materiales tradicionales del campo, utilizados por diseñadores en colecciones de joyas y accesorios de la última década: el cuero, la lana, la crin, los cuernos y los huesos. La investigación se plantea un periodo de tiempo que va del 2007 hasta el 2013. Se toman esas fechas, debido a los años de lanzamientos de las colecciones con temática gaucha, además de observarse en esos años el fortalecimiento de la cultura y el gran número de empresas aplicando esas características en sus productos.
A partir de la problemática explicada en esta investigación se pregunta: ¿Qué elementos, tanto materiales como simbólicos, de la cultura gaucha de RS se incorporan al diseño de joyería? Con esa pregunta guía, se busca especificar la temática de construcción de una colección de joyas con elementos de la identidad cultural gaucha con los cuestionamientos a continuación:
• ¿Cómo los diseñadores aplican la simbología gaucha y los materiales tradicionales del campo en sus colecciones de joyas? ¿Por medio de materiales y formas?
• ¿Dónde buscan la inspiración?
• ¿De dónde sacan los materiales tradicionales?
Con esas preguntas se pretende analizar de qué manera todo eso se ve reflejado en colecciones de joyas a partir del trabajo de diseñadores que utilizan la cultura gaucha como temática para sus colecciones.
Notas
1. Auguste Saint-Hilaire – botánico, naturalista y viajero francés del siglo XVIII.
2. Nicolau Dreys, en su libro "Notícia descritiva da Província de São Pedro do Sul" (1839) narra sus experiencias y vivencias como comerciante en el extremo Sur. La obra narra el período de la Guerra Civil en Rio Grande do Sul. El autor hace una descripción del medio geográfico, las ciudades, la población y caracteriza al gaucho en lo que se refiere a su modo de vida. (Dreys como se cita en Flores).
3. Janine Appel fue 1ª prenda de la provincia de Rio Grande do Sul en los años 2007/2008. (Prenda es la designación utilizada para referirse a la mujer del gaucho, además de ser la representante femenina frente al MTG).
4. Desfile 20 de septiembre: alusión al día de conformación de la República Rio-Grandense en la época de la Guerra dos Farrapos.
5. Criollas en Uruguay: fiesta de la comunidad para demostrar las habilidades con el caballo.
6. Manoelito Savaris fue presidente del Instituto Gaúcho de Tradição e Folclore entre los años 2007/2010.
7. Antonio Augusto Fagundes es abogado, periodista, actor, compositor, escritor, antropó- logo, historiador y uno de los más grandes folcloristas de Rio Grande do Sul.
8. Traducción libre de la autora de la tesis.
9. El 20 de septiembre de 2013 fue el estreno de la película "O Tempo e O Vento", del director Jayme Monjardim, adaptación de la obra literaria "O Continente" de Érico Veríssimo, que es un tomo de la trilogía de ficción sobre el gaucho en épocas pasadas, desde los indígenas en las misiones jesuíticas hasta la revolución Farroupilha. (Disponible en: http:// www.otempoeoventoofilme.com. [20 de septiembre de 2013]).
10. Según el Instituto Brasileiro de Gemas e Metais Preciosos (IBGM) en el informe anual de 2012, actualmente en el sector de industria de oro y plata existen 1.100 empresas cuyos resultados del 2012 llegaron a 400 mil dólares. En escala mundial, segundo el Gold Fields Mineral Service (GFMS), en Londres, en 2012 Brasil fue el 19º productor de joyas en oro (23t) y el 11º consumidor de joyas en oro (27t). En el caso de la plata fue el 16º en producción, y consume cerca de 61t.

We can observe signs of development of civilization processes in Ukraine everywhere on a daily basis. Such achievements of mankind as computers, smart phones, digital photography, tablets, etc. are becoming common and natural. Along with the positive signs of the development of civilization, we see many achievements that are difficult to grasp by the mind of an ordinary person. In particular, along with the positive achievements of mankind, we must learn to recognize and counter the new inventions used by some states to wage aggression in time.The article highlights the visible aspects of a new type of modern war, which the state of Russia, is waging against its neighbors, including Ukraine, whenever it is convenient to them. These are the so-called «hybrid wars», which Russia is testing on the neighboring countries.In the article it is pointed out, that Russia never starts aggression openly; it always covers its intentions with «peaceful» rhetoric. As usual, Russia's victims are those neighboring countries that are unable to show power and information confrontation. It has become a tendency that when the time comes, the Russian leaders begin aggression, and their armed forces act according to a motto deduced by Machiavelli and later applied by the Bolsheviks in the 1920s: «You're either with us, or against us». Starting aggression, Russia continues to declare tales about friendship and peace to the whole world.In the main part of the article, the author emphasizes that all the wars that Russia is embarking on with neighboring countries have a common feature - the geographic location of these states, easily accessible to the Russian armed forces. The author of the article implicitly emphasizes the aggressive features of the historical path of Russia, in particular, the period when it began to transform from Muscovy to Russia. In the article, the author emphasizes that Russia by its behavior, in fact, convinces many prescient people that it is the heir to the robbery mind, which it adopted back in the XIII century from the Golden Horde. Actually, the Russian leadership inherited the habit of stealing another's living space and another's territory from Batu Khan's Horde. This habit gradually gained importance of the national feature of the Russians.One of the most dangerous methods that precedes Russia's use of firearms is intensification of the war in the information space. As usual, Russia's aggression against the nations it has sacrificed is a sign of interference with the humanitarian sphere of these peoples' lives. In other words, in the Russian version, information war is a mandatory prelude to the start of an actual war.An example of one of the anti-Ukrainian special operations of information war against Ukraine is given in an article by a famous historian from Ukraine, Serhii Terno, in which he reveals the purpose of an information war, which became quite evident after analyzing the content of a class book for fifth grade students recently published in Ukraine. Serhiy Terno convincingly, by demonstrating examples and evidence, proves that the information war that Russia is imposing on Ukraine has a final goal - the complete assimilation of the Ukrainian ethnos and the transformation of the Ukrainian living space into a «Russian dimension». Usually, such behavior in Russia precedes an armed attack, and it always happens if the victim of Russian aggression refuses to obey Russia's orders.In the article, the author indirectly helps the reader to recognize that there are new and improved old methods of waging war in the modern evolutionary development of world civilization processes.Experts specializing in the study of the development of interethnic relations, only after the open military aggression of Russia, which began in 2014, acknowledged that Russia is waging an aggressive war against Ukraine, which political scientists called «hybrid». One of the aspects of "hybrid" war is the war in the information space, and the battle for historical memory is at the forefront of information battles. Revealing this aspect, it would be appropriate to clarify the explanation of the term «historical memory» with an expanded explanation of the right to interpret national history, which we understand with the help of historical knowledge.By way of conclusion, the author cites vivid examples of participation in the information war of the representatives of the aggressor state to emphasize the importance of so called «battles» in the information space. The Ukrainian intellectuals' struggle for the right of young people for historical memory and justice is described in a convincing and successful way. Much attention is given to the Ukrainian historians' assessment of the value of research and study of historical memory. The article provides incontrovertible evidence that historical knowledge is a type of information weapon, which in many cases is more effective than a firearm. If we treat «historical memory» as one of the modern information weapons, the article covers examples of the use of these weapons in the context of the information war.Finally, quotes of influential scholars on how they assessed the importance of informational influence on the well-known historical figures are stated in the article: the queen of the Russian Empire, Catherine II and the German propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels. ; Признаки развития цивилизационных процессов в Украине мы наблюдаем повсеместно и ежедневно. В современном мире такие прогрессивные достижения человечества, как компьютер, смартфон, цифровая фотография, планшет и многие другие новшества – обычные вещи. Вместе с тем рядом с позитивными достижениями имеют место достижения, которые трудно поддаются здравомыслию. В связи с этим мы должны научиться вовремя распознавать и противодействовать новым изобретениям, направленным против человечества, в частности новой методике ведения захватнических войн, используемой некоторыми государствами.В предлагаемой статье освещены аспекты нового типа современной войны, которую, соседствующая с Украиной держава – Россия, выбрав удобный момент, всегда начинает против своих соседей, в том числе и против Украины. Мы имеем ввиду так называемые «гибридные войны», эффективность которых Россия испытывает на ближайших соседних государствах.В статье акцентировано внимание на том, что Россия никогда не начинала агрессию открыто, она всегда прикрывает свои намерения «миролюбивой» риторикой. Обычно жертвами России становятся те государства-соседи, которые не в состоянии продемонстрировать силовое и информационное сопротивление. Стало закономерным, что при наступлении удобного момента руководство России начинает агрессию, российские вооруженные соединения действуют согласно правилу, сформулированному Макиавелли, а позднее одобренному большевиками в 20-х годах ХХ ст.: «кто не с нами, тот против нас». Тем не менее, начиная агрессию, Россия не устает декларировать всему миру сказки о дружбе и мире.В главной части статьи автор акцентирует внимание на том, что все войны, которые инициирует Россия с соседними государствами, имеют общий признак – легко досягаемое для российских вооруженных сил географическое расположение стран, против которых направлена агрессия. Автор статьи ненавязчиво обращает внимание на агрессивные особенности исторического пути России, в частности на том периоде, когда она начала превращаться из Московии в Россию. В статье автор акцентирует внимание на том, что Россия своим поведением убеждает всех дальновидных людей в том, что она является наследницей разбойнических привычек, которые она унаследовала еще в ХІІІ ст. от Золотой Орды. Собственно, от орды Батыя предводители России унаследовали привычку воровать чужую территорию. Эта привычка постепенно обрела значение национальной черты россиян.Один из самых опаснейших методов, который предшествует применению огнестрельного оружия и всегда применяется Россией, – это информационная война, которая интенсифицируется перед началом военных действий, то есть война в информационном пространстве. Обычно признаком начала агрессии со стороны России против народов, которые она избрала своими жертвами, является вмешательство в гуманитарную сферу жизни этих народов. Если выразиться другими словами, в российском варианте информационная война – это неотъемлемая прелюдия перед началом полномасштабной «горячей» войны. Пример проведения одной из антиукраинских спецопераций информационной войны России против Украины подается в статье известного в Украине историка из города Запорожье Сергея Терно. Анализируя содержание школьного учебника для пятиклассников, не так давно изданного в Украине, он раскрывает цель информационной войны, которая стала явной. Сергей Терно довольно убедительно доказывает, что информационная война, навязанная Украине Россией, имеет главную цель – ассимиляцию украинского этноса и превращение украинского жизненного пространства в «Русский мир».Обычно такое поведение России предшествует вооруженному нападению и всегда так случается, если жертва агрессии отказывается выполнять распоряжения Российского правительства.В предлагаемой статье автор ненавязчиво помогает читателю узнать, что в развитии современных эволюционных процессов существуют современные и усовершенствованные методы ведения захватнических войн. Ученые, которые специализируются на исследовании межнациональных отношений, только после открытой военной агрессии России против Украины, которая началась в 2014 г., признали, что Россия начала против Украины захватническую войну. Политологи навали ее «гибридной». Война в информационном пространстве – один из вариантов гибридной войны, а на переднем крае информационных «битв» ведется борьба за историческую память. Раскрывая этот аспект, будет целесообразным термин «историческая память» уточнить расширенным толкованием, которое должно звучать как борьба за право трактовки отечественной истории, к которой мы пришли на основании исторических знаний.В итогах статьи для того чтобы подчеркнуть значение «боев» в информационном пространстве, автор подает яркие примеры участия в информационных войнах первых личностей государств-агрессоров. Убедительно и довольно удачно подаются примеры борьбы украинской интеллигенции за отстаивание права подрастающему поколению на историческую память и справедливость. Значительное внимание в предлагаемой статье уделено оценкам украинских историков значения исследований и изучения исторической памяти. В статье приводятся неоспоримые доказательства того, что исторические знания есть одним из видов информационного оружия, которое во многих случаях действует более эффективно, чем оружие огнестрельное. В том случае, если мы «историческую память» объясняем как один из видов современного информационного оружия, то в предлагаемой статье освещаются примеры применения этого оружия в условиях информационной войны.В заключительной части статьи автор цитирует украинских историков, из высказываний которых мы узнаем, что украинские историки придавали большое значение информационному влиянию на общество. Пример такого влияния автор демонстрирует цитатами царицы Российской империи Екатерины ІІ и министра пропаганды Германии Йозефа Геббельса. ; Ознаки розвитку цивілізаційних процесів в Україні ми спостерігаємо повсюдно і щодня. Стають звичними і закономірними такі досягнення людства, як комп'ютер, смартфон, цифрова фотографія, планшет тощо. Поряд із позитивними ознаками розвитку цивілізації, ми бачимо багато досягнень, які важко осягнути розумом людини, яка тверезо мислить. Зокрема, поряд з позитивними досягненнями людства ми повинні навчитися вчасно розпізнавати і протидіяти новим винаходам, які використовуються деякими державами для ведення загарбницьких війн. У пропонованій статті висвітлено видимі аспекти нового типу сучасної війни, яку сусідня з Україною держава – Росія, відчувши зручний момент, розпочинає проти своїх сусідів, зокрема і проти України. Йдеться про так звані «гібридні війни», ефективність яких Росія апробовує на найближчих сусідніх країнах. У статті акцентовано увагу на тому, що Росія ніколи не починає агресію відкрито, вона завжди прикриває свої наміри «миролюбивою» риторикою. Звичайно жертвами Росії стають ті держави-сусіди, які не в змозі показати силове та інформаційне протистояння. Стало закономірністю, що у зручний момент керманичі Росії розпочинають агресію, і їх збройні сили діють за правилом, виведеним Макіавеллі, а пізніше облюбованим більшовиками в 20-ті роки ХХ ст.: «кто не с нами, тот против нас». Розпочавши агресію, Росія не вгаває декларувати для всього світу казки про дружбу і мир. В основній частині статті автор наголошує на тому, що всі війни, які розпочинає Росія з сусідніми державами, мають спільну ознаку – легкодосяжне для російських збройних сил географічне розташування держав, проти яких спрямована агресія. Автор статті ненав'язливо робить акценти на агресивних особливостях історичного шляху Росії, зокрема, на тому періоді, коли вона стала перетворюватись з Московії на Росію. У статті автор наголошує, що Росія своєю поведінкою, по суті, переконує всіх далекоглядних людей в тому, що вона є спадкоємцем розбійницького норову, який перейняла ще у ХІІІ ст. від Золотої Орди. Власне, від орди Батия керманичі Росії успадкували звичку красти чужий життєвий простір та чужу територію. Ця звичка поступово набула значення національної риси росіян. Одним із найнебезпечніших методів, який передує застосуванню Росією вогнепальної зброї, є інтенсифікація війни в інформаційному просторі. Звичайно ознакою початку агресії з боку Росії проти народів, які вона обрала своїми жертвами, є втручання в гуманітарну сферу життя цих народів. Якщо сказати іншими словами, у російському варіанті інформаційна війна – це обов'язкова прелюдія перед початком повномасштабної «гарячої» війни. Приклад проведення однієї із антиукраїнських спецоперацій інформаційної війни проти України наведено у статті відомого в Україні історика із Запоріжжя, Сергія Терно, у якій він розкриває мету інформаційної війни, що стала цілком очевидною після аналізу змісту шкільного підручника для п'ятикласників, не так давно виданого в Україні. Сергій Терно переконливо, вдаючись до демонстрації прикладів і доказів, доводить, що інформаційна війна, яку Росія нав'язує Україні, має остаточну мету – цілковиту асиміляцію українського етносу і перетворення українського життєвого простору на «русскій мір». Зазвичай така поведінка Росії передує збройному нападу, і це відбувається завжди, якщо жертва російської агресії відмовляється піддаватися наказам Росії. У пропонованій статті автор ненав'язливо допомагає читачеві визнати, що в сучасному еволюційному розвитку світових цивілізаційних процесів існують нові і вдосконалені старі методи ведення загарбницьких війн. Фахівці, які спеціалізуються на вивченні розвитку міжнаціональних відносин, лише після відкритої військової агресії Росії, яка почалася у 2014 р., визнали, що Росія веде проти України загарбницьку війну, яку політологи назвали «гібридною». Одним із аспектів гібридної війни є війна в інформаційному просторі, а на передньому краї інформаційних «боїв» знаходиться боротьба за історичну пам'ять. Розкриваючи цей аспект, буде доцільним термін «історична пам'ять» уточнити розширеним поясненням, яке має звучати як боротьба за право трактування вітчизняної історії, до якого ми приходимо на основі історичних знань. У висновках, щоб підкреслити значення «боїв» в інформаційному просторі, автор статті наводить яскраві приклади участі в інформаційній війні перших осіб держави-агресора. Переконливо і досить вдало описано прояви боротьби української інтелігенції за право молоді на історичну пам'ять і справедливість. Значну увагу в статті приділено оцінкам українських істориків значення дослідження і вивчення історичної пам'яті. У статті наводяться неспростовні докази того, що історичні знання є одним із видів інформаційної зброї, яка в багатьох випадках є ефективнішою від зброї вогнепальної. Якщо ми «історичну пам'ять» трактуємо як один з видів сучасної інформаційної зброї, то у пропонованій статті висвітлюються приклади застосування цієї зброї в умовах інформаційної війни. У заключній частині статті подаються цитати впливових науковців про те, як вони оцінювали значення інформаційного впливу на суспільство відомих історичних осіб: цариці Російської імперії Катерини ІІ і міністра пропаганди Німеччини Йозефа Геббельса.

[spa] La importancia de la Historia de la Arqueología radica en su capacidad para dar respuesta a la primera pregunta que nos debemos plantear como arqueólogos, ¿cómo hemos llegado a ser lo que somos? (Murray 2002, en Ruíz Zapatero 2017b). Para conocer este pasado es indispensable llevar a cabo su estudio, el cual se puede afrontar desde diversas perspectivas. Aquí nos centraremos en analizar las relaciones internacionales dentro de la Historia de la Arqueología, como parte del mecanismo para comprender nuestro pasado en una época donde las fronteras entre países dibujan tanto los tratos personales como académicos, en especial las relaciones entre arqueólogos españoles e italianos del siglo XX (Díaz-Andreu García 2016; Gracia Alonso 2010; Gracia Alonso 2012a), dado el desconocimiento que existe sobre este tema, en contraposición con los trabajos sobre las relaciones con alemanes, franceses y también en menor medida con los ingleses. La presente Tesis se propone profundizar en el conocimiento del impacto que las relaciones entre investigadores tuvieron en la Arqueología española del siglo XX. Con ello se intenta romper varios tópicos firmemente establecidos en la Historia de la Arqueología española, como que los profesionales españoles son receptores pasivos de las novedades que provienen de otros países y que, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a la dilatada etapa franquista, el aislamiento internacional de los expertos es prácticamente total. Dentro de este contexto, se han analizado específicamente las relaciones entre la arqueología española e italiana desde principios del siglo XX a 1975, estableciéndose este año como fecha límite del estudio. En nuestro examen hemos dividido el periodo estudiado en dos: antes y después de la Guerra Civil. Para alcanzar estos objetivos generales se han investigado a través de objetivos más específicos cuales fueron primer lugar las instituciones españolas que se encargaron de propiciar directa o indirectamente las estancias de arqueólogos españoles en territorio italiano. Como resultado, se han documentado multitud de ayudas económicas de carácter personal de dos instituciones, la Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios y el Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Con esta documentación se han pretendido establecer cuales fueron relaciones personales entre la arqueología española e italiana a lo largo de los dos periodos anteriormente descritos, así como formarnos una ida más precisa de la influencia que supusieron estos contactos en la arqueología española posterior. Para completar estos objetivos específicos, se ha realizado un estudio de las publicaciones españolas contemporáneas con un marcado carácter arqueológico, que permite refutar esta influencia a través de las referencias bibliográficas utilizadas en los artículos que contienen. También hemos tenido en cuenta el convulso contexto político del siglo XX como elemento influyente en todo el proceso. Con estas premisas hemos desarrollado varias hipótesis en función a los objetivos planteados, esbozando un escenario en el que, pese al desarrollo de instituciones acorde con las necesidades de mantener investigadores en el extranjero, Italia no fue un centro de recepción primordial para la arqueología de principios del siglo XX frente a Francia y Alemania, acrecentado por la situación de aislamiento político y académico durante el franquismo. Estas hipótesis generales se complementan con otras más específicas, fundamentadas en la difícil situación económica de los periodos entre guerras para la inversión en estancias en el extranjero, y la imprecisión de lo que se entiende por la labor arqueológica. Esto lleva a plantear que quizá nuestro conocimiento sobre los viajes de arqueólogos españoles a Italia se haya visto disminuido, a lo que en realidad fueron viajes más prolíficos, y cuya influencia posterior en España, considerada exigua a principios del siglo XX, se desarrolló con mayor fluidez a partir de los años cincuenta. Como método de trabajo se han realizado vaciados en diferentes archivos y bibliotecas nacionales, y en algún caso muy puntual se ha acudido a la historia oral. A partir sobre todo de la documentación obtenida en archivos y bibliotecas se han podido obtener los datos de los sujetos susceptibles de ser incorporados a este estudio. Conjuntamente, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis bibliométrico de varias de las revistas más importantes sobre arqueología publicadas durante el periodo establecido, recogiendo así toda la información relevante para nuestro trabajo. Además, se ha vaciado la información encontrada en publicaciones tanto coetáneas a los hechos como posteriores. Se ha dividido este estudio en dos grandes etapas temporales, abarcando la primera desde principios del siglo XX hasta la Guerra Civil, y la segunda desde ese último momento hasta el final del periodo franquista. Con todo ello, se ha realizado un análisis de las estancias de españoles en Italia, tanto por la colaboración en exposiciones como por viajes de estudio o de trabajo. También se ha examinado la importancia de las instituciones nacionales para el desempeño de estas acciones, y el reflejo de sus actuaciones en la difusión de los conocimientos adquiridos a través de las publicaciones españolas en las que participaron. Los resultados obtenidos nos han permitido demostrar cómo las relaciones personales entre los académicos internacionales repercutieron directamente en el desarrollo de la actividad arqueológica española, asegurar que esta no estuvo completamente cerrada a las influencias extranjeras, y observar una evolución en los contactos establecidos a lo largo del marco cronológico estudiado. Durante la primera etapa entre principios del siglo XX y la Guerra Civil, las pensiones (denominación que reciben las ayudas económicas en este periodo) fueron concedidas a un mayor número de investigadores españoles, que, finalmente, realizaron algún tipo de actividad arqueológica. Aunque la Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología en Roma se funda en 1910 como centro de recepción para estos pensionados, no será el epicentro de las relaciones entre arqueólogos españoles e italianos, siendo más característicos los viajes itinerantes por la península itálica y cuya influencia inmediata ha sido menos señalada, aunque asienta las bases de los contactos de la etapa siguiente, mucho más evidentes y fructíferos. Durante el segundo periodo y una vez pasados los primeros años de postguerra, la Escuela reabre sus puertas en 1947, comenzando en la década de los cincuenta su edad dorada, hasta los años setenta. Esta se ve acompañada por un mayor número de estancias en Italia, sobre todo de larga duración, gracias a los acuerdos para excavar la Grotta dei Pipistrelli (Finale), la Grotta del´Olivo (Toirano) en 1954 y 1955 respectivamente, y fundamentalmente Gabii, entre 1956 y 1969. Esto permite establecer contactos más profundos y dilatados en el tiempo, siendo el máximo exponente de las relaciones entre ambos países la contraída por Martín Almagro Basch y Luis Pericot García con el arqueólogo italiano Nino Lamboglia, presente en la bibliografía española de forma destacada como se demuestra tanto en el análisis de las revistas, como en la correspondencia personal, y la documentación administrativa. A pesar de esta nota positiva, en comparación con las relaciones establecidas para la misma época con arqueólogos alemanes y franceses, las relaciones italo-españolas todavía siguen siendo menores quizá incluso con británicos. ; [eng] The importance of the History of Archaeology lies in the capacity to respond to the first question we should consider as archaeologists: how have we become what we are?. It is essential to study this past, and this research could be faced from different perspectives. Here we will focus on analysing the international relations inside the History of Archaeology, as part of the mechanism to understand our past in a period where borders between countries portray the personal and academic relations of scholars. In particular, the relationships between Spanish and Italian archaeologists of the 20th century will be examined due to the ignorance existing around this topic, compared to the studies about the relations with Germans scholars, and also, to a lesser extent, with British academics. The purpose of this thesis is to take a closer look at the impact that the relationships between researchers had in the Spanish Archaeology of the 20th century. With this, we have tried to break away from the clichés which were solidly established in the History of Spanish Archaeology, such as, the general belief that Spanish professionals were passive receptors of the newness that came from other countries, and the idea that, particularly during the Francoist period, the international isolation of the experts was practically total. Within this context, it has been specifically analysed the relations between Italian and Spanish archaeology from the beginnings of the 20th century to 1975, establishing this year as the closing date of the study. In our examination we have divided the period studied in two parts: before and after the Civil War. To accomplish these general objectives, our investigations started studying the Spanish institutions that were in charge, directly or indirectly, of the stays of Spanish archaeologists in Italian territory. As a result, we have documented a multitude of economic aids from two institutions: "Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios" and "Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas". Thanks to this information, it was possible to establish the personal relations between Italian and Spanish archaeology during the two periods described above, as well as confirming the influence that these interactions meant in the later Spanish archaeology. To achieve these specific goals, we have conducted a study of the contemporary Spanish publications related to archaeology, which refute this influence through the bibliographic references used in these articles. In addition, it was taken into consideration the rough political context of the 20th century as an influential element in all the process. Under this premiss, several hypotheses were developed in function of the objectives planned, setting a scenario where, despite the fact that the development of institutions in compliance to the necessity of keeping researchers in foreign countries, Italy was not the essential centre of receptions for the Archaeology in the beginning of the 20th century, in opposition to France and Germany, increased by the situation of academic and politic isolation during the Francoist period. These general hypotheses are completed by others more specific, based on the difficult economic situation of the periods between wars for the investment in foreign stays, and the inaccuracy of what is known as "archaeological labour". This can lead us to think that the knowledge about Spanish archaeological trips to Italy could have been misvalued, being in fact very productive journeys, of which later influence in Spain, considered exiguous in the start of the 20th century, developed with more fluency after the 1950s Furthermore, as a work method, different national archives and libraries have been exhaustively inspected, including some oral history resources. Jointly, a bibliometric analysis of several archaeological journals published during this period was taken, collecting all the relevant information for our work. In addition, the information found in coetaneous publications and later ones was also investigated. The study has been divided in two big temporal periods, first covering from the beginning of the 20th century until the Civil War, and the second from this last event up to the end of the Francoist period. Due to these facts, it was possible to conduct an analysis of Spanish scholars' stays in Italy, for their collaboration in exhibitions as well as for study and work trips. Also, the importance of the national institutions for the performance of these actions, and the observation of their intervention in the diffusion of the achieved knowledge throughout Spanish publications in which they took part in, were examined. Consequently, the results retrieved allow us to demonstrate how personal relationships among international scholars directly influenced the development of Spanish archaeological activities, which were not completely closed to foreign influences, and discover the evolution of these contacts over the timeline studied. Moreover, between the beginning of the 20th century and the Civil War, the "pensiones" (name given to the economic aids in this period) were granted to a larger number of Spanish researchers, that finally, carried out some type of archaeological activity. Despite the foundation in Rome of "Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología" in 1910 as a centre of reception for all these pensioners, it would not become the epicentre of the relations among Italian and Spanish archaeologists but set up the basis of the contacts for the next period, that were much more prolific and obvious. The itinerant journeys around the Italian Peninsula were more characteristic during this first part, but its immediate influence was less emphasized. During the second period and the beginning of postwar, the "Escuela" reopened in 1947, beginning its golden era until the 1970s. The stays in Italy increased, especially long-term stays, thanks to the agreements to excavate Grotta dei Pipistrelli (Finale), Grotta del´Olivo (Toirano) in 1954 and 1955 respectively, and Gabii, between 1956 and 1969. These agreements allowed to establish strong and long contacts, being the most important of these connections the relationships between Martín Almagro Basch and Luis Pericot García with the Italian archaeologist Nino Lamboglia, who are strongly present in the Spanish literature, personal correspondence and administrative documents. However, even though Spanish-Italian relationships were very productive and prolific, the relations between Spanish researchers and German, French and British academics were more intense.

Inhaltsangabe: Identität und Transformation' lautet das Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit. Dabei gilt es zu klären, welche integrative Wirkung eine kollektive Identität besitzt und welche Rolle der Idee der 'Nation' als integrierender Kraft in den neuformierten postsowjetischen Gesellschaften dabei zukommt. Die zugrundeliegende Fragestellung der in den Kapiteln über Identität, Nation und Transformation behandelten Thematik lässt sich in folgende Fragen fassen: Was ist Identität und welche Rolle spielt sie beim Transformationsprozess? Wie ist der Beitrag nationaler Identitätsangebote zur Herausbildung einer kollektiven Identität zu bewerten? Braucht eine erfolgreiche Transformationsgesellschaft eine nationale Identität? Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist demnach eine analytische Darstellung des für den Transformationsprozess im postsowjetischen Raum relevanten Faktors 'Identität'. Die kollektive Identität, die in den Nationalbewegungen zum Ausdruck kam und der Idee der 'Nation' prinzipiell zu eigen ist, war ein wesentlicher Faktor für den Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion und ist auch jetzt noch ein wesentlicher Parameter bei der Untersuchung, wie erfolgreich der Transformationsprozess in den einzelnen Ländern verlaufen ist. Bevor die zentralen Annahmen und Thesen dieser Arbeit vorgestellt werden, soll zunächst die Methodik, und anschließend die Vorgehensweise erläutert werden. Die Annahmen und Thesen sind in dieser Arbeit als das tragende Gerüst zu verstehen, an denen sich der Autor entlang hangelt, immer in dem Bewusstsein, dass die Arbeit zu zerfasern droht, wenn der einmal eingeschlagene Gedankengang nicht mit Disziplin weiterverfolgt wird. Da sie die gedankliche Essenz der Kapitelinhalte sind, werden sie auch entsprechend oft wiederholt. In dieser Arbeit wird ein kulturwissenschaftlich-hermeneutischer Ansatz verwendet, der bewusst versucht die Frage der 'Politischen Kultur' im Transformationsprozess nicht auszuklammern. Die Frage nach der Identität der Bevölkerung verlangt einen derartigen Ansatz. Die zentrale Frage der politischen Kulturforschung ist die nach der Stabilität und Konsolidierung der Demokratie. Deshalb ist zu fragen, in welchem Maße endogene Faktoren, resultierend aus der eigenen gewachsenen historischen Kultur eines Landes, in der Lage sind, zu dieser Konsolidierung im Transformationsprozess beizutragen. 'Die Untersuchung von Kultur besteht darin (oder sollte darin bestehen), Vermutungen über Bedeutungen anzustellen, diese Vermutungen zu bewerten und aus den besseren Vermutungen erklärende Schlüsse zu ziehen, nicht aber darin, den Kontinent Bedeutung zu entdecken und seine unkörperliche Landschaft zu kartographieren.' Stefan Garsztecki ist prinzipiell beizupflichten, wenn er feststellt, dass 'gut 10 Jahre nach dem Beginn der Transformation [...] der Faktor Kultur in vergleichenden Studien allmählich in den Mittelpunkt rückt'. Dies lässt sich vor allem darauf zurückführen, dass der Kulturbegriff und das Konzept der politischen Kultur im Rahmen der Transformationsforschung einzig und allein darüber entscheidet, welche Aussagen sich über die 'demokratische Ausgestaltung, die Konsolidierung einer demokratischen Zivilgesellschaft, [...] die Permanenz der Demokratie' treffen lassen. Der Siegeszug des rational-choice-Ansatzes scheint also zugunsten von kulturwissenschaftlich-hermeneutischen Ansätzen vorerst gestoppt zu sein. Gerade beim Vergleich der unterschiedlichen Transformationserfolge ist der kulturwissenschaftliche Ansatz von großer Bedeutung. Aus diesem Grund wurde auch der Faktor 'Identität' ausgewählt, um als Variable bei der Untersuchung des Transformationsprozesses zu fungieren. Dementsprechend zu dem weitgefassten Zugang zum Transformationsprozess ist die Literaturauswahl in dieser Arbeit auch interdisziplinär und versucht möglichst verschiedenen Aspekte und Sichtweisen des Transformationsprozesses zu berücksichtigen. Der Zeitschrift OSTEUROPA kommt dabei ein besonderer Stellenwert zu, denn sie versteht sich als eine 'interdisziplinäre Monatszeitschrift zur Analyse von Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Kultur und Zeitgeschichte in Osteuropa, Ostmitteleuropa und Südosteuropa', entsprechend dem Ansatz dieser Arbeit. Klaus Mehnert, der Namensgeber des Kaliningrader Europa-Institutes, leitete die Zeitschrift zwischen 1951 und 1975. Sein interdisziplinärer Ansatz spiegelt sich im Europa-Institut Klaus Mehnert in Kaliningrad sowie in der Zeitschrift OSTEUROPA. Die Auswertung der Erscheinungen der letzten 15 Jahre in Bezug auf Artikel zum Thema 'Identität' nimmt einen großen Stellenwert in dieser Arbeit ein. Herauszuheben aus der verwendeten Literatur ist noch Georg Elwerts Beitrag zur Bildung von Wir-Gruppen und zur Entstehung von Nationalbewusstsein. Dadurch gelang es die Verbindung zwischen einer kollektiven Identität und dem in den postsowjetischen Staaten entstehenden Nationalbewusstsein zu ziehen. Im Kapitel zur 'Transformation' waren besonders das Lehrbuch von Wolfgang Merkel hilfreich, bei der Untersuchung der Transformation in Osteuropa sind Andreas Kappeler, Uwe Halbach und Peter W. Schulze als die wesentlichen Impulsgeber zu nennen. Ohne tiefer in die unterschiedlichen Ansätze zu Erkenntnis- und Wissenschaftstheorie, zu normativ-ontologischer, historisch-dialektischer und empirisch-analytischer Schule eingehen zu wollen, muss beachtet werden, dass es sich bei Begriffen wie 'Transformation', 'Identität', 'Integration', 'Nation' oder anderen um gedankliche und sprachliche Konstrukte handelt, die keine Abbildung in der Realität haben. Es sollte also prinzipiell ein Gespür dafür vorhanden sein, dass das Medium Sprache Wirklichkeit konstruiert. In der modernen Nationalismustheorie spricht man inzwischen von der 'Erfindung der Nation' und spielt dabei auf die Rolle der Eliten als Geburtshelfer beim sogenannten 'nationalen Erwachen' von Nachzüglergesellschaften an. Grundsätzlich gilt, dass Wissenschaft stets nur ein Abbild der Realität ist. Sämtliche Klassifikationsversuche sind im Grunde Versuche der Welt eine Struktur zu geben; die Sprache erfüllt in der heutigen Welt ganz wesentlich eine Benennungs- und Klassifizierungsfunktion. Sprache strebt danach, die Ordnung aufrechtzuerhalten und Zufall und Kontingenz zu leugnen und zu unterdrücken. Ambivalenz ist ein Nebenprodukt der Arbeit der Klassifikation. Ambivalenzen sollen aber vermieden werden, um die Ordnung des Gedankengebäudes aufrecht zu erhalten und Unbehagen zu vermeiden. Nach Zygmunt Bauman besteht die typisch moderne Praxis, die Substanz moderner Politik, des modernen Intellekts, des modernen Lebens darin, 'Ambivalenz auszulöschen: eine Anstrengung genau zu definieren – und alles zu unterdrücken oder zu eliminieren, was nicht genau definiert werden konnte oder wollte'. Die vorliegende Arbeit möchte aber genau dieses vermeiden, und stattdessen Ungenauigkeiten in geringem Umfang zulassen, da es unmöglich ist sie auszuschließen. Mit diesem kurzen gedanklichen Ausflug sollte lediglich auf die Schwierigkeit des Themas 'Identität und Transformation' mit derartig abstrakten Begriffen hingewiesen werden, da sich hinter den Begriffen Vorstellungswelten verbergen, die nie vollständig zu fassen sind; entstehende Unschärfen sind daher nicht beabsichtigt, sondern einfach unvermeidbar und erfüllen auch einen gewissen Zweck, da es illusorisch ist, die Komplexität der Welt mit wenigen Worten fassbar zu machen. Mit diesem Ansatz soll der Tendenz in der Politikwissenschaft entgegengewirkt werden, Typologien zu entwickeln, dabei den Kontakt zum Gegenstand zu verlieren und am Ende nichts mehr erklären zu können. Naturgemäß stellen sich Unschärfen dadurch ein, dass die zitierten Autoren die Begriffe unterschiedlich definieren und verwenden, besonders schwierig wird es, wenn Begriffe aus dem Englischen übersetzt werden. Dennoch soll zu Beginn der Kapitel über 'Identität' und 'Transformation' versucht werden, die Spannweite dieser Begriffe darzustellen, sie zu definieren und damit ihren Bedeutungsgehalt zu begrenzen. Dennoch soll in einem ersten Schritt versucht werden, sich dem Phänomen 'Identität' zu nähern (Kapitel 1.1 1.2). Aus den individuellen Vorstellungen von Identität entsteht eine kollektive Identität, die das Bewusstsein einer Großgruppe bestimmt. In Kapitel 1.3 wird zu ergründen versucht, warum das Bedürfnis nach einer kollektiven Identität besteht. Demnach gilt es zu unterscheiden zwischen einer individuell-psychologischen und einer kollektiven Identität. Diese stehen jedoch in einem Wechselverhältnis zueinander, auf das später noch eingegangen wird. Im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts entwickelten sich aus zahlreichen Faktoren neue Wir-Gruppen, die einer kollektiven Identität bedurften (Kapitel 1.4). Eine kollektive Identität, so die erste zentrale These der vorliegenden Arbeit, ist eine der Voraussetzungen für ein funktionierendes Gemeinwesen, da durch sie die notwendige gesellschaftliche Integration und Mobilisierung geleistet werden kann. Sie liefert den Kitt für die gesellschaftliche Kohäsion, verhindert einen Zerfall des Staatswesens gleichermaßen wie seine Integration in andere Staaten und die damit verbundene Selbstauflösung. Eine gemeinsame Identität setzt eine gemeinsame Interpretation geschichtlicher Ereignisse, gemeinsame Zukunftserwartungen und als Grundlage dessen eine gemeinsame Sprache und gemeinsame Medien voraus, in denen eine Artikulation der gemeinsamen Vorstellungen stattfindet und kontroverse Aspekte entsprechend diskursiv abgebildet werden. Somit umfasst Identität im Sinne der vorliegenden Arbeit die drei Bereiche Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft. Eine kollektive Identität hat also gewisse Voraussetzungen, die entweder schon vorhanden sind oder erst konstruiert werden müssen. Nach der Implosion der Sowjetunion und dem Wegfall ihrer legitimitätsstiftenden Ideologie und ihrer integrierenden Faktoren (Kapitel 1.5) setzte in der postsowjetischen Phase die Suche nach einer neuen kollektiven Identität in den neuentstandenen Republiken ein (Kapitel 1.6). Die zweite These lautet, dass die zentrale Einheit, die kollektive Identität schafft, die Nation ist. Damit ist die Nation eine wesentliche Ressource im Transformationsprozess. Diesem Gedankengang wird im zweiten Kapitel nachgegangen. Nachdem zunächst erklärt werden soll, was unter dem Begriff der 'Nation' verstanden werden soll, soll das Konzept des Nationalstaates als politisches Ordnungsmuster (Kapitel 2.1) beschrieben werden. In Kapitel 2.2 wird darauf aufbauend auf die Integration dieses Konzeptes eingegangen. Negative Mobilisierung findet oftmals durch einen Rückgriff auf einen chauvinistisch ausgelegten Nationalstaatsgedanken statt. Bei der Literaturdurchsicht drängte sich fast der Eindruck auf, dass die beide Integrations- und Mobilisierungskonzepte so eng miteinander verbunden sind, das eine trennscharfe Unterscheidung fast unmöglich ist. Aus diesem Grund wird in Kapitel 2.3 das Konzept der negativen Mobilisierung in einem Exkurs behandelt. Der dadurch entstehende Nationalismus muss sicher als negativer Teilaspekt der positiven Integrationsleistung der Idee der 'Nation' gelten. Die anderen Voraussetzungen auf die der Nationalstaatsgedanke in Osteuropa mit seiner sehr viel heterogeneren Bevölkerungsstruktur als in Westeuropa trifft, sind unter anderem Gegenstand der Betrachtung im Kapitel 2.4. Den Abschluss des Kapitels zur Nation bilden darauf aufbauend Überlegungen zum Unterschied zwischen de westlichen und dem östlichen Nationenbegriff in Kapitel 2.5. Das relativ kurze dritte Kapitel ist der Nationalitätenpolitik in der Sowjetunion gewidmet. Diese Nationalitätenpolitik ist hauptverantwortlich für die 'Explosion des Ethnischen' ab Mitte der 80er Jahre. Nachdem erläutert wurde, worin der Ansatz dieser Politik grundsätzlich bestand, macht es sich Kapitel 3.1 zur Aufgabe den inoffiziellen Nationalitätenvertrag auszuführen, der die regionalen Eliten bewusst förderte. Gezielte Industrieansiedlungen durch die zentral koordinierte Planwirtschaft vergrößerten die Heterogenität in der Bevölkerungsstruktur (Kapitel 3.2). Auch diese Politik kann damit als ein Element der Nationalitätenpolitik gelten, da durch sie ortsfremde russischsprachige Kader auch an der Peripherie des Imperiums angesiedelt werden konnten. Dieses Gemisch aus den nationalisierenden lokalen Eliten und den ortsfremden sowjetisch sozialisierten Industriekadern, war die Grundlage für das Brodeln in der Perestrojka-Phase und das Hochkochen Anfang der 90er Jahre als der vermeintliche 'melting pot' Sowjetunion sich als Völkergefängnis entpuppte und durch die 'Explosion des Ethnischen' der Sowjetführung um die Ohren flog (Kapitel 3.3). Die territoriale Neuordnung nach der Implosion der Sowjetunion führte zur Schaffung von Nationalstaaten. Dies ist neben der politisch-institutionellen und ökonomischen Neuausrichtung der dritte Aspekt im Transformationsprozess. Deshalb wird auf die Neugliederung der ehemaligen Sowjetunion in Nationalstaaten als Teilaspekt postsowjetischer Transformation verstärkt in dieser Arbeit geachtet werden. Das Integrationskonzept über die Idee der 'Nation' die Gesellschaft zu integrieren, war zwar in Westeuropa sehr erfolgreich – auch wenn es für zwei Weltkriege mitverantwortlich war – trifft in Osteuropa aber auf ganz andere Voraussetzungen, da die Bevölkerungsstruktur viel heterogener ist. Stattdessen müssen in Osteuropa Integrationskonzepte zum Tragen kommen, die die kollektive Identität in einem größeren Zusammenhang sehen, in einer gemeinsamen politischen Vision, in der Menschenrechte und Demokratie fester Bestandteil sind. Die Untersuchung der Transformation in den ehemals realsozialistischen Staaten Osteuropas erfolgt im fünften Kapitel der Arbeit. Zuvor sollen im vierten Kapitel verschiedene Transformationstheorien vorgestellt werden und bezüglich ihrer Brauchbarkeit für die Analyse der Transformation in Osteuropa hinterfragt werden: Was können sie erklären und was nicht? Nach diesem eher allgemeineren Zugängen wird versucht, die Transformation in Osteuropa in wenigen Kapiteln fassbar zu machen. Eine empirische Darstellung des Transformationsprozesses der relevanten Länder kann nicht erfolgen, eher soll ein problemorientierter analytischer Aufriss einiger Faktoren erfolgen. Als erstes soll das Spezifische des Prozesses in den 90er Jahren in den osteuropäischen Ländern illustriert werden, danach prinzipielle Spannungsfelder, die sich aus historisch-kulturell-geografischen Daten ergeben, dargestellt werden, bevor in einem letzten Schritt der Ablaufprozess ebenso wie die verschiedenen Ebenen der Transformation schlaglichtartig beleuchtet werden. Der Teil der Arbeit der sich dem Phänomen der 'Transformation' widmet, wird grundsätzlich von folgenden Fragen strukturiert werden: Was soll unter Transformation verstanden werden? Gibt es überhaupt das große Paradigma 'Transformation' auf das sich alle Transformationsforscher als einheitlichen Untersuchungsgegenstand stützen können oder ist Transformation nicht ein konturloser Begriff unter dem sich alles und jedes fassen lässt, jegliche Systemwechsel in beliebigen politischen Systemen auf der ganzen Welt unbestimmt in Dauer, Intensität, Richtung und Ausgangssituation (Kapitel 4.1)? Welche theoretischen Zugänge wurden grundsätzlich entwickelt, um Transformationsprozesse besser analysieren und verstehen zu können? Vor welchem Hintergrund wurden sie entwickelt und was für ein Erklärungspotential bergen sie zum besseren Verständnis der Transformation in Osteuropa (Kapitel 4.2)? Auf Grundlage dieser Bestandsaufnahme erfolgte eine genauere Analyse des Transformationsprozesses in Osteuropa (Kapitel 5). Zunächst wurde das Hauptaugenmerk auf den Aspekt der Besonderheit dieses Transformationsprozesses gegenüber den vorherigen gelegt (Kapitel 5.1). Inwiefern war der Transformationsprozess in Osteuropa komplexer als die vorhergegangenen? Welche Ebenen umfasste er? Kapitel 5.2 ist der Darstellung der speziellen Gegebenheiten und Konstanten im postsowjetischen oder osteuropäischen Raum gewidmet. Transformation findet nicht im luftleeren Raum statt, sondern hat gewisse Voraussetzungen und Vorbedingungen, die auch Einfluss auf den Transformationsverlauf nehmen und die gewisse Entwicklungswege erschweren. In Kapitel 5.3 und 5.4 steht die Empirie der Transformation im Vordergrund. Zu fragen ist grundsätzlich: Was ist in den postsowjetischen Ländern überhaupt passiert? Welche Transformationen durchliefen das politische und das ökonomische System? Gibt es zugrundeliegende Logiken und Handlungsmuster? Die zentralen Annahmen der gesamten vorliegenden Untersuchung lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: Identität ist eine Kategorie, die sich zusammensetzt aus einem individuell-psychologischen Aspekt und einem kollektiven. Eine kollektive Identität setzt sich zwar zusammen aus der Summe der Einzelidentitäten, umfasst aber nur einen kleinen Teilbereich der Einzelidentität, nämlich den, der sich auf die Wahrnehmung einer Gruppe als Gesamtheit bezieht. Gesellschaftliche Integration ist einer der entscheidenden Faktoren zur staatlichen Konsolidierung und damit zum Gelingen des Transformationsprozesses. Da die Implosion der Sowjetunion auch eine staatliche Neuordnung auf ihrem Territorium nach sich zog, müssen die selbstständig gewordenen ehemaligen Sowjetrepubliken nach einer kollektiven Identität suchen mit Hilfe derer es gelingen kann, die heterogenen postsowjetischen Bevölkerungsschichten zu integrieren. Die Idee der Nation ist zum zentralen Moment der kollektiven Identität im Transformationsprozess in vielen osteuropäischen Staaten geworden. Nationale Ideen werden von politischen Akteuren genutzt, um Bevölkerungsgruppen zu integrieren. Den Nationalbewegungen in den Volksfronten kam eine entscheidende Rolle beim Zusammenbruch der sowjetischen Ordnung zu. Nationalismus ist nicht von vorneherein negativ zu bewerten. Er leistet einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur gesellschaftlichen Integration in diesen Ländern. Dennoch liegen auch die Gefahren von nationalen Ideen angesichts der heterogenen Siedlungsstruktur Osteuropas auf der Hand. Notwendige geschichtliche Aufarbeitungsprozesse werden zudem verhindert und Frustrationen durch Transformationsprozess auf externe Faktoren abgeschoben was zur Bildung von Feindbildern beiträgt. Die vor dem Zusammenbruch des realsozialistischen Blocks entwickelten Transformationstheorien sind zwar hilfreich bei der Erklärung bestimmter Prozesse, jedoch besteht nach wie vor ein Mangel an Theoriemodellen, um die postsowjetische Transformation zu erklären. Aus diesem Grund soll neben den klassischen theoretischen Erklärungsansätzen, anschließend die Besonderheiten der Transformationsbedingungen im postsowjetischen Raum dargestellt werden. Transformation im postsowjetischen Raum findet seit Mitte der achtziger Jahre auf mehreren Ebenen statt. Da die Transformation nicht nur das politische, sondern auch das ökonomische und gesellschaftliche System erfasst, ist eine Betrachtung der einzelnen Ebenen, die komplex miteinander verwoben sind, sinnvoll. Bei der Untersuchung der Transformationsprozesse soll auch ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Kontinuitäten im postsowjetischen Raum gelegt werden, die für ein Stocken oder eine Richtungsentscheidung mitverantwortlich sind. Die grundlegenden Thesen dieser Arbeit lauten zusammengefasst: Eine kollektive Identität ist eine der Voraussetzungen für ein funktionierendes Gemeinwesen, da durch sie die notwendige gesellschaftliche Integration und Mobilisierung geleistet werden kann. Jede soziale Gruppe gibt sich eine kollektive Identität. Dabei wird sehr oft auf die gemeinsame ethnische Abstammung und die Zugehörigkeit zu einer gemeinsamen Nation verwiesen. Das Identitätsbewusstsein der gesellschaftlichen Eliten in Osteuropa war geprägt durch eine Renaissance des Nationalen und hatte entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Transformationsprozess und die Herausbildung von Nationalstaaten auf dem Territorium der Sowjetunion. Die zentrale Einheit, die kollektive Identität schafft, ist die Nation. Damit ist die Nation eine wesentliche Ressource im Transformationsprozess. Das Integrationskonzept über die Idee der 'Nation' war zwar in Westeuropa sehr erfolgreich – auch wenn es für zwei Weltkriege mitverantwortlich war – trifft in Osteuropa aber auf ganz andere Voraussetzungen, da die Bevölkerungsstruktur viel heterogener ist. Stattdessen müssen liberalere Integrationskonzepte in Osteuropa zum Tragen kommen, die die kollektive Identität in einem größeren Zusammenhang sehen, in einer gemeinsamen politischen Vision, in der Menschenrechte und Demokratie fester Bestandteil sind.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einleitung5 1.Identität15 1.1Relevanz des Faktors 'Identität'15 1.2Annäherung an den Begriff 'Identität'16 1.3Der Bedarf nach einer kollektiven Identität20 1.4Bildung von Wir-Gruppen21 1.5Identitätsstiftung in der Sowjetunion22 1.5.1Patriotische Sinnstiftung als Integrationsfaktor24 1.5.2Forcierte Industrialisierung als Integrationsfaktor26 1.5.3Der 'Große Vaterländische Krieg' als Integrationsfaktor27 1.6Identitätssuche nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion28 1.6.1Patriotischer Konsens in Russland32 1.6.2Orthodoxer Patriotismus als Element der russischen Identität37 1.6.3Identitätssuche in den postsowjetischen Republiken39 1.6.4Nationalstaatsbildung in der Ukraine41 1.6.5Schaffung einer neuen Regionalidentität am Beispiel Transnistriens44 2.Der Begriff der 'Nation'48 2.1Der Nationalstaat als politisches Ordnungsmuster51 2.2Positive Integration durch das Konzept des Nationalstaates54 2.3Chauvinistischer Nationalismus als Schattenseite der positiven Integrationskraft der Idee der 'Nation'56 2.4Exkurs: Negative gesellschaftliche Mobilisierung60 2.5Der Unterschied zwischen dem westlichen und dem östlichen Nationenbegriff64 3.Nationalitätenpolitik in der Sowjetunion67 3.1Inoffizieller Nationalitätenvertrag70 3.2Gezielte Industrieansiedlungen als Teil der Nationalitätenpolitik72 3.3Folgen der Nationalitätenpolitik: Nationale Identität als Aufbruchsmoment und Ursache für den Zerfall der Sowjetunion74 4,Transformation82 4.1Annäherung an den Begriff der 'Transformation'83 4.2Transformationstheorien89 4.2.1Systemtheorien91 4.2.2Strukturtheorien93 4.2.3Kulturtheorien95 4.2.4Akteurstheorien96 4.2.5Theoriesynthese97 5.Transformation in Osteuropa99 5.1Grundproblematik100 5.1.1Die Unvergleichlichkeit des Systemwechsels von 1989101 5.1.2Das Dilemma der Gleichzeitigkeit105 5.2Prinzipielle Problemfelder bei der Transformation im postsowjetischen Raum107 5.2.1Geographische Gegebenheiten108 5.2.2Mächtiger Staat und passive Gesellschaft110 5.2.3Privilegierte Eliten und geknechtete Unterschichten111 5.2.4Die Welt der Bauern und die Welt der Städte113 5.2.5Russen und Nichtrussen114 5.2.6Extensivität und verzögertes Wirtschaftswachstum115 5.2.7Heiliges Russland und orthodoxe Staatskirche117 5.2.8Hochkultur und Volkskultur118 5.2.9Europa und Asien120 5.3Transformation des politischen Systems121 5.3.1Transformation des Herrschaftsmodells121 5.3.2Transformation zu scheindemokratischen Herrschaftsmodellen122 5.3.3Die Handlungslogik der Ein-Mann-Regime123 5.3.4Die Zerstörung des gesellschaftlichen Pluralismus126 5.4Transformation der Ökonomie128 Schluss132 Literatur136Textprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel 1.6, Identitätssuche nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion: Dem 'homo sovieticus' hatte sich die Frage nach seiner Identität kaum gestellt. Der Begriff 'identicnost' war in keinem sowjetischen Wörterbuch zu finden. Die Einheitsideologie ließ keinen Platz für weitergehende Fragen. Nach dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion konnte die Suche nach neuen Identitäten schließlich beginnen. Nachdem im Kapitel 1.5 die identitäts- und integrationsstiftenden Mechanismen in der Sowjetunion beschrieben wurden, soll im Kapitel 1.6 die Suche nach neuen identitäts- und damit integrationsstiftenden Elementen beschrieben werden. Die Dekonstruktion sowjetischer Mythen ging Hand in Hand mit der Rekonstruktion von Mythen aus der Zarenzeit. Dazu gehörte ein stilisiertes und idealisiertes Bild des 'ancien régime': Die Verdienste der Romanovs wurden wiederentdeckt und alsbald in das neue kollektive Gedächtnis integriert. Adel, Großunternehmer und Industrielle, Kosaken, vor allem jedoch die Russisch Orthodoxe Kirche erlangten ihre historischen Rechte zurück. In diesen Konstruktionen ist immer auch die Sehnsucht nach einer heilen Vergangenheit erkennbar. In den Jahren der Transformation ist sich Russland seiner Identität unsicher geworden. Ende des Jahres 1997 stellte Christiane Uhlig das Fehlen einer kollektiven Identität fest, in deren Namen sich die verschiedenen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen und sozialen Schichten zu gemeinsamem Handeln für den Aufbau der neuen Gesellschaft zusammenfinden könnten. Gerade in Zeiten der Krise gibt es ein Bedürfnis nach nationalen Identifikationsangeboten. Dass gerade in den schwierigen Transformationsjahren der Verlust der sowjetischen Identität besonders schwer wiegt, beklagte auch Boris El'cin: 'Jede Etappe hatte ihre Ideologie. Jetzt haben wir keine. Russland braucht eine gesamtnationale Idee, die die Nation zusammenschweißt, die Menschen eint und mobilisiert zur Wiedergeburt Russlands und die ein Gegengewicht ist zum politischen Gezänk.' Dies war auch der Grund dafür, dass die halbamtliche Zeitung Rossijskaja Gaseta, einen Wettbewerb nach der besten 'Idee für Russland' ausschrieb. Es bestand also in der Administration und unter den Eliten Konsens, dass es notwendig sei, eine im eigentlichen Sinne staatliche Ideologie auszuarbeiten. Dies kann nur vor dem Hintergrund der kommunistischen Tradition verstanden werden nach der eine Ideologie notwendiger Bestandteil von Herrschaft war, um die Bevölkerung zu integrieren. Jetzt wurde der Bedarf nach einer Zivilreligion festgestellt, einem Konzept, das jenseits der Gesetzestexte eine Regelungsinstanz für die gesellschaftlichen Mechanismen darstellt. In den westlichen Staaten speist sich das dem Staat zugrunde liegende normative Konzept im Wesentlichen aus den jüdisch-christlichen religiösen Vorstellungen, die noch mal durch den Protestantismus an die europäische Neuzeit angepasst wurden, der griechisch-römischen Antike und dem Humanismus der Aufklärung. Diese Elemente bilden in den westlichen Staaten das zugrundeliegende normative Konzept für die politische Ordnung. Diese Geistestraditionen sind nicht in gleichem Maße in der russischen Tradition vorhanden, was die Etablierung von Demokratie, Menschen- und Bürgerrechten mit Sicherheit nicht gerade vereinfacht. Als Konsequenz der anderen geistesgeschichtlichen Traditionen müssen die Konzepte der Demokratie im postsowjetischen Raum mehr von oben nach unten vermittelt werden, als dass sie Bestandteil einer gemeinsamen Vorstellungswelt sind, die als vorhanden vorausgesetzt werden kann. Damit kommt dem Staat und seinen Apparaten eine viel bedeutendere Rolle bei der Vermittlung von gesellschaftlichen Konzepten zu als dies in westlichen Gesellschaften der Fall ist. Innerhalb Russlands lässt sich die Suche nach einem neuen kollektiven Identifikationsangebot anhand von verschiedenen politischen Diskursen darstellen: zum einen dem liberalen Diskurs und zum anderen 'die Rückkehr zum Imperium'. Einmal geführt durch die neo-nationalistische Rechte, die die Zeit vor 1917 zum 'Goldenen Zeitalter' verklärt. In diesem Diskurs finden sich Vorstellungen der Slawophilen, die die russische Nation als eine eigenständige Welt betrachten, die mit den slawischen Gebieten und Russischer Muttererde eng assoziiert sein sollte. Der andere Diskurs lässt sich als neo-sowjetischer Diskurs bezeichnen, der die sowjetische Heimat wieder integrieren möchte in einem sozialistischen multiethnischen Imperium. Hier ist die Kommunistische Partei Russlands der Hauptträger, der sozialistische Rhetorik mit russischem Nationalismus verknüpft. Auch wenn dieser Diskurs eng mit Vorstellungen von Inklusion, Gleichheit, Universalismus und internationaler Solidarität verknüpft ist, so ist doch gleichzeitig offensichtlich, dass es in Wirklichkeit um die Reetablierung einer Hegemonie unter russischer Führung gehen soll. Der liberale Diskurs, der zu Beginn der 90er Jahre von den liberalen Reformern geführt wurde, bedeutete einen Bruch sowohl mit der zaristischen als auch der sowjetischen Vergangenheit. Russland ist demnach ein selbständiger Staat, der keine Ansprüche auf die Territorien der anderen selbständig gewordenen Republiken erhebt. Der Staatsaufbau in Russland genießt demnach absolute Priorität. Die Beziehungen zu den neuen Republiken sollten auf Kooperation, gegenseitigem Respekt und Partnerschaft bestehen. Seit 1993 gibt es noch einen dritten Diskurs, den der 'Gosudarstvenniki', die zwar einerseits die Grenzziehungen akzeptieren, aber gleichzeitig die Einmischung Russlands in die Politik der Staaten des 'Nahen Auslands' wünschen. Russland kommt nach dieser Lesart nach wie vor ein spezieller Status im postsowjetischen Raum zu, da in vielen dieser Staaten russische Minderheiten existieren, die in erster Linie Opfer der national konnotierten Identitätspolitik der Republiken sind (Vgl. besonders die in Kapitel 1.6.5 beschriebene Situation in der Republik Moldau, bzw. der PMR). Das Bewusstsein dieser großen ethnolinguistischen Gemeinschaft und die Art, in der die russischsprachigen Brüder und Schwestern in den Republiken behandelt wurden, hatte starken Einfluss auf den in Russland geführten Diskurs und spielt m. E. nach wie vor eine bedeutende Rolle. Die russophonen Minderheiten und ihre Rolle in den Baltischen Staaten, in Moldau, Georgien oder der Ukraine sind nach wie vor Gegenstand der politischen Aufmerksamkeit. Sie werden als Kolonisten und Besatzer durch die Mehrheitsbevölkerung in den Republiken wahrgenommen. Dies steht im Gegensatz zu der Wahrnehmung der russischsprachigen Bevölkerung durch die 'Gosudarstvenniki', die die Rechte der Russophonen verteidigen. Die Idee Russlands ist in diesem Diskurs also ganz wesentlich mit der Beziehung zu ihren Diasporagruppen entstanden. Bei der nationalen Identitätsdebatte fällt ganz generell auf, dass der Diskurs versucht, die Komplexität der neuen sozialen Wirklichkeit in kollektive Identitätsformen zu fassen. Insgesamt mutet die Debatte demzufolge als ein Versuch einer rückwärtsgewandten Identitätsgewinnung an. Christiane Uhlig zufolge beanspruchen die Codierungen, die in den Debatten verwendet werden, 'universale Relevanz, sind dichotomer Natur, basieren auf dem Prinzip von Inklusion und Exklusion und dienen der Charakterisierung russischer Identität' Bei diesen meist kulturologischen Arbeiten, die sich mit der Identitätsfrage befassen, wird versucht, Schlüsse über den russischen Nationalcharakter zu ziehen, die aber 'einer genaueren Analyse nicht standhalten'. Dennoch hat sich ein Konsens gebildet, der durch das informelle Zusammenrücken der Eliten entstanden ist und für die Kontinuität und Stabilität Russlands auch in den Wirren der Transformation verantwortlich ist.

The article is focused on analyzing current state of land use by categories, regional economic and financial data to propose new robust model for economically efficient land use planning for commercial and non-commercial enterprises. The research results can serve as an important material for decision making process on how to develop the land and the City areas in context в new global economic development. It provides extensive overview of existing land use trends for in Kyiv city based on analytical data and scientific assumptions. The Author believe that this research will be beneficial for government, city government, international organizations, private institutions, and researchers. The goal of the research paper is to build a solid scientific model based on general understanding of underlying economic challenges of efficient land use considering past data, short term and in long term planning. The paper has an overview of city planning documentation and city statistical data in context of real estate, urban population, economic data, including research of real estate and currency exchange rate data to median salary in Kyiv starting from 2000s. It is important not to put too much focus on the existing models and systems, as they rely too much on the assumptions and complicated calculations, that are hard to make use of in real world planning. Instead we build our research on real-world data and developed a forecast of the size of investment in land use, average real estate prices for the next 5 years. The paper noted an existing problem of inconsistency of the existing norms and regulations in Ukraine concerning rational and effective land use and planning, especially for local authorities and commercial organizations. The author substantiates why the economy in the context of urbanization needs a new look. The paper uses the planning of the city of Kiev. It is a suitable example of a developing city, so the proposed model can be developed based on the city economical and land use data. This research can help solve the existing problems of urbanization in Ukraine and have a positive impact on the economic development of the city and the region.In present times large urban agglomerations serve as none of the major catalysts of economic trends. Urbanization, as process, plays key role in transformation of the local, regional and world economies. Urbanization should be considered an important factor in the development of the economy of both the city and the state. It dictates the path of development of micro- and macroeconomics of regions, although not directly. And in the context of long-term land use and spatial development, this process can play a significant role. The issues of suburban development, industrialization, post-industrialization, environmental problems and the issues of further existence and development of agricultural regions bordering on urban centers (urban agglomerations) cannot be excluded from the field of view. Alongside with new possibilities that arise from large urban economy, great number of challenges that need to be addressed appear. Besides to the economic related issues, irreversible ecology changes (rise of sea level, forest fires etc.) global pandemics and new technologies, manufacturing process must be included in urbanization research. This requires novel approach to how we view city, build economic models, and make forecasts for future development. In this paper we set initial stage for development of such robust economic model, while using data and statistics of Kyiv city. This city can serve as great test ground for proposed model, as it is relatively new urban center, that is part of the developing country economy.The goal of this research work is to analyze current and past land use patterns, outline existing issues and economical inefficiencies in those patterns in large urban city. In addition, we plan to look at land use from several viewpoints, that of the researcher, governmental institutions, commercial company, personal level. This will enable us to make correct assumptions and help build economical model for future land use development. Research work is based on official statistics data, provided by State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Kyiv city council, Municipal Enterprise "Kyivgenplan", private real estate companies, economists, and Public cadastral map of Ukraine. We used statistical analytics, mathematical correlation, polynomial and linear approximations, Ratio analysis, utility curves, profit curves and growth models. For predictions modeling key economic parameters were identified. This data was used to build linear dependency models of functions and plotted charts, diagrams based on calculations data.Ukraine does not stand aside from the global challenges of time related to globalization and urbanization. These are indicators such as: significant labor migration, outdated land legislation and inefficient use of land resources. Therefore, the author of the study analyzed the social, environmental, and economic factors influencing the development of the economy of individual united territorial communities of Ukraine with emphasis on the Kyiv city. The main reason for focusing research work on this city is general availability of statistical information and economic data from 2000s.In recent history several events have happened that made dramatic effects on Ukraine and Kyiv land use economics situation. Global financial crisis of 2008 has affected real estate price in Ukraine, in addition to Ukraine currency devaluation. In 2014 military conflict, war, in the east part of Ukraine and Russian annexation of Crimea, had it impact on the housing market, as well as further currency devaluation.Current land area of Kyiv is 82,64 thousand hectares with population of 2 967,4 million people. Land use in Kyiv is classified by following types: Residential buildings; Public buildings; Industrial, research and production and utility territories; Transport infrastructure; Green areas; Water resources; Agricultural companies and other. Analysis of the types of buildings in the capital shows that the largest share in the Residential housing are – private houses 3.76 thousand hectares, and high-rise buildings 8.4 thousand hectares. Non-residential real estate - buildings, premises that are not classified in accordance with the law to the housing stock, are divided into the following types: hotel buildings, office buildings, commercial buildings, garages, industrial buildings and warehouses, buildings for public performances, outbuildings and other buildings.To make better predictions and effectively analyze land use data, we will start with real estate data and general social information - such as monthly salary, average numebr of employees per company, followed by currency exchange rate, average office rent prices and average living apartments price in USD. According to official data, the average salary for full-time employees in 2020 was 16,186 UAH. As of 2018 the highest monthly wage was in the mining industry (44,405 UAH) and the lowest in construction (8,311 UAH), and health care (8,406 UAH). The prices in Kyiv suburbs are much lower than in the city, with average cost of sq. m being around 13,500 UAH.Based on the State Statistics Service of Ukraine Kyiv city data the housing stock in Kyiv in 2019 had a total area of 59.1 million m2, and an average of 20.2 m2 per person. The total number of apartments in Kyiv was 991.6 thousand. If we look at the state building codes as of 2019, the minimal the minimum area of a one-room apartment is 28 sq. m. At the same time according to State Statistics Service of Ukraine Kyiv city data in 2019 the average available housing area per single person living in Kyiv was 20,2 sq. m. Let's look at 26600 $ for 28 sq. meters apartment, with average monthly wage of 16,186 UAH, which is 575 $, for an average it will take 46 month to buy an apartment, if there will be no other expenses and salary is tax free. Median flat rent in Kyiv 2020 – 9.4 $ per sq. m., which makes 263.2$ for 28 sq. meters apartment per month or 7401 UAH.Afterwards we conducted study of enterprise operations statistics between 2018 and 2019. The following data was produced as a result - the number of business entities was 294,458 companies, number of full-time employees was 1,149,074 people, the volume of sold products produced by one (average) enterprise was 36,843.35 thousand UAH per year or 3070.2 thousand UAH per month, with the average number of employees in one company being 16 people. Today there are about 500,000 sq. m. of commercial real estate in Kyiv, and according to experts, by the end of 2020 this figure will increase by at least another 150,000 square meters. m.Based on available data we analyzed the average rent price that company need to pay for one month in Kyiv. If one office employee needs at least 6 sq. meters of office space, then the average company that consist of 16 employees will need to rent 96 sq. of office space. Using 2020 data, on average the monthly rent is 2400$ per month, so the company will need to pay 28,800$ per year. The study showed that the average cost of office space as following - 1200$ per sq. m in 2020; 1500$ per sq. m in 2019; 1300$ per sq. m in 2018; 903$ per sq. m in 2017.The author analyzed the dynamics of increasing the number of living apartments by year. In 1995 their number was (in thousands) - 889,4; 2000 – 926,9; 2005 - 984,4; 2010 - 1037,9; 2015 -1112,1; 2018 - 1081,7; 2019 - 991,6. It should be noted that since 2001 the total area is determined taking into account the summer premises with the established reduction factors. Since 2004, the total area of the housing stock and the number of apartments has included data on bankrupt enterprises and those that have completely ceased operations [stat data]. The population of Kyiv, according to official statistics is as following, by year: 1995 – 2643,8 thou. ppl.; 2000 – 2615,3 thou. ppl.; 2005 – 2666,4 thou. ppl.; 2010 – 2785,1 thou. ppl.; 2015 – 2888,0 thou. ppl.; 2018 – 2934,5 thou. ppl.; 2019 – 2950,8 thou. ppl.; 2020 - 2 967,4 thou. ppl. Total income per all officially employed in Kyiv city: 2010 - 5286,46 UAH, 2015 - 6255,92 UAH; 2018 - 13243,96 UAH; 2019 - 17546,89 UAH. The total share of business income and self-employment as compared to total income in Kyiv per year: 2010 – 8%; 2015 – 4,5; 2018 – 6.3%; 2019 – 6.2%.Another trend is the rapid reduction of vacancies in the Kyiv office centers. During the first half of 2019 the growth in demand and the small amount of new supply of office space led to a decrease in the average vacancy rate from 6.5 to 6%, this data was taken from international real estate agency report. In some office buildings the vacancy was in the range of 4-5%. For comparison: in 2016 on average 16% of the areas were vacant in Kyiv business centers, and in 2015 - more than 20% of spaces were vacant. We analyzed which types of industries have formed the highest demand for real estate office rent in Kyiv in recent years to form this trend. The highest percentage is 52% by IT technologies companies; professional services in various fields – 35%; FMCG – 7%; pharmaceutical companies – 3%, energy companies – 2% and agricultural companies – 1%.A new period of urban development requires new theories and qualitatively new research. It is an indisputable fact that urbanization is a process that will continue. Its pace will be determined by the state of the world and regional economy, as well as innovation and the results of the fourth industrial revolution. In our future research, special attention will need to be paid not only to the economic and social components of the urbanization process, but also to environmental factors. Environmental issues are one of the main problems in the process of urbanization. This is due to the rapid development of infrastructure, development of cities and adjacent areas. And as a result - an uncontrolled very rapid increase in population, an increase in the number of personal transport and the development of new enterprises. All these factors negatively affect the quality of life in cities and can reduce the attractiveness of real estate. Therefore, people do not move to such centers, but begin to build others. The proposed Index of economic feasibility of land use by purpose is a result of mathematical modeling of main economic parameters that include land use, such as land price, real estate prices, investments ratios and personal income levels. It will serve as a foundation to build a more robust economic model that will describe conditions needed for future economic growth, efficient land used patterns in urban and sub-urban areas. It should be noted that for making more accurate future predictions, land use patterns and economic data of close (up to 50 km) and distant sub-urban areas (region) should be studied and added to the model. ; У статті автор зосередив увагу на аналізі поточного стану землекористування за видами економічної діяльності підприємств, регіональними економічними та фінансовими даними, щоби запропонувати нову сучасну модель економічно ефективного планування землекористування для комерційних та некомерційних підприємств та установ. Результати досліджень можуть слугувати важливим матеріалом для процесу прийняття рішень про те, як розвивати наявні земельні ділянки та райони міста в контексті нового глобального економічного розвитку. Наведено детальний огляд нинішніх тенденцій землекористування в місті Києві на основі аналітичних даних та наукових гіпотез. Автор статті вважає, що це дослідження буде корисним для урядових організацій, органів місцевого самоврядування, міжнародних організацій, приватних установ та деяких науковців і дослідників.Метою цієї роботи є побудова сучасної наукової моделі, що ґрунтується на загальному розумінні основних економічних проблем ефективного землекористування з урахуванням нинішніх даних, а також короткострокового та довгострокового планування. У статті наведено огляд містобудівної документації та статистичних даних столиці в контексті інформації про нерухомість, міське населення, економічні дані, включно з дослідженнями даних про нерухомість і курс валют до середньостатистичної зарплати в Києві, починаючи з 2000 років. Важливо не надто суттєво зосередитися на нинішніх моделях і системах, оскільки вони занадто покладаються на припущення і складні розрахунки, які важко використовувати в реальному плануванні. Замість цього ми будуємо наші дослідження на реальних даних, тому розробляємо прогноз розміру інвестицій у землекористуванні та середні ціни на нерухомість на найближчі 5 років.У статті відзначено наявну проблему невідповідності сучасних норм і нормативно-правових актів в Україні щодо раціонального та ефективного землекористування та планування, особливо для місцевих органів влади та комерційних організацій. Автор дослідження обґрунтує, чому економіка в умовах урбанізації потребує нового погляду. У статті використовується інформація про планування міста Києва. Київ – вдалий приклад європейського міста, яке інтенсивно розвивається, тому запропоновану модель можна розробити на основі даних міського економічного планування та землекористування. Це дослідження може допомогти вирішити наявні проблеми урбанізації в Україні та позитивно вплинути на економічний розвиток міста та регіону.

In my doctoral thesis, I demonstrate i) how the demand and supply side respond to the (first time) availability of product information for mutual funds and ii) how actions and personal characteristics of portfolio managers impact investors and fund management. Essays (1) and (2) extend the scarce evidence on the utility of investor information disclosure by means of a comprehensive investigation into the disclosure practices of the mutual fund industry. Using product information with different degrees of salience and obligation, ranging from comprehensive mandatory pre-contractual product information to complementary fund characteristics only disclosed by selective players, the essays document the importance of thoroughly written and designed information. Specifically, on the demand side, I analyze i) whether retail investors can understand mutual fund product information and ii) if investors are able to benefit from novel disclosure initiatives. Moreover, on the supply side, I show if and to what extent mutual fund companies react to novel disclosure regulations. Essays (3) and (4) shift the focus towards the individuals in charge of managing retail investors' money, i.e. the portfolio managers, analyzing the impact of incentive mechanisms and personality traits on fund management and investor behavior. The overarching contribution of my research is threefold. First, by addressing information salience and understandability, I shed light on retail investor limitations not explained by the classical efficient market framework assuming investors to be fully rational utility-maximizing decision-makers (e.g., Fama 1970). Thus, my research adds to the rich behavioral finance literature dealing with cognitive capacity and information processing constraints (e.g., Kozup et al. 2012, Agnew and Szykman 2005). Second, by analyzing investor behavior from an objective point of view, I contribute to the understanding of determinants which affect flows of mutual fund investor (e.g., Sirri and Tufano 1998, Barber et al. 2005). Third, methodically my research adds to the quantification of qualitative data in the finance domain (e.g., Loughran and McDonald 2016, 2019) by applying advanced textual analytics (essays (1), (3) and (4)), allowing to investigate large samples of written (verbal) information. How do policy makers help consumers make sound investment decisions? Regulations which require disclosure of information are among the most ubiquitous interventions in investor protection. The popularity of mandatory information disclosure follows standard economic theory which suggests that disclosure can help avoid instances of market failure in situations characterized by asymmetric information and a risk of misaligned incentives (e.g., Akerlof 1970, Ross 1973). However, although broadly advocated as an appropriate policy measure, there is a paucity of data supporting the efficiency of mandatory information disclosure. For example, individuals' information processing abilities have been shown to be limited and, thus, the increasing extent of mandatory information likely leads to an 'information overload', where the marginal utility of information for the decision-maker becomes negative (e.g., Eppler and Mengis 2004). In my dissertation, I focus on investor information disclosed by actively managed equity mutual funds, since holdings in this asset class represent the by far largest fraction of household investments: in 2017, worldwide retail assets under management by equity mutual funds totaled at $21.8 trillion with the large majority being actively managed (Investment Company Institute 2018). Moreover, disclosure requirements are pervasive for fund companies and the market is a prime candidate for unintended consequences of mandatory disclosure such as information overload: investors face a dizzying number of product options and each product carries a host of characteristics, which should be considered in order to make an informed decision. Especially when investing in an actively managed mutual fund which is tantamount to delegating the management of a securities portfolio. I investigate four types of investor information which regulatory authorities have qualified as decision-relevant when it comes to this delegation task. First and foremost, investor should understand the fund's key features. For this to be the case, mandatory product information has to be easy to understand for the average investor (essay 1). The introduction of Key Investor Information Documents (KIIDs) for mutual funds in the European Union is the regulator's response to the quest for a more comprehensible description of the essential product features and we examine if these documents live up to their purpose. Following Loughran and McDonald (2014), we assess the comprehensibility and regulatory compliance of KIIDs and thereby extend the scarce academic evidence on the importance of product information documents (e.g., Habschick et al. 2012, Oehler et al. 2014, Walther 2015). We use a comprehensive sample of roughly 38,000 product information documents for mutual funds pre and post the introduction of KIIDs to capture the regulations impact on fund information comprehensibility. We find that while mutual fund product information remains difficult to read requiring on average 13 years of formal education from readers, textual readability significantly improved with the introduction of KIIDs. Furthermore, we show that the introduction of KIIDs translated into a 'clearer' writing style. By contrast, we detect that the relative usage of financial jargon increased in the new short form disclosure document. Moreover, the improvement on readability and the significant reduction in length seem to be achieved at the expense of an appealing font. Only half of the KIIDs comply with regulators' guidelines on font type and size. Taken together, we document mixed results on the regulations' effectiveness in creating clear and comprehensible pre-contractual information that enable retail investor to read and understand those documents. Second, unlike index funds, actively managed funds sell the potential to beat their benchmark (usually a market index) and investors who select this type of mutual fund are typically looking for an opportunity to outperform the market index. However, actively managed funds usually charge significantly higher fees than passive funds (e.g., Morningstar 2018). This cost difference may be justified by the fund manager's effort to manage the portfolio in a way which creates an opportunity to generate excess returns. Thus, assessing the fees charged by an actively managed fund in light of the actual level of activeness is a worthwhile screening exercise for investors: prior literature documents substantial underperformance for funds with low levels of activeness (e.g., Petajisto 2013, Cremers et al. 2016, Cremers and Pareek 2016). However, and even though fund companies employ Active Share (AS) , a metric to capture the degree to which a fund deviates from its benchmark, for a variety of purposes and provide AS information to institutional investors, they did not disclose it to retail investors and were not required to do so by regulators. The lack of equal access to AS information can be regarded as an information asymmetry, which prevents retail investors from fully evaluating the potential value proposition of an actively managed equity fund. Consequently, the New York Attorney General (NYOAG) revealed dubious index-hugging practices and unequal access to AS information for several of the largest US mutual funds and subsequently imposed disclosure of AS on them (NYOAG 2018). We make use of this unique intervention and thereby extend the few existing studies on funds' activeness (essay 2). In particular, we are the first to demonstrate if and how individual investors react to AS information once they (can) learn about it. We find that retail investors strongly respond to the NYOAG intervention, but not in the way intended by the regulators. We document a significant increase in investor flows into funds of fund companies affected by the intervention. The effect is most pronounced in the days after the intervention became public. However, rather than 'rationally' re-allocating assets away from 'high fee/low activeness' and into truly actively managed funds, investors are subject to a media attention bias. Fund companies that are prominently covered in the press following the disclosure intervention experience high net inflows, irrespective of the degree of AS. These findings are hard to square with the notion that retail investors have understood the concept behind AS and rationally traded on this newly available information. On the supply side, we do not observe a change in portfolio management habits following the intervention. Even for funds with the lowest AS levels—i.e. arguably those funds with the highest pressure to act in an attempt to legitimate 'active' fees—we do not observe any measurable effort to increase AS post-intervention. In sum, our evaluation of the NYOAG intervention documents a number of unintended consequences and reveals substantial limits to the effectiveness of this disclosure initiative. Third, investors face ongoing uncertainty about the standard of care fund managers exercise when managing their savings and whether they act in their best interest. Following the rationale "(…) that a portfolio manager's ownership of a fund provides a direct indication of his or her alignment with the interests of shareholders in that fund" (SEC 2004, section II, part D), managers of US mutual funds are required to disclose the amount of their private investments in all funds they manage. However, information about the beneficial holdings of portfolio managers (their skin-in-the-game) is far from readily accessible for the average retail investor. Instead, managers' private investments are disclosed in a supplementary fund information document that is only provided upon request and, at best, can be considered a secondary source for the average investor. Yet, interestingly, fund managers regularly use another medium to voluntarily disclose skin-in-the-game to their investors: the Letter to the Shareholder (LS). The LS is a non-mandatory–however commonly enclosed–component of the mutual fund's semi-annual or annual report. It is typically authored by the fund management, addresses the fund shareholders directly and thus constitutes a key element in communication with their shareholders (e.g., Hillert et al. 2016, Chu and Kim 2019). Unlike prior studies (e.g., Khorana et al. 2007, Ma et al. 2019, Evans 2008, Ibert 2018), who find that funds with managerial ownership yield higher risk-adjusted returns, I exploit verbal signaling of the managers in the LS to analyze aggregate investor fund flows applying advanced textual analytics (essay 3). With this, I contribute to prior research on the effects of fund manager skin-in-the-game by observing how retail investors respond to their managers' signaling activities. I find that signaling of skin-in-the-game in the LS triggers substantial net inflows from retail investors. The effect is most sizeable in the days after investors receive the LS and persistent throughout time. On the other side, I show that retail investors' asset allocation is unaltered by the actual amount invested by fund managers –an information the average retail investors most probable is unable (or unwilling) to find. Finally, I document that signaling of fund managers in the LS affects only retail investors. Professional investors, on the other hand, regularly have access to licensed fund data providers and potentially can easily obtain valuable information on fund manager investments. Fourth and lastly, we explore the consequences of a well-researched personality trait –narcissism– on fund managers' portfolio management. Unlike 'hard facts' of a fund, such as past performance, cost or investment style, investors do know little about their fund managers personality. Yet, looking into the literature on corporate managers (e.g., Chatterjee and Hambrick 2007, Kumar and Goyal 2015, Aktas et al. 2016), personality traits might also affect the job of fund managers. Applying text-mining techniques on verbatim fund manager interviews retrieved from The Wall Street Transcript, we find that narcissism is even more severe among professional fund managers than in the corporate context. We show that narcissistic fund managers are significantly more likely to deviate from their advertised investment style. Moreover, we document that while the realized performance of narcissistic fund manager is virtually identical to their non-narcissistic counterparts, we find that they exhibit a worse risk-return profile. Furthermore, we identify that large funds, i.e. those associated with higher compensation and prestige in the business, are more often managed by narcissistic managers, which is in line with prior literature documenting 'empire-building' behavior of narcissists. Given our evidence pointing to a rather negative relation of narcissism on portfolio management, we would expect investors to refrain investing with a narcissistic manager. However, we find that this is not the case. Most probable, investors do not know about personal traits of their fund managers and consequently are unable to act upon this information. Taken together, the findings of my essays stress the importance of salient information disclosure in order for retail investors to arrive at a wise investment decision. The empirical evidence provided highlights certain shortcoming in current disclosure practices and regulations. Essay (1) indicates that summary product information accompanied by formatting and language guidelines are a first step in the right direction to ensure investors comprehensibility of product information for mutual funds. However, we still detect linguistic barriers that potentially prevent investors from reading and understanding relevant product characteristics. Essay (2) provides insights on the effect of a non-standardized information disclosure intervention. As can be inferred from investors' (non-) response to the availability of information on funds' activeness, we observe that local interventions that address information asymmetries and therefore should benefit retail investors decision making, proof almost inefficient when not requiring a standardized, comparable and well-thought through information layout. Essay (3) supports this notion in documenting a prevalent mismatch between information availability and information usage. Finally, essay (4) points on the importance of personality traits. For retail investors it might be important to know more about the character of their fund managers given the evidence that personality traits, such as narcissism, affect day-to-day portfolio management. In sum, decision relevant information for investors, from the explanation of funds' investment style in the prospectus (essay 1), funds' 'true' degree of activeness (essay 2), an indication of manager private wealth investment (essay 3) or hints on the managers personality (essay 4), remains useless as long as the understandability, salience and transparency of disclosure stays low.

Overall purpose of the study While literature highlights the growing importance of, and opportunities in, emerging markets (Joosub & Coldwell, 2016; Boateng, Wang & Wang, 2017; Oguji & Owusu, 2017), there is also significant research regarding the risks associated with these markets (Khanna & Palepu, 2010; Luiz & Ruplal, 2013). These risks arise from differences in geographies, cultures, institutions, governance, languages, performance and economic structures, making the internationalisation strategies of African multinationals into other African countries complex and challenging. Despite these difficulties, African countries still promote trade within the continent. The 2018 African Continental Free Trade Area agreement, for example, promotes intra-regional trade in order to stimulate economic activity and increase development on the continent. South Africa, being the most developed economy on the continent, seems to be leading in doing business with other African countries, having a number of its home-grown multinationals internationalising on the continent. Success stories such as MTN, Shoprite, SAB Miller and Pick' n Pay have taken their operations into other countries in Africa, however what is not clear is how they have successfully applied their internationalisation strategies. Unlike research by Boateng et al. (2017) on how Chinese multinationals are using mergers and acquisitions as their entry mode, and Buckley's (2018) findings on Indian firms targeting countries with English as their official language, little research has been conducted on how South African companies are expanding outside their national borders. This research thus sought to explore the processes by which South African companies implement their internationalisation strategies into other African countries. Research problem As firms internationalise, they choose markets that are physically and psychically close based on their internationalisation experience. Previous literature shows that larger firms are better able to absorb the initial cost of internationalisation and opt for a higher degree of control (Dunning, 1988), yet not much research have been done on the African continent to explore how companies deal with psychic distance, firm resources and strategic choice in their internationalisation strategies. Studies conducted outside the continent in psychically distant locations show that firms design boundaries to protect their internal resources and capabilities from unintended spill overs, and look for local partner organisations that wield substantial capability to fill voids (Dunning, 1988). In addition, Barney (1991) argued that firms seek to exploit their rare, valuable and inimitable resources to gain a competitive advantage. Psychic distance research has been conducted on Chinese (Boateng, et al., 2017) and Indian firms (Buckley, 2018), however in Africa, where the cultural, institutional, economic and geographic distances are huge, not much evidence is available. There is also a variety of research on firm resources and strategic choices for Chinese and Indian firms, including how they are using leadership, technical talent, cheap labour (Contractor, 2013), financial resources, government to government relationships (Cheru & Obi, 2011) and home knowledge to enter African markets (Khanna & Palepu, 2010). As some South African businesses have failed in their internationalisation strategies on the continent, it is thus important to understand how those companies that have succeeded, did so. Design of the study A multi-method sequential explanatory approach (Ivankova, Creswell & Stick, 2006), comprised of a survey followed by case studies of internationalising South African companies, was used. The survey participants and firms were purposefully selected based on their roles in the internationalisation strategies, and the results of the survey were used to identify cases for the second phase of the research. An insurer and a bank with a total market capitalisation of R442b (JSE, 2017), representing 41% of the survey population, were selected as case studies. These cases were adopted to understand the internationalisation phenomenon in specific companies, while the research questions focussed on South African multinational enterprises (MNEs) that already had operations in other African markets. Empirical evidence from both the survey results and the two case studies were used to address the research questions. Findings This study revealed that South African multinationals face intense competition from local competitors in the rest of Africa, so they have to craft and adapt specific strategies during their expansions. This research confirmed the findings of previous studies by showing that the internationalisation of banks and insurance companies follow largely similar patterns (Focarelli & Pozzolo, 2008). Further, the case studies indicate complexities such as the need for local legitimacy, the tacitness of local cultures, and protracted implementation periods that cannot be explained by traditional FDI theories. For these reasons, the companies develop non-market resources such as spending periods of time in the potential host country before setting up operations to gather information and build hands-on market intelligence based on the experiential knowledge of the host country market. The bank case study, whose first wave of internationalisation, as with other major banks, was in the late 1800, uses the ownership entry mode. While literature has shown that companies acquire local partners when there are high psychic distances, because bank services require a high degree of information, information transfer and trust (Mulder & Westerhuis, 2015, cited in Fischer & Hasselknippe, 2017), risk management is very important. Firm resources such as good governance and ethical leadership are key for success. This case study revealed that because bank values such as integrity and accountability are global, a subsidiary's aptitude to demonstrate its ability to work within a country culture while retaining the values of the bank earns respect from regulators and customers and increases market share. In addition, it extended research conducted by Contractor (2013) on expatriates and Harvey, Speier & Novicevic (1999)'s findings on diasporas from home countries, by finding that the bank builds a pool of skilled African Diaspora, who are citizens of the host market, to manage and facilitate the integration process and bridge the cultural gap, thereby shortening the transient period. While literature has shown that banks and insurance companies follow similar internationalisation patterns (Focarelli & Pozzolo, 2008), the insurer, an internationalisation latecomer, adopted the partnership entry mode using learnings from "small deals" to achieve its ambition of being the Pan African financial services company. Although literature shows latecomers using entry modes such as mergers and acquisitions (Oguji & Owusu, 2017) and leapfrogging into innovation value chains (Ray, Ray & Kumar, 2017), this particular study indicates that the insurer used the partnership mode to minimise risks caused by the latecomer effect. While the bank has had experience in internationalisation for almost two centuries and has operations in 20 countries, the insurer only actively started internationalising 15 years ago but has operations in 35 countries. Focarelli and Pozzolo (2008) found that accessibility to domestic markets by foreign investors is greater for insurance companies than banks, while this study found that the insurer has greater accessibility to African markets through the adoption of the partnership model, which mitigates the risk of high cultural distances. These findings were not found in the literature reviewed for this study, and therefore offer opportunities for further research. Regardless of whether an ownership-based or a partnership-based model is used, distance and cultural integration are important determinants for both the bank and the insurer (Focarelli & Pozzolo, 2008. Although the cases in this study revealed similar internationalisation patterns, such as starting in psychically close locations (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977), using financial resources to sponsor the protracted implementation of the strategy (Dunning, 1988) and having local management run the business in the host country (Barney, Ketchen & Wright, 2011), they differed in entry mode, timing of entry and decision-making processes. In addition, this study revealed that both companies' inflection points were characterised by a continuous commitment of resources, hoping that they would get signals to either exit or scale up with minimal reputational damage. Contributions to research Theory A major contribution of this research pertains to the new research context of Africa. Most literature have focused on how global companies expanded into emerging markets (Enderwick, 2009; Khanna & Palepu, 2010), and more recently how companies from emerging markets like China and India (Boateng, et al., 2017; Buckley, 2018) have expanded globally. However, little has been done to understand how African corporates tackle such expansions. Africa, with its 56 countries and domestic institutions of a multi ethnic, multi-language (more than 500 for Nigeria alone), multi religious, multicultural and diverse colonial histories, offers a rich setting in which to study the influences of psychic distance and firm resources on internationalisation. The findings based on the African context for South African firms therefore provide important direct and practical implications for firms from other African economies. The conceptualisation of this study provides an insightful lens into the influence of psychic distance, firm resources and strategic choice on internationalisation processes, which is unexplored territory. With scant literature on Africa as an emerging continent, this study provides some empirical and case evidence for these propositions and contributes a basis for further research. Methodologically, this research extends the findings of Luiz and Ruplal (2013) by examining a number of sectors as opposed to a focus on mining companies alone. The research further contributes to a better understanding of internationalisation strategies by incorporating literature, case studies and a survey, as opposed to simply a survey as per Joosub and Coldwell (2016). The choice of case studies presented an opportunity to compare the internationalisation processes of an ownership-based first mover to a partnership-based latecomer, using firm resources as an enabler. Previous studies (Herrmann & Dotta, 2002; Wood, et al., 2011; Williams & Grégoire, 2014) have shown that MNEs send expatriates with international experience to manage operations in host countries. Harvey et al. (1999) provided a more nuanced view by observing that MNEs send people from diasporas to host countries as network agents, given their global consciousnesses and familiarity with the home cultures. This research, however, shows that due to the relationship-rich African cultures and the tacitness of host country knowledge, the bank (ownership model) specifically targeted and upskilled a pool of citizens of the potential host countries at the parent operation, who were subsequently deployed to bridge cultural gaps during implementation, thereby increasing the MNE's internationalisation capability. Emerging market firms' internationalisation is driven by intangible resources based on learning, linking and leveraging (Ray, et al., 2017). Although this study was exploratory in nature, the two case studies have shown a consistent pattern of an adaptive management cycle when setting up operations in other African countries. Due to the huge psychic distance encountered by these companies, they make use of repetitive and protracted planning and implementation processes. This increases the transient period and costs, yet the companies are willing to pay them to protect their reputations until they find signals to either exit or scale up. This finding regarding the existence of a transient period is not apparent in other literature. Even though Zhou and Li (2010), in their study of how strategic orientations influence dynamic capabilities, found that a firm's external interactions with customers and competitors in host countries affect its internal resource assortment and reconfiguration, they did not specifically deal with the issue of a transient period. Previous research indicated that firms look for partner organisations that wield substantial capability to fill voids (Dunning, 1988), that successful partnerships are built on trust which results in greater information sharing (Dyer, 1997), and that the selection of a local partner is informed by robust market assessment (Khanna & Palepu, 2010). This research confirms these findings by showing that spending time in the host country, doing due diligence on partner Board members, and providing a joint cultural induction of both partners' executives in the parent organisation, ensures strategic alignment with partners from the onset. Practice Despite South African firms having huge resources, literature has not overtly mentioned the nonmarket capabilities that such EMNEs build when localising their businesses to suit local market conditions. Businesses utilising the ownership model combat the liability of foreignness by acquiring a local business with ethical leadership, whilst companies using the partnership model find partners with similar values. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge on practical internationalisation strategies into developing markets with high psychic distance. Although it is an exploratory study, it clarifies the strategic considerations that EMNEs contemplate during planning, as well as when assessing their entry strategies, implementing and integrating their resources, and in rare cases, how they exit such markets. Limitations of the study Like most empirical studies that are exploratory in nature, there are limitations to the conclusions that can be drawn, which constrain the generalisability of this study: • The study was heavily weighted to certain industry sectors - primarily financial services - which have a presence in other African countries. The obvious question is to what extent its findings are relevant to other industries? • For the two cases, the knowledge of the participants regarding how their organisations plan and implement their strategies could have been diverse, but the information was limited to those interviewed. • The volatility of African markets is very high, so between the time of embarking on the research and consolidating the results and findings, some institutional context could have changed, such as the impact of the weakening of the resources sector on Nigeria and Angola. Suggestions for future research • The case studies were restricted to financial services, thus a study of more industry sectors using additional case studies would be valuable to extend the results of this research effort. • Hoskisson, Eden, Lau & Wright (2000) argued that the process "emerging economies" takes place over a long time and multinationals' experimentation and learning is likely to be imperfect. Further research is thus needed to generate conclusive longitudinal empirical evidence theory in this area. • The growing Chinese FDI in Africa is often driven by the Chinese government's "Going Out" policy, which was established to support firms as they internationalise. Although South Africa has a "Trade Invest Africa" policy, companies in the study were oblivious to this government support. It is not clear whether South African companies have an advantage on the continent and how competition from Chinese companies, being embraced by African governments, impact South African MNEs' internationalisation strategies into the rest of Africa.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Budagumpa-2 microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 535ha in Koppaltalukand district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 79per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent mining/industrial, 10 per cent byrock outcrops and eight per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14soil series and 23soil phases (management units) and 6land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 32 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface, 44 per cent loamy soils and 3 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  About 58per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m)in available water capacity.  About 75 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 4 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%)lands.  An area of about 20 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and59 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 2per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 17 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3),55 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4)and 5 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in65 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 53 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 26 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 37 per cent area,38per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 4 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm)in 41 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 32 per cent area.  Available manganeseand copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticulturalcrops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 69 (13) 119 (22) Pomegranate 58 (11) 198 (37) Maize 17 (3) 107 (20) Guava 48 (9) 125 (23) Bajra 75 (14) 145 (27) Jackfruit 58 (11) 116 (22) Red gram 58 (11) 128 (24) Jamun 31 (6) 207 (39) Bengalgram 51 (10) 138 (26) Musambi 78 (15) 177 (33) Groundnut 48 (9) 267 (50) Lime 78 (15) 177 (33) Sunflower 78(15) 110 (35) Cashew 48 (9) 110 (21) Cotton 61 (11) 127 (24) Custard apple 112 (21) 266 (50) Chilli 58 (11) 77(14) Amla 92 (17) 287 (54) Tomato 58 (11) 49 (9) Tamarind 31 (6) 110 (21) Drumstick 58 (11) 254 (48) Marigold 48 (9) 140 (26) Mulbery 58 (11) 293 (55) Chrysanthemum 48 (9) 140 (26) Mango 31 (6) 27 (5) Jasmine 48 (9) 58 (11) Sapota 58 (11) 116 (22) Crossandra 48 (9) 82 (15) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder,fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan and drainage line treatment have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Budagumpa-2 is located at 15024'44.821'' to 150 2'24.481'' North and 760 19' 15.938'' to 76017'49.473'' covering an area of about 534.7 ha coming under Dhanakanadddi, Budhagumpaand, Kerihalli and Balebavi villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 respondents, 5 (13.89%) were landless, 2 (5.56%) were marginal farmers, 16 (44.44%) were small farmers, 9 (25%) were semi medium farmers and 4 (11.11%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 93 (51.96%) men and 85 (47.49%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5, marginal and semi medium farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 4.8 and medium farmers' was 6.5.  Majority of the respondents 21 (11.73%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 85 (45.49%) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (29.05%) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (11.73%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 39.66 per cent illiterates, 0.56 per cent of them had functional literate, 21.23 per cent of them had primary school, 2.23 per cent of them had Middle school education, 14.53 per cent of them had high school, 11.17 per cent of them had PUC and 5.59 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 63.89 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 38.89 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 37.99 per cent of the household members, 43.02 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.12 per cent were general labour and government service, 1.68 per cent were private services, 11.73 per cent were student and 3.35 per cent were children.  The households possess, 0.56 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in gram panchayat and 99.44 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 100 per cent of the households possess katcha houses.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 72.22 per cent of the households possess TV, 38.89 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 13.89 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 52.78 per cent of the household's possess motor cycle and 97.22 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 19.44 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 38.89 per cent each of the households possess plough and weeder, 8.33 per cent of the households possess tractor, 22.22 2 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 2.78 per cent of the households possess sprinkler and harvester, 13.89 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter and 2.78 per cent of the households possess earth remover/ duster.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 19.44 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.56 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and buffalo, 2.78 per cent of the households possess sheep.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.03, average own labour (women) available was 1.87, average hired labour (men) available was 19.42 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.42.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 14.79 ha (32.08%) of dry land, 24.62 ha (53.41%) of irrigated land and 6.69 ha (14.51%) of permanent fallow land.  Marginal farmers possess 0.81 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  Small farmers possess 8.62 ha (54.38%) of dry land and 7.23 ha (45.62%) of irrigated land.  Semi medium farmers possess 6.17 ha (42.55%) of dry land and 8.33 ha (57.45 %) of irrigated land.  Medium farmers possess 8.25 ha (55.22%) of irrigated land and 6.69 ha (44.78 %) of permanent fallow land.  There were 23 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 63.89 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (24.02 ha), Bajra (9.31 ha), Red gram (6.04 ha), sunflower (4.25 ha), tomato (2.02 ha), Bengal gram (1.74 ha), paddy (1.72 ha), chilly (1.21 ha), Bengal gram (0.96 ha), cotton (0.51 ha) and cucumber (0.4 ha).  The cropping intensity in Budagumpa-2 Micro watershed was found to be 108.16 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bengal gram, Red gram, Bajra, Cotton, Tomato, Sunflower, cucumber, paddy and chilly was Rs. 33815.68, 49462.71, 24956.92, 15853.57, 61114.93, 31661.62, 36603.03, 35928.21, 86512.12 and 29662.81 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.78, 1:2.42, 1:2.14, 1:0.78, 1:2.82, 1:2.24, 1:1.42, 1:1.37, 1:1.24 and 1:1.11 respectively.  Further, 22.22 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 19.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate, 38.89 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate. 3  The average annual gross income was Rs. 24,400 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 75,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 147,187.50, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 158,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 77,500.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,767.75. For landless farmers it was Rs. 5,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 17,500, for small farmers it was Rs. 10,718.75, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 15,098.77 and medium farmers it was Rs. 14,062.50.  Sampled households have planted 387 coconut and 5 pomegranate trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have planted 200 eucalyptus, 201 teak, 122 neem, 6 tamarind, 2 acacia, 5 banyan and 1 peepul trees in their field and also 100 neem trees in their backyard to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,111.11 for land development, Rs. 666.67 for improved crop production and Rs. 166.67 for subsidiary enterprises.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 19.44 per cent for land development, 16.67 per cent for improved crop production and 11.11 per cent for subsidiary enterprises.  Own funds was the source of additional investment for 25 per cent for land development, 22.22 per cent for improved crop production and 5.56 per cent for subsidiary enterprises.  Regarding marketing channels, 55.56 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 2.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 2.78 per cent of the households have used head load, cart and truck, 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 36.11 per cent have shown incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (50%) were interested towards soil testing.  The household's possess, 66.67 per cent of the households used fire wood and 33.33 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 66.67 per cent and 33.33 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 27.78 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 5.56 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL cards and 94.44 per cent of the sample households possesses BPL cards.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 61.11 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 66.67 per cent, fruits were 4 adequate for 2.78 per cent, milk were adequate for 86.11 per cent, egg were adequate for 69.44 per cent and meat were adequate for 66.67 per cent of the households.  Pulses were inadequate for 38.89 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 61.11 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 69.44 per cent, milk were inadequate for 5.56 per cent, egg were inadequate for 13.89 per cent and meat were inadequate for 2.78 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 22.22 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (38.89%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.44%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (41.67%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (55.56%), high rate of interest on credit (27.78%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (69.44%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (52.78%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (30.56%), less rainfall (36.11%) and Source of Agri-technology information (33.33%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project