Suchergebnisse

How does technology influence international negotiations? This article explores "track-change diplomacy," that is, how diplomats use information and communication technology (ICT) such as word processing software and mobile devices to collaboratively edit and negotiate documents. To analyze the widespread but understudied phenomenon of track-change diplomacy, the article adopts a practice-oriented approach to technology, developing the concept of affordance: the way a tool or technology simultaneously enables and constrains the tasks users can possibly perform with it. The article shows how digital ICT affords shareability, visualization, and immediacy of information, thus shaping the temporality and power dynamics of international negotiations. These three affordances have significant consequences for how states construct and promote national interests; how diplomats reach compromises among a large number of states (as text edits in collective drafting exercises); and how power plays out in international negotiations. Drawing on ethnographic methods, including participant observation of negotiations between the European Union's member states, as well as in-depth interviews, the analysis casts new light on these negotiations, where documents become the site of both semantic and political struggle. Rather than delivering on the technology's promise of keeping track and reinforcing national oversight in negotiations, we argue that track-change diplomacy can in fact lead to a loss of control, challenging existing understandings of diplomacy.

В статье исследуется понятие доверительной собственности (траста) по законодательству некоторых европейских стран. В частности, исследовано правовое регулирование доверительной собственности во Франции и Румынии. Проанализировано понятие траста по Модельным правилам европейского частного права. Определена специфика континентальной модели доверительной собственности. Приведены рекомендации относительно совершенствования правового регулирования доверительной собственности в законодательстве Украины. ; In this article the concept of fiduciary property (trust) by the legislation of some European countries is investigated. In particular, legal regulation of fiduciary property in France and Romania is investigated. The concept of a trust by Model rules of the European private law is analyzed. Specifics of continental model of fiduciary property are defined. Recommendations concerning improvement of legal regulation of fiduciary property are provided.

Die Festlegung von Mindestschutzstandards durch das Endsenderecht spiegelt spannungsreich das Verhältnis zwischen nationalem und europäischem Recht wider. Die Autorin gibt einen Überblick über das Entsenderecht und dessen Einfluss auf die nationalen Kollektivvertragssysteme und untersucht die Probleme des Vergleichs der Arbeitsbedingungen unterschiedlicher Rechtsordnungen. Die Arbeit erfasst die Rechtslage bei Arbeitnehmerentsendungen sowohl innerhalb der Europäischen Union als auch im Rahmen der Werkvertragsabkommen mit Drittstaaten. Die Bestimmung des erforderlichen Schutzniveaus bei grenzüberschreitenden Entsendungen erfordert einen Günstigkeitsvergleich auf der europarechtlichen und internationalen Ebene. Die Durchführung dieser Methode gehört zu den Fragestellungen, die im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung stehen

The Supreme Court has looked to the rights of corporate shareholders in determining the rights of union members and non-members to control political spending, and vice versa. The Court sometimes assumes that if shareholders disapprove of corporate political expression, they can easily sell their shares or exercise control over corporate spending. This assumption is mistaken. Because of how capital is saved and invested, most individual shareholders cannot obtain full information about corporate political activities, even after the fact, nor can they prevent their savings from being used to speak in ways with which they disagree. Individual shareholders have no "opt out" rights or practical ability to avoid subsidizing corporate political expression with which they disagree. Nor do individuals have the practical option to refrain from putting their savings into equity investments, as doing so would impose damaging economic penalties and ignore conventional financial guidance for individual investors.Most individual shareholders cannot obtain full information about a corporation's speech or political activities, even after the fact, nor can most shareholders prevent their savings from being used for political activity with which they disagree. More generally, the Court's focus on whether union non-members are effectively forced to fund political speech or activity with which they disagree should reflect the fact that most Americans must routinely fund speech with which they disagree. While some of this compulsion is from practical reality rather than law there are numerous examples outside the union context of laws that require individuals to fund expressive activities. There is, simply put, very little way for most individuals in modern America to avoid subsidizing speech with which they disagree.

Cover; Half title; Series Page; Title Page; Copyright Page; Dedication; Table of Contents; List of Illustrations; Figures; Tables; Acknowledgements; Chapter 1: Introduction; The Soviet everyday in historical context; An intellectual history of developed socialism; Modernism, postmodernism, biopolitics; Degenerate utopias; Relational historiography; Book structure; Part I Everyday urbanity; Part II Domesticity and khoziaistvo; Part III Everyday objects; Notes; Sources and references; Primary sources; Secondary sources; Chapter 2: Social and economic control under developed socialism

Die GUPVI war neben dem GULAG das 2. große sowjetische Lagersystem. Zwischen 1941 und 1956 waren dort in 4000 Lagern unter unmenschlichsten Bedingungen 4 Mill. Kriegsgefangene und repatriierte Sowjetbürger interniert, unter ihnen die russischen Kosaken und 2,5 Mill. deutsche und österreichische Gefangene. Diese auf sowjetisches Archivmaterial gestützte wissenschaftliche Studie, die eine 1995 ausgestrahlte ORF-Dokumentation vertieft, gibt, von einer Fülle von Dokumenten und Fotos unterstützt, einen ersten Überblick über Lagersystem und -alltag. Sie beschreibt die enorme Arbeitsleistung der Gefangenen für die sowjetische Wirtschaft (8-10 % des Fünfjahresplans), schließlich die schwierige Repatriierung der Gefangenen in ihre Heimatländer. Sachlich-nüchterne Dokumentation eines düsteren und noch kaum erforschten Kapitels der Nachkriegsgeschichte. (2) (Engelbrecht Boese)

The article examines the problem caused by various estimations from the Constitutional Court and the European Court of a situation, connected with refusal of the military authorities to grant to military man K. Markin leave on care of the child for three years is considered. The Russian legislation gives such possibility only to military man of the women. The comparative analysis of definitions of the Constitutional Court and decisions of the European Court is made and the primacy of application in civil process of decisions of the European Court over definitions of the Constitutional Court is proved. Observed private scientific opinions on a problem with established legal power to the Constitutional Court's definitions and possibility of overcoming the Constitutional Court's decisions. The author of article cites the data of sociological poll of judges of system of courts of law which show reference by the majority of number of respondents the decisions of the European Court to sources of a civil procedural right. On the basis of the analysis of the legislation of Russia, the international contracts, the doctrine, and also practice of the European Court by the author the conclusion is drawn on necessity of observance for the constitutional legal proceedings the right of everyone on fair proceeding. It is critical activity of the Constitutional Court concerning independent giving by the Constitutional Court legislation to definitions of the Constitutional Court is estimated. The approach of consideration of the constitutional and conventional human rights not on force of sources of the right, but from positions of requirements of a principle of leadership of the right and expansion of human rights is offered. It is critical last legislative initiatives of Russia on restriction ofjurisdiction of the European Court are estimated. A substantiated conclusion about compulsion of application of norms of the Convention on protection of human rights and the basic freedom in the value established by the European Court. Conditions at which there can be a necessity of overcoming of decisions of the European Court are designated. It is offered to fix legislatively possibility of denouncement of the Convention on protection of human rights and the basic freedom in special procedure by a national referendum. This is important for the judges, advocates andfor the researchers. ; The article examines the problem caused by various estimations from the Constitutional Court and the European Court of a situation, connected with refusal of the military authorities to grant to military man K. Markin leave on care of the child for three years is considered. The Russian legislation gives such possibility only to military man of the women. The comparative analysis of definitions of the Constitutional Court and decisions of the European Court is made and the primacy of application in civil process of decisions of the European Court over definitions of the Constitutional Court is proved. Observed private scientific opinions on a problem with established legal power to the Constitutional Court's definitions and possibility of overcoming the Constitutional Court's decisions. The author of article cites the data of sociological poll of judges of system of courts of law which show reference by the majority of number of respondents the decisions of the European Court to sources of a civil procedural right. On the basis of the analysis of the legislation of Russia, the international contracts, the doctrine, and also practice of the European Court by the author the conclusion is drawn on necessity of observance for the constitutional legal proceedings the right of everyone on fair proceeding. It is critical activity of the Constitutional Court concerning independent giving by the Constitutional Court legislation to definitions of the Constitutional Court is estimated. The approach of consideration of the constitutional and conventional human rights not on force of sources of the right, but from positions of requirements of a principle of leadership of the right and expansion of human rights is offered. It is critical last legislative initiatives of Russia on restriction ofjurisdiction of the European Court are estimated. A substantiated conclusion about compulsion of application of norms of the Convention on protection of human rights and the basic freedom in the value established by the European Court. Conditions at which there can be a necessity of overcoming of decisions of the European Court are designated. It is offered to fix legislatively possibility of denouncement of the Convention on protection of human rights and the basic freedom in special procedure by a national referendum. This is important for the judges, advocates andfor the researchers.

The quantitative contribution of turkeys and other major animal-food sources to the burden of human salmonellosis in the European Union was estimated. A 'Turkey Target Salmonella Attribution Model' (TT-SAM) based on the microbial-subtyping approach was used. TT-SAM includes data from 25 EU Member States, four animal-food sources of Salmonella and 23 Salmonella serovars. The model employs 2010 EU statutory monitoring data on Salmonella in animal populations (EU baseline survey data for pigs), data on reported cases of human salmonellosis and food availability data. It estimates that 2.6 %, 10.6 %, 17.0 % and 56.8 % of the human salmonellosis cases are attributable to turkeys, broilers, laying hens (eggs) and pigs, respectively. The top-6 serovars of fattening turkeys that contribute most to human cases are S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium, S. Newport, S. Virchow and S. Saintpaul. Comparing the prevalence of Salmonella in turkey flocks reported in 2010 with a theoretical combined prevalence for S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium of 1 % (i.e. the transitional target), a reduction of 0.4 % in the percentage of turkey-associated human salmonellosis cases would be achieved. However, when adjusting the combined prevalence of all serovars to 1 %, an 83.2 % reduction in the percentage of turkey-associated human salmonellosis cases, equivalent to 2.2 % of all human salmonellosis cases, is expected. Uncertainty and data limitations are discussed, including recommendations on how these could be overcome. Vertical transmission of Salmonella as well as hatchery acquired Salmonella contamination originating from breeding stock are very important sources for Salmonella infection in turkeys, and therefore controlling Salmonella in breeding flocks as well as in rearing and fattening flocks is necessary to minimise Salmonella in turkeys at slaughter.

"Uncover the fascinating story of Greece's unwavering quest for European belonging. This thought-provoking book explores the intersection of geopolitics and political myth, tracing Greece's enduring determination to align with Europe and the West. From the early days of European integration to the challenges of the Eurocrisis, Greece's commitment remains steadfast. By analyzing the geopolitical myths that shape its identity, the book illuminates the multifaceted factors driving Greece's pro-European strategy and foreign policy. By introducing and using Analytical Geopolitics as a pioneering approach, the book provides a historical-structural framework and expands the role of myth in understanding international relations"--