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Social media such as instant messaging (IM), social networking sites (SNS), blogs, and microblogs are an integral part of adolescents lives in China. Anecdotal evidence reported in the news has suggested that the increasing popularity of social media could make adolescents more vulnerable to being addicted. This exploratory study proposes the concept of social media addiction and examines (a) whether social media addiction exists among adolescents in urban China and, if so, who the addicts are, what their symptoms are, and to what extent they are addicted; (b) whether sociopsychological traits (e.g., need for affiliation, impression management, narcissism, and leisure boredom) can predict social media addiction among adolescents; (c) what gratifications are obtained by adolescents from their use of social media and whether these gratifications can predict social media addiction; and (d) to what degree social media addiction influences adolescents academic performance and social capital. This study employed quantitative questionnaire surveys among adolescents as the main research method, supplemented by qualitative pre-survey focus groups among adolescents and post-survey in-depth interviews among parents and teachers. Questionnaire surveys were conducted based on a multi-stage cluster sampling of seven middle schools in five urban Chinese cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Xiamen. The final sample consisted of 1,549 adolescents, of whom 90% had used social media. Using Young's classic definition of Internet addiction, 15.6% of participants were classified as social media addicts. The addicted adolescents were often self-absorbed, bored with their leisure time, and good at using manipulation through social media for impression management. Addicts experienced four major social media addiction symptoms: preoccupation, adverse consequences, alleviation of negative emotions, and loss of interest in social activities. The seven social media gratifications identified in this study can be categorized into social, information, and entertainment gratifications. Among these, entertainment gratifications had the most power to predict social media addiction, while information gratifications were the least likely to lead to addiction. Furthermore, these gratifications were found to be powerful mediators between the adolescents sociopsychological traits and social media addiction. Finally, the results also indicated that social media addiction and its symptoms had a significant negative impact on adolescents academic performance and social capital.

Автор выражает благодарность проф. И. И. Филатовой, главному редактору проф. Т. В. Кущ и анонимным рецензентам за ценные замечания при обсуждении статьи. ; Поступила в редакцию: 13.02.2020. Принята к печати: 25.03.2021. ; The author is grateful to prof. Irina I. Filatova, editor-in-chief prof. Tatiana V. Kushch, and anonymous reviewers for their useful comments. ; Submitted: 13.02.2020. Accepted: 25.03.2021. ; Статья посвящена изучению региональной специфики репрезентации советской власти в «письмах в газету», которые рассматриваются как способ коммуникации общества с властью и пример политической активности жителей Кировской области. В качестве источников привлечены неопубликованные письма читателей, поступившие в газету «Кировская правда» в 1964–1970 гг. Информационный потенциал писем населения дает возможность выделить и интерпретировать типичные и специфические формы репрезентации советской власти в трансформировавшихся социально-политических условиях в СССР во второй половине 1960-х гг. В историографии письма граждан рассматриваются исследователями как неотъемлемая часть советской политической культуры. Анализ писем населения в областную газету предлагает характеристику системы и структуры представлений жителей Кировской области о власти столичного, областного и местного уровней в широком социально-политическом контексте. Интерпретируя представленные в письмах оценки местных руководителей, автор обращает внимание на социально-политические условия в СССР во второй половине 1960-х гг. Особое внимание уделено откликам жителей Кировской области на отставку Н. С. Хрущева, определявшую, по мнению автора, оценки местной власти. На конкретных примерах показывается, что в письмах при характеристике власти население апеллировало к официальному дискурсу. Дается сравнительная характеристика форм репрезентации власти разных уровней — от воспроизводства ее символических («революционных», идейных) образов до определения ее утилитарных значений. Жители Кировской области, обращаясь к власти для решения личных бытовых вопросов и общих социальных проблем, определяли «полезность» ее действий. Автор делает вывод, что в письмах население воспроизводило патерналистскую модель взаимоотношений с советской властью, указывая на то, что характеристика власти определялась региональной социально-политической ситуацией. ; This article examines the regional peculiarities underlying the representation of Soviet power in letters to a newspaper which are viewed as a means of communication between the public and the authorities and as an example of the political activity of the population of Kirov Region. The author refers to previously unpublished letters sent to the Kirovskaya Pravda newspaper by its readers between 1964 and 1970. The information potential of the population's letters makes it possible to single out and interpret typical and specific forms of representation of Soviet power in the transforming socio-political conditions of the USSR in the second half of the 1960s. Historiographers consider citizens' letters an integral part of Soviet political culture. An analysis of the population's letters to a local newspaper suggests a characteristic of the system and structure of Kirov Region's inhabitants' idea of the capital, regional, and local authorities in a wide socio-political context. While interpreting the assessments of the local authorities present in the letters, the author pays attention to the socio-political conditions in the USSR in the second half of the 1960s. In the article, special attention is paid to the Kirov Region's population's response to Khrushchev's resignation, which, according to the author, determined the evaluation of the local authorities. Referring to particular examples, the author proves that when characterising the authorities in their letters, the population appealed to official discourse. The article provides a comparative characteristic of forms in which the authorities of different levels were represented — from their reproduction in symbolic images (revolutionary and ideological) to the definition of their utilitarian meanings. Turning to the authorities in order to resolve their personal everyday problems and common social problems, the inhabitants of Kirov Region determined the usefulness of the authorities. The author concludes that in their letters, the citizens reproduced the paternalistic model of relationships with the Soviet authorities pointing to the fact that the characteristic of the authorities depended on the regional socio-political situation. ; Исследование осуществлено в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ. ; This article is an output of a research project implemented as part of the Basic Research Programme at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).

open ; From 1971 to 2001, more skilled cities grew more quickly than less skilled cities. A 10 percent increase in the initial share of college-educated residents is associated with an increase in the subsequent employment growth rate of roughly 0.8 percent. This result holds both at the local labour market (LLM) level and at city level. Most of the connection employment growth-human capital is due to productivity related effects at LLM level; in contrast consumption externalities play an important role in cities. In the latter case, quality of life growth explains from 31 to 43 percent of the association education-employment growth. By using the Bank of Italy's survey on household income and wealth (SHIW) dataset and censuses data, we also find that human capital helps cities to better adapting to negative economic shocks and to restructure their economies as in the case of the North-West. Finally, we try to explain why, in our sample, education predicts employment growth but population decline at the city level. By introducing individuals' heterogeneity, we test the hypothesis according to which a process of "gentrification" may have occurred in Italy. Our findings give us a prelimary evidence of this phenomenon, but additional work is required. ; Economia Politica ; Labour Market Education Economics Regional and Urban Economics Real Estate, Retail and Transport Economics ; open ; Giffoni, Francesco ; Giffoni, Francesco

В статье рассматриваются первые итоги деятельности Регионального отделения Российского военно-исторического общества ; The article analyzes the first results of activities of the Regional Branch of the Russian Military-Historical Society.

Background: The Australian Government launched a mass media campaign in 2009 to raise awareness of the harms and costs associated risky drinking among young Australians. The aim of this study was to assess if young people attending a music festival who report frequent risky single occasions of drinking (RSOD) recognise the key message of the campaign, "Binge drinking can lead to injuries and regrets", compared to young people who report less frequent RSOD. Methods. A cross-sectional behavioural survey of young people (aged 16-29 years) attending a music festival in Melbourne, Australia, was conducted in January 2009. We collected basic demographics, information on alcohol and other drug use and sexual health and behaviour during the previous 12 months, and measured recognition of the Australian National Binge Drinking Campaign key message. We calculated the odds of recognition of the key slogan of the Australian National Binge Drinking Campaign among participants who reported frequent RSOD (defined as reported weekly or more frequent RSOD during the previous 12 months) compared to participants who reported less frequent RSOD. Results: Overall, three-quarters (74.7%) of 1072 participants included in this analysis recognised the campaign message. In the adjusted analysis, those reporting frequent RSOD had significantly lower odds of recognising the campaign message compared to those not reporting frequent RSOD (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-0.9), whilst females had significantly greater odds of recognising the campaign message compared to males (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.1). Conclusions: Whilst a high proportion of the target group recognised the campaign, our analysis suggests that participants that reported frequent RSOD - and thus the most important group to target - had statistically significantly lower odds of recognising the campaign message.

Unser Wisssen über die minoische Kultur basiert fast vollständig auf archäologischen Erkenntnissen und einem Vergleich von Funden sowie Parallelen in anderen frühgeschichtlichen mediterranen Kulturen. Unter den wichtigsten Quellen für unser Verständnis der minoischen Kultur befinden sich die so genannten Gipfelheiligtümer, welche von entscheidender Bedeutung für unser Verständnis jedweder religiöser Handlung auf dem bronzezeitlichen Kreta sind. Durch einen Vergleich der minoischen Religion und ihrer Rituale mit unseren Erkenntnissen über andere Religionen, welche auf Naturverehrung gründen oder einer agrikulturell geprägten Gesellschaft entstammen, kann eine enge archäologische Sichtweise hin zu einer detaillierteren, besser illustrierten Vorstellung erweitert werden, welche eher auf die Aktivität innerhalb der Heiligtümer als auf ihre überlieferten Überreste zielt. Zudem liefern Gipfelheiligtümer als Zentren für Handel und Administration einen Einblick in etwas, das politisch wohl nie existierte: eine minoische Gemeinschaftsidentität, welche wir zumindest im Kult vorfinden.

Vielfach wurde auf die Schwierigkeiten hingewiesen, die ein neugewählter Präsident mit dem Übergang von seiner Kandidatur im Wahlkampf nach gewonnener Wahl mit dem Regieren hat. Der Artikel widmet sich dagegen dem umgekehrten Weg, den Präsidentschaftswahlen von 1996 in den USA und dem Problem von Präsident Clinton, der sich aus der Regierungsposition heraus im Wahlkampf seiner Wiederwahl stellen muß. Dabei kommt dem Wahlkampfteam eine ganz entscheidende Rolle zu. (SWP-Drh)