Suchergebnisse

Preliminary Material /Myron H. Nordquist , John Norton Moore and Kuen-chen Fu -- Introduction and Welcoming Remarks /Myron H. Nordquist , John Norton Moore and Kuen-chen Fu -- Keynote Addresses /Myron H. Nordquist , John Norton Moore and Kuen-chen Fu -- Emerging UN Law of the Sea Issues /Tomas H. Heidar -- A Review of the 2004 General Assembly Discussions on the Law of the Sea /Andrew J. Jacovides -- The Regulation of Marine Transportation and Integrated Coastal Management: Two Management Approaches in Need of Integration /Aldo Chircop -- Ocean and Coastal Governance the European Approach to Integrated Management: Are There Lessons for the China Seas Region? /Ronán Long and Anne Marie O'Hagan -- The Energy Security of China and Oil and Gas Exploitation in the South China Sea /Wu Shicun and Hong Nong -- A New Model of Joint Developmentfor the South China Sea /Zou Keyuan -- Marine Environmental Protection in the South China Sea: an UNCLOS Paradigm /Alberto a. Encomienda -- Regional Fisheries Panel Introductory Remarks /Mary Beth West -- Korean Response to Changes of the International Legal Framework for Fisheries in the Northeast Asian Seas /Park Pae Keun -- Regional Co-management of Fisheries Resources in the South China Sea /Huang Shuo-lin , Guo Wen-lu and Zhu Zhanhua -- Regional Fisheries Management in the East China Sea /Moritaka Hayashi -- Improving Comprehensive Management and the Efficiency of Law Enforcement at Sea /Xu Baozheng -- U.S. Maritime Law Enforcement Practices /John E. Crowley -- Japans Role on Regional Security and Order Maintenance as Public Property Initiative for the Regional Security and Order Coalition /Hideaki Kaneda -- A U.S. Perspective on Global Developments in Marine Science /Barbara Moore -- The Conflict between Jurisdiction of Coastal States on MSR in EEZ and Military Survey /Zhang Haiwen -- Terror at Sea: Detection and Prevention the New International Ship and Port Facility Security Code and the Amended SOLAS Chapter XI-2 /Nilufer Oral -- Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI): Countering Proliferation by Sea /J. Ashley Roach -- Preventing and Defeating Terrorism at Sea: Practical Considerations for Implementation of the Draft Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA) /Brad J. Kieserman -- Legal Protection for the Underwater Cultural Heritage: the Immediate Challenge and Methods of Response /Sarah Dromgoole -- Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage in the South China Seaand Regional Cooperation /Zhu Huayou and Ren Huaifeng -- International Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage /Robert C. Blumberg -- Closing Remarks /John Norton Moore.

Introduction / Craig S. Galbraith, Curt H. Stiles -- Trust, institutions and entrepreneurship / Hernando de Soto -- Poor peoples' knowledge: helping poor people to earn from their own intellectual property / J. Michael Finger -- Institutional development and entrepreneurship in a transition context / David Smallbone, Friederike Welter -- Entrepreneurial environment and the life-cycle growth and development approach to analyzing family businesses in the transitional Polish economy / Alina M. Zapalska, Dallas Brozik -- Transition in the Polish economy / Richard J. Hunter, Leo V. Ryan -- New venture performance in the transition economies: a conceptual model / Erich J. Schwarz, Malgorzata A. Wdowiak -- Disasters, vulnerability and the global economy: implications for less-developed countries and poor populations / Charlotte Benson, Edward J. Clay -- Disasters and entrepreneurship: a short review / Craig S. Galbraith, Curt H. Stiles -- HIV/AIDS, crime and small business in South Africa / Eslyn Isaacs, Christian Friedrich -- Poverty, developing entrepreneurship and aid economics in Mozambique: a review of empirical research / Leo Paul Dana, Craig S. Galbraith -- The dilemma of small business in Mozambique: a research note / Friedrich Kaufmann, Wilhelm Parlmeyer -- Isolation as a source of entrepreneurial opportunities: overcoming the limitations of isolated micro-states / (c)·Orn D. J(c)Øonsson, R(c)·ognvaldur J. Saemundsson -- Portrait of an entrepreneurial trade mission: Iceland goes to China / Porl(c)Øakur Karlsson, Michael R. Luthy, Katr(c)Øin (c)ØOlafsd(c)Øottir -- Indigenous entrepreneurship research: themes and variations / Ana Mar(c)Øia Peredo, Robert B. Anderson -- Gender differences in minority small business hiring practices and customer patronage: an exploratory study / Pat Roberson-Saunders, Raymond D. Smith -- Immigrants and Entrepreneurs in S(c)Þao Paulo, Brazil: economic development in the Brazilian 'melting pot' / Jos(c)Øe Renato de Campos Ara(c)Øujo, Odair da Cruz Paiva, Carlos L. Rodriguez -- Acquiring the skills and legitimacy to better manage local economic development: the case of Jalisco, Mexico / Nichola Lowe -- Building human capital in difficult environments: an empirical study of entrepreneurship education, self-esteem, and achievement in South Africa / Christian Friedrich, Kobus Visser -- Educational curricula and self-efficacy: entrepreneurial orientation and new venture intentions among university students in Mexico / Ricardo D. Alvarez, Alex F. DeNoble, Don Jung -- Entrepreneurship education: a cautious ray of hope in instructional reform for disadvantaged youth / Howard S. Rasheed, Michelle Howard-Vital. - This series is an outlet for unique, often cutting edge, business research with an international flavour. Articles that appear in each volume are original, peer-reviewed manuscripts, selected to support both the volume's theme and to provide a cross-section of high-quality knowledge concerning the selected topic

"Sayles and Smith have covered all the bases with a comprehensive, yet fascinating, analysis of what has been ailing our capital market system. A system that has given us such high standards of living. A recommended read for those who not only want to understand what is going on in the corporate world, but why it is going on. Congratulations." -Frank Kolhatkar, Retired Chairman and Executive Director of the Global Financial Services Industries Practice, Deloitte "This book confronts, head-on, the problems that have beset American, and world, business over the last decade. The authors boldly go to the heart of the problem; to a business culture that has lost sight of fundamentals in pursuit of the illusions of rapid growth and personal gain. This is a call for action, by CEOs, boards of directors, investors, regulators, and the public at large, everyone with a stake in our business system. Anyone worried about the future of American business and American corporate culture should read this book." -Morgan Witzel, Editor-in-Chief of Corporate Finance Review and Columnist, The Financial Times "The authors have provided a 'must read' autopsy of just about all that's wrong with American business today. It is a 'must read' for investors interested in why we are where we are." -Graef Crystal, Pay Expert and Columnist, Bloomberg News "Sayles and Smith make a compelling case that rogue business executives received a lot of help from others: economists, business schools, apologists, a compliant Congress, under funded regulatory agencies, a gullible press, as well as sleazy professional auditors and accountants-all of which contributed to the great market crash of 2000 and the persistent corporate scandals. Seeking unprecedented individual gains, many members of the business community forgot their commitment to personal integrity, which maintains an essential trust among strangers, which binds all members in the larger society." -James Kuhn, Courtney C. Brown Professor Emeritus, Graduate School of Business, Columbia University "We can pretend that we live in a progressive society and are protected as citizens and investors, or we can read the evidence in Sayles' and Smith's book and start to face reality. This book is a strong reminder of the breadth and depth of white collar crime and greed's piercing and pervasive impact on all of us." -L.S. (Al) Rosen, Forensic Accountant, Rosen & Associates Limited Billions of dollars continue to be lost by companies a...

The last census in Romania (2002) indicated that Romania is one of the most religious countries in Europe (the same situation has been registered in 1992: 87.5% of the population declared itself Christian Orthodox – 0.04% atheists – and the level of confidence in the Orthodox Church has constantly been high, 80-90%, in polls and surveys). How can such an evolution be explained, after fifty years of atheist and dogmatic rule? The usual 'explanation' supplied by some hurried commentators is that religion has become, after 1989, a 'substitute ideology' (an ideological Ersatz) replacing the old ideology (the communist one) – now 'disenchanted' and, therefore, refuted and eliminated. This so-called explanation remains, at best, naïve. First of all because the disenchantment of the communist ideology occurred, at least in Romania, even before the Soviet occupation of this part of Europe, and the real popular enthusiasm stirred – very rarely – by the Communist Party (1945: the defeat of fascism in Europe; 1968: the opposition to the invasion of Czechoslovakia etc.) clearly vanished in the eighties. Therefore, to claim that the communist ideology was a sort of Weltanschauung before 1989 is quite absurd. Even more, the most religious sections of the Romanian population in the nineties are the young people and the oldest ones, that is those groups least affected by communist ideology. The explanation, in my view, should be looked for in the processes of modernization that characterized the history of Romania – and of the entire South-Eastern Europe – from the end of the 19th century until today. Religion – and the Church – have been involved, in different and subtle ways, in this process. Recently, Grace Davie has accurately examined the nature of European religion within a global context. In Europe, the idea that as the world modernizes it will necessarily secularize, has became a conviction but there is scant evidence for secularization in other spaces, despite convincing indicators of modernization in those areas. Grace Davie's point is that Europe increasingly looks like an exceptional case when it comes to the matters of faith. The argumentation is adequate, as far as Western Europe is concerned. But I shall argue in my paper that we cannot talk about an European modernity as such, because, from the point of view of religion, there are at least two models of modernization – and modernities – in Europe: the first one is typical for the Western Europe, the second one for the South-Eastern Europe (the Orthodox area). The process of modernization in Mitteleuropa could be a third model, although it is rather an intermediary model between the two.

A -- A. Schulman, Inc. -- A.T. Cross Company -- Adolf Wurth GmbH & Co. KG -- Alldays plc -- Allied Worldwide, Inc. -- Apartment Investment and Management Company -- Archstone-Smith Trust -- Autogrill SpA -- Avery Dennison Corporation -- AXA Colonia Konzern AG -- B -- Bayard SA -- Benchmark Capital -- Berkshire Realty Holdings, L.P. -- Big Idea Productions, Inc. -- Blimpie International, Inc. -- British Energy Plc -- BT Group plc -- C -- Cadbury Schweppes PLC -- Cargolux Airlines International S.A. -- Chanel SA -- ChartHouse International Learning Corporation -- Christian Dior S.A. -- Computer Associates International, Inc. -- Corus Group plc -- Cybex International, Inc. -- D -- Dixons Group plc -- Donaldson Company, Inc. -- Dynegy Inc. -- E -- E.piphany, Inc. -- Elior SA -- Equity Residential -- Equus Computer Systems, Inc. -- F -- Falconbridge Limited -- First Aviation Services Inc. -- FPL Group, Inc. -- G -- Gables Residential Trust -- Gallaher Group Plc -- Gambro AB -- Gardner Denver, Inc. -- Geberit AG -- GFI Informatique SA -- GfK Aktiengesellschaft -- Global Outdoors, Inc. -- Guangzhou Pearl River Piano Group Ltd. -- GulfMark Offshore, Inc. -- H -- Handspring Inc. -- Hanna Andersson Corp. -- Hilton Group plc -- Hines Horticulture, Inc. -- Hutchison Whampoa Limited -- I -- IAWS Group plc -- Iberdrola, S.A. -- Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. -- Ingram Industries, Inc. -- ISS A/S -- J -- Jefferson Smurfit Group plc -- Johnson Matthey PLC -- Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated -- JPI -- K -- Karl Kani Infinity, Inc. -- L -- Land Securities PLC -- Libbey Inc. -- M -- Meira Wine Company, S.A. -- Mtalan PLC -- Midwest Grain Products, Inc. -- MPS Group, Inc. -- N -- National Starch and Chemical Company -- National Wine & Spirits, Inc. -- Natrol, Inc. -- Natural Alternatives International, Inc. -- The Neiman Marcus Group, Inc. -- Nolo.com, Inc. -- Novar plc -- O -- Oakley, Inc. -- OAO Siberian Oil Company (Sibneft) -- Omnicare, Inc. -- Opsware Inc. -- Oregon Chai, Inc. -- P -- Penauille Polyservices SA -- Phat Fashions LLC -- Phillips, de Pury & Luxembourg -- Pilot Corporation -- The PMI Group, Inc. -- R -- R.C. Bigelow, Inc. -- Ronson PLC -- Royal Dutch/Shell Group -- S -- Sandia National Laboratories -- The Sanofi-Synthelabo Group -- Sappi Limited -- Schering-Plough Corporation -- Scottish Power plc -- Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation -- Societe Tunisienne de l'Air-Tunisair -- Sophus Berendsen A/S -- SSL International plc -- Steria SA -- T -- Tanger Factory Outlet Centers, Inc. -- TDK Corporation -- The Toronto-Dominion Bank -- Transport Corporation of America, Inc. -- Trinity Mirror plc -- Triple Five Group Ltd. -- Tsingtao Brewery Group -- 24/7 Real Media, Inc. -- U -- Uny Co., Ltd. -- V -- VA TECH ELIN EBG GmbH -- ValueClick, Inc. -- Vebego International BV -- Velocity Express Corporation -- Vought Aircraft Industries, Inc. -- W -- W.P. Carey & Co. LLC -- William Hill Organization Limited -- Woodward Governor Company -- Y -- Yamato Transport Co. Ltd.

Introduction: Ecosystem Understanding Is a Key to Understanding Cities -- Introduction: Ecosystem Understanding Is a Key to Understanding Cities -- The Importance of Understanding Urban Ecosystems: Themes -- Why Is Understanding Urban Ecosystems an Important Frontier for Education and Educators? -- The Role of Understanding Urban Ecosystems in Community Development -- Why Is Understanding Urban Ecosystems Important to People Concerned About Environmental Justice? -- Why Is Developing a Broad Understanding of Urban Ecosystems Important to Science and Scientists? -- Foundations and Frontiers from the Natural and Social Sciences: Themes -- Natural Ecosystems in Cities: A Model for Cities as Ecosystems -- An Ecosystem Approach to Understanding Cities: Familiar Foundations and Uncharted Frontiers -- Understanding Urban Ecosystems: An Ecological Economics Perspective -- Social Science Concepts and Frameworks for Understanding Urban Ecosystems -- The Future of Urban Ecosystem Education from a Social Scientist's Perspective: The Value of Involving the People You Are Studying in Your Work -- A Social Ecology Approach to Understanding Urban Ecosystems and Landscapes -- The Historical Dimension of Urban Ecology: Frameworks and Concepts -- Urban Ecosystems, City Planning, and Environmental Education: Literature, Precedents, Key Concepts, and Prospects -- A Human Ecology Model for the Tianjin Urban Ecosystem: Integrating Human Ecology, Ecosystem Science, and Philosophical Views into an Urban Eco-Complex Study -- Foundations and Frontiers from Education Theory and Practice: Themes -- Psychological and Ecological Perspectives on the Development of Systems Thinking -- Toward Ecology Literacy: Contributions from Project 2061 Science Literacy Reform Tools -- An Interdisciplinary Approach to Urban Ecosystems -- Children for Cities and Cities for Children: Learning to Know and Care About Urban Ecosystems -- "Ecological Thinking" as a Tool for Understanding Urban Ecosystems: A Model from Israel -- Systems Thinking and Urban Ecosystem Education -- Approaches to Urban Ecosystem Education in Chicago: Perspectives and Processes from an Environmental Educator -- "Campus Ecology" Curriculum as a Means to Teach Urban Environmental Literacy -- Ecosystem Management Education: Teaching and Learning Principles and Applications with Problem-Based Learning -- Using the Development of an Environmental Management System to Develop and Promote a More Holistic Understanding of Urban Ecosystems in Durban, South Africa -- Visions for the Future of Urban Ecosystem Education: Themes -- Urban Ecosystems and the Twenty-First Century—A Global Imperative -- Out the Door and Down the Street—Enhancing Play, Community, and Work Environments as If Adulthood Mattered -- Integrating Urban Ecosystem Education into Educational Reform -- The Contribution of Urban Ecosystem Education to the Development of Sustainable Communities and Cities -- Perspectives on the Future of Urban Ecosystem Education: A Summary of Cary Conference VIII -- Urban Ecosystem Education in the Coming Decade: What Is Possible and How Can We Get There?.

A -- Aceto Corp. -- ACNielsen Corporation -- Advanta Corporation -- AFLAC Incorporated -- Agilent Technologies Inc. -- Air New Zealand Limited -- Aktiebolaget SKF -- All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. -- Allegheny Energy, Inc. -- American Express Company -- American Water Works Company, Inc. -- Applied Micro Circuits Corporation -- The Arbitron Company -- Arctic Slope Regional Corporation -- Avedis Zildjian Co. -- Avid Technology Inc. -- B -- Bass PLC -- Bay State Gas Company -- Bayerische Motoren Werke AG -- BBAG Osterreichische Brau-Beteiligungs-AG -- Bear Creek Corporation -- Benjamin Moore & Co. -- Brinker International, Inc. -- British Midland plc -- Broder Bros. Co. -- Brown-Forman Corporation -- Buca, Inc. -- C -- C-COR.net Corp. -- Carter-Wallace, Inc. -- Charming Shoppes, Inc. -- Chautauqua Airlines, Inc. -- Chupa Chups S.A. -- Clifford Chance LLP -- CNA Financial Corporation -- CNH Global N.V. -- CPI Corp. -- Creative Artists Agency LLC -- CSK Auto Corporation -- Culligan Water Technologies, Inc. -- D -- D.G. Yuengling & Son, Inc. -- DIRECTV, Inc. -- E -- Eastman Chemical Company -- Echo Bay Mines Ltd. -- F -- Flextronics International Ltd. -- Forstmann Little & Co. -- Fuller Smith & Turner P.L.C. -- Fyffes Plc -- G -- Geest Plc -- Genzyme Corporation -- GKN plc -- Grede Foundries, Inc. -- Grupo TACA -- H -- Haggen Inc. -- Harnischfeger Industries, Inc. -- Homestake Mining Company -- Hub Group, Inc. -- I -- Icon Health & Fitness, Inc. -- Infosys Technologies Ltd. -- International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. -- Interstate Bakeries Corporation -- J -- J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. -- J Sainsbury plc -- Jetro Cash & Carry Enterprises Inc. -- Juno Online Services, Inc. -- K -- Kodansha Ltd. -- Koss Corporation -- L -- L.L. Bean, Inc. -- Lawson Software -- Lazard LLC -- M -- M&F Worldwide Corp. -- Mannesmann AG -- Maritz Inc. -- Media General, Inc. -- Mity Enterprises, Inc. -- Musicland Stores Corporation -- N -- New World Development Company Limited -- Newport News Shipbuilding Inc. -- Nokia Corporation -- Northland Cranberries, Inc. -- O -- Outokumpu Oyj -- P -- Peet's Coffee & Tea, Inc. -- The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company -- PepsiCo, Inc. -- Pez Candy, Inc. -- Pfizer Inc. -- R -- R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company -- Raytheon Company -- Rhodia SA -- Rich Products Corporation -- The Riese Organization -- Roland Corporation -- The Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc -- Royal Doulton plc -- Ruhrgas AG -- Russell Reynolds Associates Inc. -- S -- Sanrio Company, Ltd. -- The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. -- Santa Fe International Corporation -- Severn Trent PLC -- Siebel Systems, Inc. -- Skanska AB -- Softbank Corp. -- T -- The Southern Company -- Taylor Woodrow plc -- Thomas Nelson, Inc. -- Toyota Motor Corporation -- U -- Ube Industries, Ltd. -- UUNET -- V -- Value City Department Stores, Inc. -- Village Voice Media, Inc. -- W -- Walbridge Aldinger Co. -- Wells Fargo & Company -- WestJet Airlines Ltd. -- Wm. Morrison Supermarkets PLC -- Y -- Young & Co.'s Brewery, P.L.C.

A -- Adams Golf, Inc. -- Allders plc -- AmeriSource Health Corporation -- AnnTaylor Stores Corporation -- Arandell Corporation -- Association des Centres Distributeurs E. Leclerc -- Auchan -- B -- Bang & Olufsen Holding A/S -- Banner Aerospace, Inc. -- Boca Resorts, Inc. -- Boston Scientific Corporation -- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company -- Buderus AG -- C -- C-Cube Microsystems, Inc. -- The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) -- Cap Gemini Ernst & Young -- Carmike Cinemas, Inc. -- Carriage Services, Inc. -- The Carsey-Werner Company, L.L.C. -- Championship Auto Racing Teams, Inc. -- Chateau Communities, Inc. -- The Children's Place Retail Stores, Inc. -- The Chubb Corporation -- Cleco Corporation -- Cleveland Indians Baseball Company, Inc. -- Columbus McKinnon Corporation -- Cominco Ltd. -- Cumulus Media Inc. -- Current, Inc. -- D -- DePuy Inc. -- Don Massey Cadillac, Inc. -- E -- Edelbrock Corporation -- Edison Schools Inc. -- Electric Lightwave, Inc. -- eToys, Inc. -- Euronext Paris S.A. -- Eurotunnel Group -- F -- FiberMark, Inc. -- Fimalac S.A. -- First Albany Companies Inc. -- Franklin Covey Company -- G -- The Gallup Organization -- The General Chemical Group Inc. -- Gerald Stevens, Inc. -- Gibraltar Steel Corporation -- Global Industries, Ltd. -- Granite State Bankshares, Inc. -- Grupo Industrial Durango, S.A. de C.V. -- H -- Half Price Books, Records, Magazines Inc. -- Harleysville Group Inc. -- Hibernia Corporation -- HOB Entertainment, Inc. -- Horizon Organic Holding Corporation -- I -- IBERIABANK Corporation -- Ibstock Brick Ltd. -- Ilitch Holdings Inc. -- International Brotherhood of Teamsters -- International Total Services, Inc. -- J -- The Jim Pattison Group -- L -- LaBranche & Co. Inc. -- Laura Ashley Holdings plc -- Logica plc -- Longview Fibre Company -- LTU Group Holding GmbH -- M -- McDermott International, Inc. -- Milwaukee Brewers Baseball Club -- MITROPA AG -- Mohegan Tribal Gaming Authority -- Mr. Bricolage S.A. -- MTS Inc. -- N -- National Rifle Association of America -- New Dana Perfumes Company -- Newman's Own, Inc. -- Nobel Learning Communities, Inc. -- NorthWestern Corporation -- Nutraceutical International Corporation -- O -- Offshore Logistics, Inc. -- O'Melveny & Myers -- Outlook Group Corporation -- P -- P.F. Chang's China Bistro, Inc. -- PC Connection, Inc. -- Philadelphia Eagles -- Premcor Inc. -- Q -- Qwest Communications International, Inc. -- R -- Racing Champions Corporation -- Razorfish, Inc. -- RENK AG -- Rock of Ages Corporation -- Roland Berger & Partner GmbH -- Roll International Corporation -- Royal Numico N.V. -- The Ryland Group, Inc. -- S -- SAGEM S.A. -- Santa Barbara Restaurant Group, Inc. -- Sensory Science Corporation -- Simco S.A. -- Sonic Corp. -- Spacehab, Inc. -- Stanadyne Automotive Corporation -- Steven Madden, Ltd. -- Stock Yards Packing Co., Inc. -- The Stride Rite Corporation -- T -- Ticketmaster Group, Inc. -- Tidewater Inc. -- Tom Brown, Inc. -- The Tranzonic Companies -- Travis Boats & Motors, Inc. -- U -- United Industrial Corporation -- Unitil Corporation -- V -- Valassis Communications, Inc. -- Viessmann Werke GmbH & Co. -- Villeroy & Boch AG -- W -- Wind River Systems, Inc. -- Y -- The Yankee Candle Company, Inc. -- Z -- Zoltek Companies, Inc.

Clarke, John: Introduction. - S. 11-30. Tabah, Leon: Les interrelations population-environnement-developpement: etat de la question et perspectives. - S. 33-65. Keyfitz, Nathan: Building a productive, equitable and sustainable society: a three-key opening to assured and continuing development. - S. 67-81. Debuisson, Marc; Poulain, Michel: Pression des populations humaines sur l'environnement: aspects demographiques dans les pays occidentaux. - S. 83-94. Martine, George: The relations between population and environment in the context of globalization: preliminary considerations. - S. 95-115. Peemans, Jean-Philippe: Population and environment in the 1990s: the need for a substantive development link. - S. 117-136. Lutz, Wolfgang: Analyzing the role of population parameters in sustainable national development and options for influencing them. - S. 137-166. Picouet, Michel: Methodes et analyses de la relation population-milieux naturels dans les campagnes: le programme DYPEN en Tunisie. - S. 167-178. Stycos, J. Mayone: Population and environment: polls, policies and public opinion. - S. 181-204. Sirageldin, Ismael: Population dynamics, environment and conflict. What are the connections? - S. 205-226. Garcia de Alba, Ligia Gonzalez: Spatial population distribution in Mexico: strategic micro-regions and environmental characteristics. - S. 227-243. Hogan, Daniel: Population and environment in Brazil: a changing agenda. - S. 245-252. Thapa, Keshari; Bilsborrow, Richard: Frontier migration and the environment in developing countries: the policy context and research issues. - S. 253-271. Ajaegbu, Hyacinth I.: Local community approach to the study of population-environment interrelationships and disharmony. The relevance for Africa. - S. 273-285. Noin, Daniel: Mortality and the environment: observations on the geography of mortality. - S. 289-305. Potrykowska, Alina: The effects of environmental pollution for population in Poland. - S. 307-323. Nangia, Parveen ...: Health and perception of people about pollution around the industrial zone of Bombay. - S. -338. Nangia, Sudesh: Slums and the urban environment: study of a squatter settlement in Delhi. - S. 339-347. Wirakartakusumah, Djuhari: How migrants perceive environmental conditions: a case study in Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang and Bekasi, Indonesia. - S. 349-358. Yousif, Hassan Musa: Rural population settlements and the environment in Central Sudan. - S. 361-376. Zaba, Basia; Kiwasila, Hilda: Domestic water supply trends in Tanzania: rural and urban contrasts. - S. 377-401. Suprapto, Riga Adiwoso: The dynamics of land use and land cover change as a manifestation of population-development-environment linkage: work in progress in Indonesia. - S. 403-412. Van Arsdol, Maurice D. (Jr.)...: Impacts of global sea level rise on California coastal population resources. - S. 413-430

It has been over fifty years since Stolper and Samuelson (1941) pointed out that whereas free trade may be beneficial to a country in aggregate terms, even a broadbased factor such as labor may be hurt by the price changes which trade brings about. In particular, a staple of Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory is that relatively capital-abundant countries tend to import commodities which are produced by labor-intensive techniques at home, and the competition which such trade engenders serves to depress real wages. Recent battles to obtain passage of the NAFTA accord and Uruguay Round of GATT agreements in the United States have focused on the overall gains which freer trade is likely to produce, and have suggested, perhaps only implicitly, that the gains are sufficient to compensate potential losers among the working class. Such compensation schemes, however, are rarely introduced, although certain sections of the economy may achieve exceptions to a move to more liberal trade. Changes in the global trading scenario are taking place against a background of advances in technology. Technical progress in a country is generally expected to benefit most productive factors, but strict adherence to a narrow Heckscher-Ohlin interpretation suggests that if technical progress at home is centered in capital-intensive sectors, real wages will suffer, regardless of the capital-saving or labor-saving bias in technical change. Such a drop in real wages would be even more pronounced if simultaneously foreign countries are expanding the world output of labor-intensive products, both because of advances in foreign technology in these areas and, perhaps especially, because of the arrival of new labor-abundant countries into the world trading community. Elsewhere (Jones, 1995) I have agued that bias in technical progress and the possibility of variations in the bundles of commodities produced can play a role in letting Heckscher-Ohlin theory predict a richer and more realistic set of outcomes. The Heckscher-Ohlin model, however, is not the only model which can be used to analyze trade issues. In this paper I focus on the consequences of technical progress for real wages in a model in which labor is a mobile factor and sectors produce outputs by combining labor with human or physical capital that is tied to a particular industry, at least in the short run Although the sector-specific model easily accommodates many sectors, for ease of exposition the analysis focusses on the two-commodity case.

Economic inequality has been on the rise in America for more than two decades. This socially divisive trend emerged from the sluggish economy of the 1970s and continued through the booming 1980s, when surging tides clearly failed to lift all ships. Instead, escalating inequality in both individual earnings and family income widened the gulf between rich and poor and led to the much-publicized decline of the middle class. Uneven Tides brings together a distinguished group of economists to confront the crucial questions about this unprecedented rise in inequality. Just how large and pervasive was it? What were its principal causes? And why did it continue in the 1980s, when previous periods of national economic growth have generally reduced inequality? Reviewing the best current evidence, the experts in Uneven Tides show that rising inequality is a complex phenomenon, the result of a web of circumstances inherent in the nation's current economic, social, and political situation. Once attributed to the rising supply of inexperienced workers - as baby boomers, new immigrants, and women entered the labor market - the growing inequality in individual earnings is revealed in Uneven Tides to be the direct result of the economy's increasing demand for skilled workers. The authors explore many of the possible causes of this trend, including the employment shift from manufacturing to the service sector, the heightened importance of technology in the workplace, the decline of unionization, and intensified efforts to compete in a global marketplace. Uneven Tides also examines the equally dramatic growth in the inequality of family income, and reviews the effects of family size, the age and education of household heads, and the rise of both two-earner and single-parent families. Although these demographic shifts played a role, what emerges most clearly is an understanding of the powerful influence of both market forces and public policy, as increasingly regressive taxes and declining public support for the poor and unemployed amplified the effect of market forces on income. With the rise in inequality now much in the headlines, it is clear that our nation's ability to reverse these shifting currents requires deeper understanding of their causes and consequences. Uneven Tides gets beyond the news stories to a clear analysis of the changing fortunes of America's families. It should be required reading for anyone with a serious interest in the economic underpinnings of the country's social problems.

Only Vanderbilt University affiliated authors are listed on VUIR. For a full list of authors, access the version of record at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6965101/ ; Identifying the underlying genetic drivers of the heritability of breast cancer prognosis remains elusive. We adapt a network-based approach to handle underpowered complex datasets to provide new insights into the potential function of germline variants in breast cancer prognosis. This network-based analysis studies similar to 7.3 million variants in 84,457 breast cancer patients in relation to breast cancer survival and confirms the results on 12,381 independent patients. Aggregating the prognostic effects of genetic variants across multiple genes, we identify four gene modules associated with survival in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative and one in ER-positive disease. The modules show biological enrichment for cancer-related processes such as G-alpha signaling, circadian clock, angiogenesis, and Rho-GTPases in apoptosis. ; CAC: We thank all the individuals who took part in these studies and all the researchers, clinicians, technicians, and administrative staff who have enabled this work to be carried out. We acknowledge all contributors to the COGS and OncoArray study design, chip design, genotyping, and genotype analyses. ABCFS: Maggie Angelakos, Judi Maskiell, Gillian Dite. ABCS: Frans Hogervorst, Sten Cornelissen and Annegien Broeks. ABCTB Investigators: Rosemary Balleine, Robert Baxter, Stephen Braye, Jane Carpenter, Jane Dahlstrom, John Forbes, Soon Lee, Debbie Marsh, Adrienne Morey, Nirmala Pathmanathan, Rodney Scott, Allan Spigelman, Nicholas Wilcken, Desmond Yip. BBCS: Eileen Williams, Elaine Ryder-Mills, Kara Sargus. BCINIS: Dr. K. Landsman, Dr. N. Gronich, Dr. A. Flugelman, Dr. W. Saliba, Dr. E. Liani, Dr. I. Cohen, Dr. S. Kalet, Dr. V. Friedman, Dr. O. Barnet. BIGGS: Niall McInerney, Gabrielle Colleran, Andrew Rowan, Angela Jones. BREOGAN: Manuela Gago-Dominguez, Jose Esteban Castelao, Angel Carracedo, Victor Munoz Garzon, Alejandro Novo Dominguez, Maria Elena Martinez, Sara Miranda Ponte, Carmen Redondo Marey, Maite Pena Fernandez, Manuel Enguix Castelo, Maria Torres, Manuel Calaza, Jose Antunez, Maximo Fraga; Joaquin Gonzalez-Carrero and the Department of Pathology and Biobank of University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica Galicia Sur, SERGAS. BSUCH: Peter Bugert, Medical Faculty Mannheim. CCGP: Styliani Apostolaki, Anna Margiolaki, Georgios Nintos, Maria Perraki, Georgia Saloustrou, Georgia Sevastaki, Konstantinos Pompodakis. CGPS: Dorthe Uldall Andersen, Maria Birna Arnadottir, Anne Bank, Dorthe Kjeldgard Hansen, and the Danish Cancer Biobank. CNIO-BCS: Guillermo Pita, Charo Alonso, Nuria Alvarez, Pilar Zamora, and Primitiva Menendez. CPS-II: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Program of Cancer Registries. The National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results program. CTS: Leslie Bernstein, Susan Neuhausen, James Lacey, Sophia Wang, Huiyan Ma, and Jessica Clague DeHart. Dennis Deapen, Rich Pinder, and Eunjung Lee, Pam Horn-Ross, Peggy Reynolds, Christina Clarke Dur and David Nelson, Hoda Anton-Culver, Argyrios Ziogas, and Hannah Park and Fred Schumacher. DIETCOMPLYF: charity Against Breast Cancer (Registered Charity Number 1121258) and the NCRN. Participants and the investigators of EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). ESTHER: Hartwig Ziegler, Sonja Wolf, Volker Hermann, Christa Stegmaier, Katja Butterbach. FHRISK: NIHR for funding. GC-HBOC: Stefanie Engert, Heide Hellebrand, Sandra Krober and LIFE. Markus Loeffler, Joachim Thiery, Matthias Nuchter, Ronny Baber. GENICA: Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch [HB, Wing-Yee Lo], German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) [HB], gefordert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) im Rahmen der Exzellenzstrategie des Bundes und der Lander -EXC 2180 -390900677 [HB], Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, [Yon-Dschun Ko, Christian Baisch], University of Bonn, Germany [Hans-Peter Fischer], Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany [UH], Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany [Thomas Bruning, Beate Pesch, Sylvia Rabstein, Anne Lotz]; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany [Volker Harth]. HABCS: Michael Bremer. HEBCS: Rainer Fagerholm, Kirsimari Aaltonen, Karl von Smitten, Irja Erkkila. HUBCS: Shamil Gantsev. KARMA and SASBAC: Swedish Medical Research Counsel. KBCP: Eija Myohanen, Helena Kemilainen. kConFab/AOCS: Eveline Niedermayr, Family Cancer Clinics and the Clinical Follow Up Study (received funding from the NHMRC, the National Breast Cancer Foundation, Cancer Australia, and the National Institute of Health (USA)). LMBC: Gilian Peuteman, Thomas Van Brussel, EvyVanderheyden and Kathleen Corthouts. MARIE: Petra Seibold, Judith Heinz, Nadia Obi, Sabine Behrens, Ursula Eilber, Muhabbet Celik and Til Olchers. MBCSG: Paolo Radice, Jacopo Azzollini, Bernardo Bonanni, Bernard Peissel, Roberto Villa, Giulia Cagnoli, Irene Feroce, and Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory. NBCS: Kristine K. Sahlberg (PhD), Lars Ottestad (MD), Rolf Karesen (Prof. Em.) Dr. Ellen Schlichting (MD), Marit Muri Holmen (MD), Toril Sauer (MD), Vilde Haakensen (MD), Olav Engebraten (MD), Bjorn Naume (MD), Alexander Fossa (MD), Cecile E. Kiserud (MD), Kristin V. Reinertsen (MD), Aslaug Helland (MD), Margit Riis (MD), Jurgen Geisler (MD) and OSBREAC. NHS/NHS2: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY. OBCS: Arja Jukkola-Vuorinen, Mervi Grip, Saila Kauppila, Meeri Otsukka, Leena Keskitalo and Kari Mononen. OFBCR: Teresa Selander, Nayana Weerasooriya. ORIGO: E. Krol-Warmerdam, and J. Blom. PBCS: Louise Brinton, Mark Sherman, Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Beata Peplonska, Witold Zatonski, Pei Chao, Michael Stagner. The ethical approval for the POSH study is MREC/00/6/69, UKCRN ID: 1137. Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (ECMC) supported Faculty of Medicine Tissue Bank and the Faculty of Medicine DNA Banking resource. PREFACE: Sonja Oeser and Silke Landrith. PROCAS: NIHR for funding. RBCS: Petra Bos, Jannet Blom, Ellen Crepin, Elisabeth Huijskens, Anja Kromwijk-Nieuwlaat, Annette Heemskerk, the Erasmus MC Family Cancer Clinic. SBCS: Sue Higham, Helen Cramp, Dan Connley, Ian Brock, Sabapathy Balasubramanian and Malcolm W.R. Reed. We thank the SEARCH and EPIC teams. SKKDKFZS: SUCCESS Study teams in Munich, Duessldorf, Erlangen and Ulm. SZBCS: Ewa Putresza. UCIBCS: Irene Masunaka. UKBGS: Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research and NHS funding to the Royal Marsden/ICR NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. WHI: investigators and staff for their dedication. BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK [C1287/A16563, C1287/A10118], the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant numbers 634935 and 633784 for BRIDGES and B-CAST respectively), and by the European Community ' s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number 223175 (grant number HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS). The EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme funding source had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report. Genotyping of the OncoArray was funded by the NIH Grant U19 CA148065, and Cancer UK Grant C1287/A16563 and the PERSPECTIVE project supported by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant GPH-129344) and, the Ministere de l'Economie, Science et Innovation du Quebec through Genome Quebec and the PSRSIIRI-701 grant, and the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation. Funding for the iCOGS infrastructure came from: the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A10710, C12292/A11174, C1281/A12014, C5047/A8384, C5047/A15007, C5047/A10692, C8197/A16565), the National Institutes of Health (CA128978) and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065 and 1U19 CA148112 -the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defence (W81XWH-10-1-0341), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer, and Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. The DRIVE Consortium was funded by U19 CA148065. ABCFS was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ABCFS was also supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the New South Wales Cancer Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Australia) and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. J.L.H. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow. M.C.S. is a NHMRC Senior Research Fellow. The ABCS study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society [grants NKI 2007-3839; 2009-4363; 2015-7632]. The ABCTB was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, The Cancer Institute NSW and the National Breast Cancer Foundation. The work of the BBCC was partly funded by ELANFond of the University Hospital of Erlangen. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breast Cancer Now and acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). For the BCFRNY, BCFR-PA, BCFR-UT this work was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute. For BIGGS, ES is supported by NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London, United Kingdom. IT is supported by the Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The BREOGAN is funded by Accion Estrategica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS PI12/02125/Cofinanciado FEDER; Accion Estrategica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS PI17/00918/Cofinanciado FEDER; Accion Estrategica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS Intrasalud (PI13/01136); Programa Grupos Emergentes, Cancer Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica Galicia Sur. Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Vigo-SERGAS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Grant 10CSA012E, Conselleria de Industria Programa Sectorial de Investigacion Aplicada, PEME I + D e I + D Suma del Plan Gallego de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica de la Conselleria de Industria de la Xunta de Galicia, Spain; Grant EC11-192. Fomento de la Investigacion Clinica Independiente, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Spain; and Grant FEDER-Innterconecta. Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Xunta de Galicia, Spain. The BSUCH study was supported by the Dietmar-Hopp Foundation, the Helmholtz Society and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). CCGP is supported by funding from the University of Crete. The CECILE study was supported by Fondation de France, Institut National du Cancer (INCa), Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Agence Nationale de Securite Sanitaire, de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). The CGPS was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council, and Herlev and Gentofte Hospital. The CNIO-BCS was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the Red Tematica de Investigacion Cooperativa en Cancer and grants from the Asociacion Espanola Contra el Cancer and the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitario (PI11/00923 and PI12/00070). The American Cancer Society funds the creation, maintenance, and updating of the CPS-II cohort. The CTS was initially supported by the California Breast Cancer Act of 1993 and the California Breast Cancer Research Fund (contract 97-10500) and is currently funded through the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA77398, UM1 CA164917, and U01 CA199277). Collection of cancer incidence data was supported by the California Department of Public Health as part of the statewide cancer reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code Section 103885. The University of Westminster curates the DietCompLyf database funded by Against Breast Cancer Registered Charity No. 1121258 and the NCRN. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by: Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPICOxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPICOxford) (United Kingdom). The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden Wurttemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. Additional cases were recruited in the context of the VERDI study, which was supported by a grant from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe). FHRISK is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. Prof D Gareth Evans is supported by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (IS-BRC-1215-20007). The GC-HBOC is supported by the German Cancer Aid (grant no 110837, coordinator: Rita K. Schmutzler, Cologne). This work was also funded by the European Regional Development Fund and Free State of Saxony, Germany (LIFE -Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, project numbers 713241202, 713-241202, 14505/2470, 14575/2470). The GENICA was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany grants 01KW9975/5, 01KW9976/8, 01KW9977/0, and 01KW0114, the Robert Bosch Foundation, Stuttgart, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, as well as the Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany. The GESBC was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e. V. [70492] and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). The HABCS study was supported by the Claudia von Schilling Foundation for Breast Cancer Research, by the Lower Saxonian Cancer Society, and by the Rudolf Bartling Foundation. The HEBCS was financially supported by the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (266528), the Finnish Cancer Society, and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The HUBCS was supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (RUS08/017), and by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations for support the Bioresource collections and RFBR grants 14-04-97088, 1729-06014 and 17-44-020498. Financial support for KARBAC was provided through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Cancer Society, The Gustav V Jubilee foundation and Bert von Kantzows foundation. The KARMA study was supported by Marit and Hans Rausings Initiative Against Breast Cancer. The KBCP was financially supported by the special Government Funding (EVO) of Kuopio University Hospital grants, Cancer Fund of North Savo, the Finnish Cancer Organizations, and by the strategic funding of the University of Eastern Finland. kConFab is supported by a grant from the National Breast Cancer Foundation, and previously by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia. LMBC is supported by the "Stichting tegen Kanker." The MARIE study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. [70-2892-BR I, 106332, 108253, 108419, 110826, 110828], the Hamburg Cancer Society, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany [01KH0402]. MBCSG is supported by grants from the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) and by funds from the Italian citizens who allocated the 5/1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects "5x1000"). The MCBCS was supported by the NIH grants CA192393, CA116167, CA176785 an NIH Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer [CA116201], and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and a generous.pngt from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation. MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057 and 396414, and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. The MEC was supported by NIH grants CA63464, CA54281, CA098758, CA132839 and CA164973. The MISS study is supported by funding from ERC-2011294576 Advanced grant, Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council, Local hospital funds, Berta Kamprad Foundation, Gunnar Nilsson. The MMHS study was supported by NIH grants CA97396, CA128931, CA116201, CA140286 and CA177150. The NBCS has received funding from the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Breast Cancer Research; the Research Council of Norway grant 193387/V50 (to A-L Borresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen) and grant 193387/H10 (to A-L Borresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen), South Eastern Norway Health Authority (grant 39346 to A-L Borresen-Dale) and the Norwegian Cancer Society (to A-L Borresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen). The NC-BCFR and OFBCR were supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The NCBCS was funded by Komen Foundation, the National Cancer Institute (P50 CA058223, U54 CA156733, U01 CA179715), and the North Carolina University Cancer Research Fund. The NHS was supported by NIH grants P01 CA87969, UM1 CA186107, and U19 CA148065. The NHS2 was supported by NIH grants UM1 CA176726 and U19 CA148065. The OBCS was supported by research grants from the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Academy of Finland (grant number 250083, 122715 and Center of Excellence grant number 251314), the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, the University of Oulu, the University of Oulu Support Foundation and the special Governmental EVO funds for Oulu University Hospital-based research activities. The ORIGO study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (RUL 19971505) and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRINL CP16). The PBCS was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. Genotyping for PLCO was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, NCI, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics. The PLCO is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and supported by contracts from the Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. The POSH study is funded by Cancer Research UK (grants C1275/A11699, C1275/C22524, C1275/A19187, C1275/A15956 and Breast Cancer Campaign 2010PR62, 2013PR044. PROCAS is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. PROCAS is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. The RBCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (DDHK 2004-3124, DDHK 2009-4318). The SASBAC study was supported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR), the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. The SBCS was supported by Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and Breast Cancer Now Tissue Bank. SEARCH is funded by Cancer Research UK [C490/A10124, C490/A16561] and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge has received salary support for PDPP from the NHS in the East of England through the Clinical Academic Reserve. SKKDKFZS is supported by the DKFZ. The SMC is funded by the Swedish Cancer Foundation and the Swedish Research Council (SIMPLER, VR 2017-00644). The SZBCS was supported by Grant PBZ_KBN_122/P05/2004. The UCIBCS component of this research was supported by the NIH [CA58860, CA92044] and the Lon V Smith Foundation [LVS39420]. The UKBGS is funded by Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London. ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. The USRT Study was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. The WHI program is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the US National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, and HHSN271201100004C). This work was also funded by NCI U19 CA148065-01.

Identifying the underlying genetic drivers of the heritability of breast cancer prognosis remains elusive. We adapt a network-based approach to handle underpowered complex datasets to provide new insights into the potential function of germline variants in breast cancer prognosis. This network-based analysis studies ~7.3 million variants in 84,457 breast cancer patients in relation to breast cancer survival and confirms the results on 12,381 independent patients. Aggregating the prognostic effects of genetic variants across multiple genes, we identify four gene modules associated with survival in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative and one in ER-positive disease. The modules show biological enrichment for cancer-related processes such as G-alpha signaling, circadian clock, angiogenesis, and Rho-GTPases in apoptosis. ; BCAC: We thank all the individuals who took part in these studies and all the researchers, clinicians, technicians, and administrative staff who have enabled this work to be carried out. We acknowledge all contributors to the COGS and OncoArray study design, chip design, genotyping, and genotype analyses. ABCFS: Maggie Angelakos, Judi Maskiell, Gillian Dite. ABCS: Frans Hogervorst, Sten Cornelissen and Annegien Broeks. ABCTB Investigators: Rosemary Balleine, Robert Baxter, Stephen Braye, Jane Carpenter, Jane Dahlstrom, John Forbes, Soon Lee, Debbie Marsh, Adrienne Morey, Nirmala Pathmanathan, Rodney Scott, Allan Spigelman, Nicholas Wilcken, Desmond Yip. BBCS: Eileen Williams, Elaine Ryder-Mills, Kara Sargus. BCINIS: Dr. K. Landsman, Dr. N. Gronich, Dr. A. Flugelman, Dr. W. Saliba, Dr. E. Liani, Dr. I. Cohen, Dr. S. Kalet, Dr. V. Friedman, Dr. O. Barnet. BIGGS: Niall McInerney, Gabrielle Colleran, Andrew Rowan, Angela Jones. BREOGAN: Manuela Gago-Dominguez, Jose Esteban Castelao, Angel Carracedo, Victor Munoz Garzon, Alejandro Novo Dominguez, Maria Elena Martinez, Sara Miranda Ponte, Carmen Redondo Marey, Maite Pena Fernandez, Manuel Enguix Castelo, Maria Torres, Manuel Calaza, Jose Antunez, Maximo Fraga; Joaquin Gonzalez-Carrero and the Department of Pathology and Biobank of University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica Galicia Sur, SERGAS. BSUCH: Peter Bugert, Medical Faculty Mannheim. CCGP: Styliani Apostolaki, Anna Margiolaki, Georgios Nintos, Maria Perraki, Georgia Saloustrou, Georgia Sevastaki, Konstantinos Pompodakis. CGPS: Dorthe Uldall Andersen, Maria Birna Arnadottir, Anne Bank, Dorthe Kjeldgard Hansen, and the Danish Cancer Biobank. CNIO-BCS: Guillermo Pita, Charo Alonso, Nuria Alvarez, Pilar Zamora, and Primitiva Menendez. CPS-II: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Program of Cancer Registries. The National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results program. CTS: Leslie Bernstein, Susan Neuhausen, James Lacey, Sophia Wang, Huiyan Ma, and Jessica Clague DeHart. Dennis Deapen, Rich Pinder, and Eunjung Lee, Pam Horn-Ross, Peggy Reynolds, Christina Clarke Dur and David Nelson, Hoda Anton-Culver, Argyrios Ziogas, and Hannah Park and Fred Schumacher. DIETCOMPLYF: charity Against Breast Cancer (Registered Charity Number 1121258) and the NCRN. Participants and the investigators of EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). ESTHER: Hartwig Ziegler, Sonja Wolf, Volker Hermann, Christa Stegmaier, Katja Butterbach. FHRISK: NIHR for funding. GC-HBOC: Stefanie Engert, Heide Hellebrand, Sandra Krober and LIFE. Markus Loeffler, Joachim Thiery, Matthias Nuchter, Ronny Baber. GENICA: Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch [HB, Wing-Yee Lo], German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) [HB], gefordert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) im Rahmen der Exzellenzstrategie des Bundes und der Lander -EXC 2180 -390900677 [HB], Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, [Yon-Dschun Ko, Christian Baisch], University of Bonn, Germany [Hans-Peter Fischer], Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany [UH], Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany [Thomas Bruning, Beate Pesch, Sylvia Rabstein, Anne Lotz]; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany [Volker Harth]. HABCS: Michael Bremer. HEBCS: Rainer Fagerholm, Kirsimari Aaltonen, Karl von Smitten, Irja Erkkila. HUBCS: Shamil Gantsev. KARMA and SASBAC: Swedish Medical Research Counsel. KBCP: Eija Myohanen, Helena Kemilainen. kConFab/AOCS: Eveline Niedermayr, Family Cancer Clinics and the Clinical Follow Up Study (received funding from the NHMRC, the National Breast Cancer Foundation, Cancer Australia, and the National Institute of Health (USA)). LMBC: Gilian Peuteman, Thomas Van Brussel, EvyVanderheyden and Kathleen Corthouts. MARIE: Petra Seibold, Judith Heinz, Nadia Obi, Sabine Behrens, Ursula Eilber, Muhabbet Celik and Til Olchers. MBCSG: Paolo Radice, Jacopo Azzollini, Bernardo Bonanni, Bernard Peissel, Roberto Villa, Giulia Cagnoli, Irene Feroce, and Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory. NBCS: Kristine K. Sahlberg (PhD), Lars Ottestad (MD), Rolf Karesen (Prof. Em.) Dr. Ellen Schlichting (MD), Marit Muri Holmen (MD), Toril Sauer (MD), Vilde Haakensen (MD), Olav Engebraten (MD), Bjorn Naume (MD), Alexander Fossa (MD), Cecile E. Kiserud (MD), Kristin V. Reinertsen (MD), Aslaug Helland (MD), Margit Riis (MD), Jurgen Geisler (MD) and OSBREAC. NHS/NHS2: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY. OBCS: Arja Jukkola-Vuorinen, Mervi Grip, Saila Kauppila, Meeri Otsukka, Leena Keskitalo and Kari Mononen. OFBCR: Teresa Selander, Nayana Weerasooriya. ORIGO: E. Krol-Warmerdam, and J. Blom. PBCS: Louise Brinton, Mark Sherman, Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Beata Peplonska, Witold Zatonski, Pei Chao, Michael Stagner. The ethical approval for the POSH study is MREC/00/6/69, UKCRN ID: 1137. Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (ECMC) supported Faculty of Medicine Tissue Bank and the Faculty of Medicine DNA Banking resource. PREFACE: Sonja Oeser and Silke Landrith. PROCAS: NIHR for funding. RBCS: Petra Bos, Jannet Blom, Ellen Crepin, Elisabeth Huijskens, Anja Kromwijk-Nieuwlaat, Annette Heemskerk, the Erasmus MC Family Cancer Clinic. SBCS: Sue Higham, Helen Cramp, Dan Connley, Ian Brock, Sabapathy Balasubramanian and Malcolm W.R. Reed. We thank the SEARCH and EPIC teams. SKKDKFZS: SUCCESS Study teams in Munich, Duessldorf, Erlangen and Ulm. SZBCS: Ewa Putresza. UCIBCS: Irene Masunaka. UKBGS: Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research and NHS funding to the Royal Marsden/ICR NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. WHI: investigators and staff for their dedication. BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK [C1287/A16563, C1287/A10118], the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant numbers 634935 and 633784 for BRIDGES and B-CAST respectively), and by the European Community ' s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number 223175 (grant number HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS). The EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme funding source had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report. Genotyping of the OncoArray was funded by the NIH Grant U19 CA148065, and Cancer UK Grant C1287/A16563 and the PERSPECTIVE project supported by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant GPH-129344) and, the Ministere de l'Economie, Science et Innovation du Quebec through Genome Quebec and the PSRSIIRI-701 grant, and the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation. Funding for the iCOGS infrastructure came from: the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A10710, C12292/A11174, C1281/A12014, C5047/A8384, C5047/A15007, C5047/A10692, C8197/A16565), the National Institutes of Health (CA128978) and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065 and 1U19 CA148112 -the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defence (W81XWH-10-1-0341), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer, and Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. The DRIVE Consortium was funded by U19 CA148065. ABCFS was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ABCFS was also supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the New South Wales Cancer Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Australia) and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. J.L.H. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow. M.C.S. is a NHMRC Senior Research Fellow. The ABCS study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society [grants NKI 2007-3839; 2009-4363; 2015-7632]. The ABCTB was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, The Cancer Institute NSW and the National Breast Cancer Foundation. The work of the BBCC was partly funded by ELANFond of the University Hospital of Erlangen. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breast Cancer Now and acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). For the BCFRNY, BCFR-PA, BCFR-UT this work was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute. For BIGGS, ES is supported by NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London, United Kingdom. IT is supported by the Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The BREOGAN is funded by Accion Estrategica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS PI12/02125/Cofinanciado FEDER; Accion Estrategica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS PI17/00918/Cofinanciado FEDER; Accion Estrategica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS Intrasalud (PI13/01136); Programa Grupos Emergentes, Cancer Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica Galicia Sur. Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Vigo-SERGAS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Grant 10CSA012E, Conselleria de Industria Programa Sectorial de Investigacion Aplicada, PEME I + D e I + D Suma del Plan Gallego de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica de la Conselleria de Industria de la Xunta de Galicia, Spain; Grant EC11-192. Fomento de la Investigacion Clinica Independiente, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Spain; and Grant FEDER-Innterconecta. Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Xunta de Galicia, Spain. The BSUCH study was supported by the Dietmar-Hopp Foundation, the Helmholtz Society and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). CCGP is supported by funding from the University of Crete. The CECILE study was supported by Fondation de France, Institut National du Cancer (INCa), Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Agence Nationale de Securite Sanitaire, de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). The CGPS was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council, and Herlev and Gentofte Hospital. The CNIO-BCS was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the Red Tematica de Investigacion Cooperativa en Cancer and grants from the Asociacion Espanola Contra el Cancer and the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitario (PI11/00923 and PI12/00070). The American Cancer Society funds the creation, maintenance, and updating of the CPS-II cohort. The CTS was initially supported by the California Breast Cancer Act of 1993 and the California Breast Cancer Research Fund (contract 97-10500) and is currently funded through the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA77398, UM1 CA164917, and U01 CA199277). Collection of cancer incidence data was supported by the California Department of Public Health as part of the statewide cancer reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code Section 103885. The University of Westminster curates the DietCompLyf database funded by Against Breast Cancer Registered Charity No. 1121258 and the NCRN. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by: Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPICOxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPICOxford) (United Kingdom). The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden Wurttemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. Additional cases were recruited in the context of the VERDI study, which was supported by a grant from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe). FHRISK is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. Prof D Gareth Evans is supported by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (IS-BRC-1215-20007). The GC-HBOC is supported by the German Cancer Aid (grant no 110837, coordinator: Rita K. Schmutzler, Cologne). This work was also funded by the European Regional Development Fund and Free State of Saxony, Germany (LIFE -Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, project numbers 713241202, 713-241202, 14505/2470, 14575/2470). The GENICA was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany grants 01KW9975/5, 01KW9976/8, 01KW9977/0, and 01KW0114, the Robert Bosch Foundation, Stuttgart, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, as well as the Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany. The GESBC was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e. V. [70492] and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). The HABCS study was supported by the Claudia von Schilling Foundation for Breast Cancer Research, by the Lower Saxonian Cancer Society, and by the Rudolf Bartling Foundation. The HEBCS was financially supported by the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (266528), the Finnish Cancer Society, and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The HUBCS was supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (RUS08/017), and by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations for support the Bioresource collections and RFBR grants 14-04-97088, 1729-06014 and 17-44-020498. Financial support for KARBAC was provided through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Cancer Society, The Gustav V Jubilee foundation and Bert von Kantzows foundation. The KARMA study was supported by Marit and Hans Rausings Initiative Against Breast Cancer. The KBCP was financially supported by the special Government Funding (EVO) of Kuopio University Hospital grants, Cancer Fund of North Savo, the Finnish Cancer Organizations, and by the strategic funding of the University of Eastern Finland. kConFab is supported by a grant from the National Breast Cancer Foundation, and previously by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia. LMBC is supported by the "Stichting tegen Kanker." The MARIE study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. [70-2892-BR I, 106332, 108253, 108419, 110826, 110828], the Hamburg Cancer Society, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany [01KH0402]. MBCSG is supported by grants from the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) and by funds from the Italian citizens who allocated the 5/1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects "5x1000"). The MCBCS was supported by the NIH grants CA192393, CA116167, CA176785 an NIH Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer [CA116201], and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and a generous.pngt from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation. MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057 and 396414, and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. The MEC was supported by NIH grants CA63464, CA54281, CA098758, CA132839 and CA164973. The MISS study is supported by funding from ERC-2011294576 Advanced grant, Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council, Local hospital funds, Berta Kamprad Foundation, Gunnar Nilsson. The MMHS study was supported by NIH grants CA97396, CA128931, CA116201, CA140286 and CA177150. The NBCS has received funding from the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Breast Cancer Research; the Research Council of Norway grant 193387/V50 (to A-L Borresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen) and grant 193387/H10 (to A-L Borresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen), South Eastern Norway Health Authority (grant 39346 to A-L Borresen-Dale) and the Norwegian Cancer Society (to A-L Borresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen). The NC-BCFR and OFBCR were supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The NCBCS was funded by Komen Foundation, the National Cancer Institute (P50 CA058223, U54 CA156733, U01 CA179715), and the North Carolina University Cancer Research Fund. The NHS was supported by NIH grants P01 CA87969, UM1 CA186107, and U19 CA148065. The NHS2 was supported by NIH grants UM1 CA176726 and U19 CA148065. The OBCS was supported by research grants from the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Academy of Finland (grant number 250083, 122715 and Center of Excellence grant number 251314), the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, the University of Oulu, the University of Oulu Support Foundation and the special Governmental EVO funds for Oulu University Hospital-based research activities. The ORIGO study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (RUL 19971505) and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRINL CP16). The PBCS was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. Genotyping for PLCO was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, NCI, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics. The PLCO is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and supported by contracts from the Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. The POSH study is funded by Cancer Research UK (grants C1275/A11699, C1275/C22524, C1275/A19187, C1275/A15956 and Breast Cancer Campaign 2010PR62, 2013PR044. PROCAS is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. PROCAS is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. The RBCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (DDHK 2004-3124, DDHK 2009-4318). The SASBAC study was supported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR), the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. The SBCS was supported by Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and Breast Cancer Now Tissue Bank. SEARCH is funded by Cancer Research UK [C490/A10124, C490/A16561] and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge has received salary support for PDPP from the NHS in the East of England through the Clinical Academic Reserve. SKKDKFZS is supported by the DKFZ. The SMC is funded by the Swedish Cancer Foundation and the Swedish Research Council (SIMPLER, VR 2017-00644). The SZBCS was supported by Grant PBZ_KBN_122/P05/2004. The UCIBCS component of this research was supported by the NIH [CA58860, CA92044] and the Lon V Smith Foundation [LVS39420]. The UKBGS is funded by Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London. ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. The USRT Study was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. The WHI program is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the US National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, and HHSN271201100004C). This work was also funded by NCI U19 CA148065-01. ; Sí

Purpose
This research aims to investigate post-forest fire perceptions of businesses towards the environment as a stakeholder. Through interviews with affected businesses, the authors aim to understand whether disasters prompt sustainability prioritisation beyond legal or market demands, shedding light on potential shifts in environmental attitudes and decision-making processes.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors used qualitative methods to investigate post-disaster shifts in environmental perceptions. Using site visits, preparatory meetings and semi-structured interviews between October 2017 and April 2021, the authors gained insights into destruction, recovery efforts and stakeholder perspectives. Content analysis provided valuable decision-making insights, particularly in understanding the landscape dominated by SMEs reliant on short-term strategies.

Findings
Interviews revealed varied perspectives on stakeholder recognition, especially concerning the natural environment. Although some managers promptly acknowledged stakeholder groups, the recognition of the natural environment as one varied. Concerning the natural environment as a stakeholder, responses ranged from ecological acknowledgment to denying its stakeholder status. Despite differing views, many agreed on the forest's importance, especially for resource-reliant industries. The findings suggest that although many decision makers verbally acknowledge the natural environment as a stakeholder, their actions reveal the opposite.

Research limitations/implications
The limitations are the COVID-19 pandemic in the data research phase. The methodology applied (qualitative) can be a limitation in itself and the authors recommend further research, applying mixed or quantitative methods. The research covers one event in one country. It is relevant to test our questions and conclusions in other countries/after other natural disasters. Incorporating other stakeholders' views and exploring alternative theories could enhance understanding and challenge existing results.

Practical implications
This study holds practical implications for understanding the relationship between organisations and the natural environment, particularly in recognising it as a stakeholder. By acknowledging the environment as a stakeholder, organisations can mitigate the effects of future natural disasters, as well as reducing their environmental footprints. Implementing these insights can lead to more informed decision-making processes and contribute to more effective resources and stakeholder management.

Social implications
Recognizing the environment as a stakeholder fosters environmental consciousness and community engagement. Addressing the natural environment as such enhances the ownership and responsibility of the surrounding natural environment.

Originality/value
The study's originality lies in its exploration of organisational responses to natural disasters, particularly in recognizing the environment as a stakeholder. It offers unique insights into decision-making processes and attitudes towards environmental responsibility, contributing to advancing understanding and informing strategies for sustainable disaster management on a global scale.

<i>Background</i> In the context of globalization, as one of the most significant bilateral relations in the world, the dynamics of China-US relations exert a considerable influence on the world. Simultaneously, the accelerated advancement of Internet technology has provided a more expansive array of avenues for acquiring information. Through Social media, news websites, and international forums, Chinese youth groups demonstrate a heightened interest in global affairs. However, the divergence between disparate cultural and political systems has resulted in Chinese youth developing nuanced and multifaceted political dispositions when engaging with the United States and other Western nations. It is therefore imperative to study the political attitudes of Chinese youth, particularly to the United States. <i>Objectives</i> The concept of political attitude expression refers to the external manifestation of an individual's ideological position's usefulness. However, there is a lack of empirical research examining the alignment between an individual's inner motivation and their expression of political attitudes. Based on the aforementioned information, an experimental study was devised and executed with the aim of discerning political attitudes. The study focused on individuals' external expressions of political attitudes and their intrinsic motivations, specifically in relation to the United States. The objective was to examine whether specific factors could potentially influence the external manifestation of individuals' internal ideologies.<i> Main ideas</i> Various factors contribute to the expression of individual ideologies. The ideologies expressed by individuals do not solely reflect their ideological beliefs, but rather arise from a complex interplay of moderating factors influenced by individual rationality regarding economic costs and social circumstances. <i>Conclusions</i> (1) The political attitudes of Chinese youth toward the United States in general demonstrate a left-leaning trend, with low favorability toward the U.S. (2) Economic interests exert an influence on ideological expression, and individuals holding a left-leaning ideological position may elect to accept financial incentives and formally demonstrate high favorability toward the U.S., driven by economic interests. (3) Transformations in the social milieu may precipitate a phenomenon whereby individuals are inclined to "follow the crowd," concealing their authentic political dispositions and eschewing genuine political expression.