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Gender quotas have spread rapidly around the world in recent years. However, few studies have yet theorized, systematically or comparatively, variations in their features, adoption and implementation. This article surveys quota campaigns in Western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. It proposes that one or more sets of controversies influence the course and outcomes of quota reforms. These revolve around (1) competing principles of equality, (2) different ideas about political representation, and (3) various beliefs about 'gender' and its relation to other kinds of political identities. The article draws on these distinctions to identify four broad models of political citizenship that determine the kinds of quota policies that are pursued and their prospects for bringing more women into political office.

This book looks at networks of individual donors during early stages of presidential primary electons to determine party unity. It directly challenges the commonly-held perception that a "divisive" primary is a problem for the political party in the general election.

During political "thaw", in years 1955−1956 in the People's Republic of Poland, it write in newspapers about themes banned earlier. One of such many theme formerly banned was censorship (Main Office of Control of Press, Publications and Shows). Journalists wrote about books banned by censorship, prohibited publications and black-listed writers, whose books had removed from libraries and destroyed. Situation is changed in 1958 – it is not allowed to write again about existence and activity of censorship

Examines the political philosophy & biography of Vaclav Havel, president of the postcommunist Czech Republic. It is argued that Havel's political approach resists easy classification. On the one hand, he can be viewed as antifoundationalist, particularly in his ideas of "radical democracy." A tendency toward a more classical humanistic conceptualization of politics is also noted, however, in Havel's ideas on morality, freedom, & politics. He also demonstrates a tension between the postmodern deconstruction of authority & a classical affirmation of authority, between transformation & tradition. Parallels are drawn between the situation of political crisis characterizing the demise of the Czech communist system & classic Greek tragedy; the numerous references to tragedy in Havel's political writings are offered as examples, highlighting his identification of the significant role of tragedy in the struggle for freedom. K. Hyatt Stewart

Relationship between professionalization and military coups d'état. Examines reasons for civilian political control and absence of coup behavior; concentrates on internal characteristics of the armed forces.

This paper analyzes the current state of political science as an academic discipline in Colombia. Considering the concept of institutionalization as a departure point, the author examines five discipline components, namely, the development of teaching, educators, research, publications, and the recent emergence of a profession association as well as the implementation of the first national congress. The author identifies strengths and weaknesses of the Colombia's recent institutionalization process and shows that the process has been uneven with regard to different Colombian universities. As it turned out, in Colombia, political science is a discipline developed primarily at private institutions, with a limited admission rates but with high concentration of research, doctoral training, and the number of academic publications. ; Este artículo analiza el estado actual de la ciencia política como disciplina universitaria en Colombia. A partir del concepto de institucionalización presenta una visión de conjunto de cinco componentes de la disciplina: la expansión de la docencia, los profesores, la investigación, las publicaciones y el reciente proceso de surgimiento de agremiaciones y realización de los primeros congresos nacionales. El argumento central es que Colombia presenta un proceso de institucionalización reciente, con fortalezas y debilidades y un desarrollo desigual entre universidades. Se trata de una disciplina desarrollada especialmente en instituciones privadas y con limitaciones de acceso y alta concentración de la investigación, la formación doctoral y las publicaciones consolidadas. ; Este artigo considera o estado atual da Ciência Política como disciplina acadêmica na Colômbia. Na base do conceito de institucionalização, oferece uma visão geral dos cinco componentes da disciplina, como são: a expansão do ensino, os professores, as pesquisas, as publicações e o recente surgimento de associações e o processo e implementação do primeiro congresso nacional. O argumento central é que a Colômbia tem um processo de institucionalização recente, com fortaleças, debilidades e um desenvolvimento díspar entre as universidades. Ciência Política é uma disciplina desenvolvida especialmente em instituições privadas e com acesso limitado, mais uma alta concentração de investigação, formação de doutorado e publicações consolidadas.

Strukturen und Determinanten politischer Beteiligung und
politischer Ideologie.

Themen: Wahrnehmung über- bzw. unterprivilegierter Gruppen;
Interessenverletzung und Interessenvertretung durch
Organisationen; politisches Interesse; Legitimitätseinschätzung der
gegenwärtigen Regierung und des politischen Systems;
Selbsteinstufung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum;
Links-Rechts-Verständnis; Postmaterialismus-Index; Issue-Orientierung;
Wahlbereitschaft für die Grünen; Wertepräferenzen;
Sympathie-Skalometer für gesellschaftliche Gruppen und Organisationen
sowie für Parteien; Bereitschaft zu einem Parteieintritt;
Einstellung zum Einfluß des Staates auf die Wirtschaft und zum
Einfluß der Kirche auf sozial- und kulturpolitische Fragen;
Auffassungen über eine gewerkschaftlich organisierte
Mitbestimmung der Großunternehmen; Befürwortung unkonventionellen
politischen Protestes; Zeitpunkt, Ziel und Initiative bei der
Beteiligung an unkonventionellen politischen Aktivitäten;
Einstellung zur politischen Gewalt; Einstellung zu staatlichen
Repressionsmaßnahmen; Parteiidentifikation; Wahlabsicht bei der
Bundestagswahl; subjektive Schichteinstufung; Beteiligung an
konventionellen politischen Aktivitäten; Einschätzung der
eigenen politischen Wirkungskraft und Grad der indirekten
Interessenvertretung; Systemreaktionsbereitschaft;
Selbsteinstufung auf einer Oben-Unten-Skala; soziale Herkunft;
Parteipräferenz der Eltern.

Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Familienstand; Kinderzahl; Alter der
Kinder (klassiert); Konfession; Religiosität; Kirchgangshäufigkeit;
Schulbildung; Berufsausbildung; Beruf; Berufliche Position;
Berufstätigkeit; Art des Betriebs; Einschätzung der
Arbeitsplatzsicherheit; Vorgesetztenfunktion und Kontrollspanne;
Mitgliedschaften und Aktivitäten in Vereinen; Haushaltszusammensetzung;
Umzugshäufigkeit.

Interviewerrating: Interviewsituation und Interviewablauf;
Anwesenheit dritter Personen; Häufigkeit der Unterbrechungen;
Interesse des Befragten am Interview; Interviewdauer;
Kooperationsbereitschaft; Zuverlässigkeit des Befragten; Interviewdatum;
Interviewergeschlecht; Intervieweralter; Intervieweridentifikation.