Suchergebnisse

Problem setting. The state of the national labor market is characterized by an extremely acute crisis. Its essence is that there is no balance in the field of public administration of the population employment system. In particular, as always, national governments and international structures draw the attention to the imbalance of labor markets, as an important determinant of socio-economic development and a multidimensional problem of public administration policy. Due to globalization, digitalization, demographic change, migration, etc., the problem of public administration in the field of population employment became significantly relevant in recent years, which has a strong impact on the state of the world and national labor markets. The importance of labor market institutions is critical for overcoming imbalances in the employment sector – this is clear from global and, including European experience. Now it is necessary for domestic state policy to comprehend and adapt such experience, as in recent years there have been significant conceptual and practical differences between the institutional approaches used by Ukraine and the European Union concerning how to develop labor and social relations.The effectiveness of the population employment system which is conducted by public administration at the current stage of development of the country – a qualitative indicator of the effectiveness of public policy in the socio-economic sphere, its level directly determines the current state of the domestic economy. The structure of employment and the level of its efficiency, which had a direct connection with various sectors of the economy, the phenomena of illegal labor migration and shadow employment, still remain problems of the labor market. The inefficiency of the structure of public administration of the population employment system is a reflection of the model of economic development, which is based on cheap workforce. Thus, in connection with the current state of the Ukrainian economy, public administration bodies must develop a very prudent employment policy, because only positive changes in public administration of the employment system, including the possibility of free movement of labor, which stimulates structural change, can assist the country to emerge from the crisis and revive economic growth.Recent research and publications analysis. Many researches by both domestic and foreign authors are dedicated to the analysis of the institutional environment of the employment system and the labor market. Analysis of employment legislation and its impact on the labor market, the activities of employment services in the world is presented in researches of such foreign authors as J. Keynes, A. Marshall, O. Williamson, Fan Tui, E. Hansent and D. Price others.Among the domestic authors who resaerched this issue can be identified scientific achievements of M. Butka, S. Goncharova, Yu. Marshavina, E. Libanova, L. Novak-Kalyaeva, V. Petyukha, L. Shchetinina, L. Fokas, T. Vonberg, T. Kitsak, S. Kalinina and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The diversity of modern institutional research, however, leaves unanswered a number of important issues for modern state policy of Ukraine - the institutional foundations of public administration of the population employment system of Ukraine. Paying tribute to the conducted researchws, many important problems of institutional restructuring of the domestic labor market in the context of the social crisis and the destruction of the regional economic space remain unresolved.Paper main body. The interaction of individuals in society is regulated by numerous social organizations and regulations. In other words, the activity of each person is institutionalized. Institutionalization is mainly understood as the formalization of social relations, the transition from informal relations and unorganized work to the formation of organizational structures, which were characterized by a clear hierarchy of power. The process of institutionalization also means that the activities of people and their relationships will be regulated, legally legalized organizational structures, if it is necessary and possible.The process of institutionalization is associated with a complex systemic transformation, differently implemented in the normative, organizational and communicative forms of social institutions.At the present stage, the institutional basis (formal component) of the state employment service is determined:1) The Law of Ukraine "On Population Employment" № 5067-VI of 05.07.2012, in its section III it is determined that the state policy in the field of population employment and labor migration is carried out by the Central Executive Body, which implements the state policy in the field of population employment and labor migration, which has its own territorial bodies that are legal entities under public law. Financing of activity is carried out at the expense of means of Fund of the Obligatory State Social Insurance of Ukraine in Case of Unemployment;2) The Law of Ukraine "On Compulsory State Social Insurance in Case of Unemployment" stipulates that the functions of the executive directorate of the Fund are performed by the central executive body implementing state policy in the field of population employment and labor migration, and its territorial bodies;3) In accordance with the Fundamentals of the legislation of Ukraine concerning compulsory state social insurance, the management of funds of compulsory state social insurance is carried out by the boards and executive directorates of insurance funds, which ensure defined by laws specific types of social insurance, the implementation of board decisions;4) The Decree of the President of Ukraine "On the State Employment Service of Ukraine" № 19/2013 of January 16, 2013 approved the Regulations on the State Employment Service of Ukraine, determined that the new service is the successor of the relevant bodies of the state employment service. The same Decree amended Section II and Clause 12 of Section IV of the Scheme of Organization and Interaction of Central Executive Bodies of the Decree of the President of Ukraine "On Optimization of the System of Central Executive Bodies" № 1085/2010 of December 9, 2010, supplemented by the following paragraph: "State Employment Service of Ukraine". We would like to draw special attention to the fact that the Decree of the President of Ukraine is currently in force. However, the new "State Employment Service of Ukraine" did not last long after its creation. On July 11, 2013, the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "Issues of the State Employment Service" №565 was adopted, according to it territorial bodies of the State Employment Service were established as legal entities under public law, and the State Employment Center of the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy was merged with the State Employment Service. According to the appendix to the Resolution, departments of the State Employment Service was established in regional and district centers. However, in fact this did not happen. The Resolution expired on the basis of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "Some Issues of Public Administration in the Field of Employment" № 90 of March 5, 2014, which states that "in order to improve public administration in the field of population employment and optimize the system of central executive bodies "the state employment service" was liquidated. It was also determined that the state employment service as a centralized system of state institutions, its activities are directed and coordinated by the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture, is the successor of the State Employment Service. Along with the liquidation of the State Employment Service of Ukraine, employees of the State Employment Service also lost the status of civil servants. It is interesting that the Presidential Decree established the State Employment Service of Ukraine, and the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine abolished the State Employment Service;5) Presidential Decree "On Optimization of the System of Central Executive Bodies" № 1085/2010 of 09.12.2010, where in the section "Central authorities" there is such a body as the "State Employment Service", and in section IV the central executive bodies, which activities are directed and coordinated by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine through the relevant members of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, determine that the activities of "the State Employment Service of Ukraine" are directed through the Minister of Social Policy of Ukraine.We would like to draw your attention to the fact that "the State Employment Service of Ukraine" was liquidated, but this Decree is valid and was not amended since 2014;6) There was also an attempt to change the organizational and legal form and transform the SESU into the National Employment Agency. The concept of such reform was presented by the Minister of Social Policy of Ukraine on June 25, 2015 at the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Labor Market of Ukraine: European Dimension". The work of the National Employment Agency on the basis of the SESU was scheduled to start on January 1, 2016. However, due to the lack of substantiation of the planned reforms, no reforms were carried out. Even while discussing the idea of reorganization, experts had doubts about its relevance, but noted the necessity for change in the work of the employment service;7) The next step in "reforming" the state employment service was the issuance of the Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine № 1543 of 15.12.2016, which approved the "Regulations on the State Employment Service", but not taking into account that the title mentions "state", according to item 1 of the Regulation such institution as "State employment service" which is the centralized system of the state institutions which activity is directed and coordinated by the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine again appears. The Service consisted of the Central Office of the Service, Regional and Basic Employment Centers, the Ukrainian State Employment Service Training Institute, vocational schools of the State Employment Service, which are defined as legal entities under public law. However, this Order expired on the basis of the Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine "On approval of the Regulations on the State Employment Service" № 945 of June 14, 2019. In our opinion, the only significant change in this order was that instead of the Central Office in the service, the State Employment Center reappeared. This provision is valid;8) On December 5, 2019, the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning the Formation of State Policy in the Sphere of Labor, Labor Relations, Employment and Labor Migration" № 341-IX was adopted, pursuant to it the Resolution was adopted Of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine № 206 of March 3, 2020 "On Amendments to Certain Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Concerning the Transfer of Certain Powers from the Ministry of Social Policy to the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture in the Field of Employment population", which entered into force on March 12, 2020. In accordance with the provisions of this Resolution, taking into account the new priorities of public policy, the issue of public administration of the employment system is a component of economic rather than social policy. Also, this resolution, by amending the existing regulations, destroys the concept of "public employment service". Only the State Employment Center remains. At the same time, no changes were made to the Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine "On approval of the Regulations on the State Employment Service" № 945 of June 14, 2019, according to it the activities of the State Employment Service are directed and coordinated by the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine. is the main institution of the service. The new provision has not yet been approved. In connection with these conflicts in the law there is a question of legitimacy of the institution.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further researches. Institutional principles of public administration of the population employment system of Ukraine are a process that consists in defining and consolidating social norms, rules, statuses and roles, bringing them into a system capable of acting to reduce the negative impact of unemployment by identifying, eliminating and neutralizing the causes and conditions of unemployment. The result of this process is the creation of an institute of state employment service.The analysis makes it possible to identify in our country an imperfect institutional environment for employment and the labor market. First of all, it is related to the existing contradictions in the legislative system, the shortcomings of the current regulations on the state employment service in Ukraine, and the lack of a clearly defined development strategy.A clearly defined goal, a detailed presentation of the tasks and functions of the state employment service were not formed, in particular those that take into account new trends and realities of employment and the labor market, provide employment legislation with formalities that do not ensure effective activity of service, does not encourage new forms of cooperation of neither potential employees nor employers. ; Розглянуто співвідношення понять "інституціоналізація" та "інституалізація".Зроблено висновок, що ці поняття є тотожними. Доведено, що у контексті глобалізації, цифровізації, демографічних змін, міграції тощо проблема державного управління у сфері зайнятості населення упродовж останніх років суттєво актуалізується, що сильно впливає на стан світового і національного ринків праці. Наголошено, що значення інститутів ринку праці є критичним для подолання розбалансованості у секторі зайнятості. Досліджено інституціональні основи діяльності Державної служби зайнятості. Визначено, що інституціональне середовище зайнятості та ринку праці є недосконалим: існує велика кількість колізій у нормативно-правовому забезпеченні, відсутня чітко окреслена стратегія розвитку

Problem setting. The state of the national labor market is characterized by an extremely acute crisis. Its essence is that there is no balance in the field of public administration of the population employment system. In particular, as always, national governments and international structures draw the attention to the imbalance of labor markets, as an important determinant of socio-economic development and a multidimensional problem of public administration policy. Due to globalization, digitalization, demographic change, migration, etc., the problem of public administration in the field of population employment became significantly relevant in recent years, which has a strong impact on the state of the world and national labor markets. The importance of labor market institutions is critical for overcoming imbalances in the employment sector – this is clear from global and, including European experience. Now it is necessary for domestic state policy to comprehend and adapt such experience, as in recent years there have been significant conceptual and practical differences between the institutional approaches used by Ukraine and the European Union concerning how to develop labor and social relations.The effectiveness of the population employment system which is conducted by public administration at the current stage of development of the country – a qualitative indicator of the effectiveness of public policy in the socio-economic sphere, its level directly determines the current state of the domestic economy. The structure of employment and the level of its efficiency, which had a direct connection with various sectors of the economy, the phenomena of illegal labor migration and shadow employment, still remain problems of the labor market. The inefficiency of the structure of public administration of the population employment system is a reflection of the model of economic development, which is based on cheap workforce. Thus, in connection with the current state of the Ukrainian economy, public administration bodies must develop a very prudent employment policy, because only positive changes in public administration of the employment system, including the possibility of free movement of labor, which stimulates structural change, can assist the country to emerge from the crisis and revive economic growth.Recent research and publications analysis. Many researches by both domestic and foreign authors are dedicated to the analysis of the institutional environment of the employment system and the labor market. Analysis of employment legislation and its impact on the labor market, the activities of employment services in the world is presented in researches of such foreign authors as J. Keynes, A. Marshall, O. Williamson, Fan Tui, E. Hansent and D. Price others.Among the domestic authors who resaerched this issue can be identified scientific achievements of M. Butka, S. Goncharova, Yu. Marshavina, E. Libanova, L. Novak-Kalyaeva, V. Petyukha, L. Shchetinina, L. Fokas, T. Vonberg, T. Kitsak, S. Kalinina and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The diversity of modern institutional research, however, leaves unanswered a number of important issues for modern state policy of Ukraine - the institutional foundations of public administration of the population employment system of Ukraine. Paying tribute to the conducted researchws, many important problems of institutional restructuring of the domestic labor market in the context of the social crisis and the destruction of the regional economic space remain unresolved.Paper main body. The interaction of individuals in society is regulated by numerous social organizations and regulations. In other words, the activity of each person is institutionalized. Institutionalization is mainly understood as the formalization of social relations, the transition from informal relations and unorganized work to the formation of organizational structures, which were characterized by a clear hierarchy of power. The process of institutionalization also means that the activities of people and their relationships will be regulated, legally legalized organizational structures, if it is necessary and possible.The process of institutionalization is associated with a complex systemic transformation, differently implemented in the normative, organizational and communicative forms of social institutions.At the present stage, the institutional basis (formal component) of the state employment service is determined:1) The Law of Ukraine "On Population Employment" № 5067-VI of 05.07.2012, in its section III it is determined that the state policy in the field of population employment and labor migration is carried out by the Central Executive Body, which implements the state policy in the field of population employment and labor migration, which has its own territorial bodies that are legal entities under public law. Financing of activity is carried out at the expense of means of Fund of the Obligatory State Social Insurance of Ukraine in Case of Unemployment;2) The Law of Ukraine "On Compulsory State Social Insurance in Case of Unemployment" stipulates that the functions of the executive directorate of the Fund are performed by the central executive body implementing state policy in the field of population employment and labor migration, and its territorial bodies;3) In accordance with the Fundamentals of the legislation of Ukraine concerning compulsory state social insurance, the management of funds of compulsory state social insurance is carried out by the boards and executive directorates of insurance funds, which ensure defined by laws specific types of social insurance, the implementation of board decisions;4) The Decree of the President of Ukraine "On the State Employment Service of Ukraine" № 19/2013 of January 16, 2013 approved the Regulations on the State Employment Service of Ukraine, determined that the new service is the successor of the relevant bodies of the state employment service. The same Decree amended Section II and Clause 12 of Section IV of the Scheme of Organization and Interaction of Central Executive Bodies of the Decree of the President of Ukraine "On Optimization of the System of Central Executive Bodies" № 1085/2010 of December 9, 2010, supplemented by the following paragraph: "State Employment Service of Ukraine". We would like to draw special attention to the fact that the Decree of the President of Ukraine is currently in force. However, the new "State Employment Service of Ukraine" did not last long after its creation. On July 11, 2013, the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "Issues of the State Employment Service" №565 was adopted, according to it territorial bodies of the State Employment Service were established as legal entities under public law, and the State Employment Center of the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy was merged with the State Employment Service. According to the appendix to the Resolution, departments of the State Employment Service was established in regional and district centers. However, in fact this did not happen. The Resolution expired on the basis of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "Some Issues of Public Administration in the Field of Employment" № 90 of March 5, 2014, which states that "in order to improve public administration in the field of population employment and optimize the system of central executive bodies "the state employment service" was liquidated. It was also determined that the state employment service as a centralized system of state institutions, its activities are directed and coordinated by the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture, is the successor of the State Employment Service. Along with the liquidation of the State Employment Service of Ukraine, employees of the State Employment Service also lost the status of civil servants. It is interesting that the Presidential Decree established the State Employment Service of Ukraine, and the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine abolished the State Employment Service;5) Presidential Decree "On Optimization of the System of Central Executive Bodies" № 1085/2010 of 09.12.2010, where in the section "Central authorities" there is such a body as the "State Employment Service", and in section IV the central executive bodies, which activities are directed and coordinated by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine through the relevant members of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, determine that the activities of "the State Employment Service of Ukraine" are directed through the Minister of Social Policy of Ukraine.We would like to draw your attention to the fact that "the State Employment Service of Ukraine" was liquidated, but this Decree is valid and was not amended since 2014;6) There was also an attempt to change the organizational and legal form and transform the SESU into the National Employment Agency. The concept of such reform was presented by the Minister of Social Policy of Ukraine on June 25, 2015 at the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Labor Market of Ukraine: European Dimension". The work of the National Employment Agency on the basis of the SESU was scheduled to start on January 1, 2016. However, due to the lack of substantiation of the planned reforms, no reforms were carried out. Even while discussing the idea of reorganization, experts had doubts about its relevance, but noted the necessity for change in the work of the employment service;7) The next step in "reforming" the state employment service was the issuance of the Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine № 1543 of 15.12.2016, which approved the "Regulations on the State Employment Service", but not taking into account that the title mentions "state", according to item 1 of the Regulation such institution as "State employment service" which is the centralized system of the state institutions which activity is directed and coordinated by the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine again appears. The Service consisted of the Central Office of the Service, Regional and Basic Employment Centers, the Ukrainian State Employment Service Training Institute, vocational schools of the State Employment Service, which are defined as legal entities under public law. However, this Order expired on the basis of the Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine "On approval of the Regulations on the State Employment Service" № 945 of June 14, 2019. In our opinion, the only significant change in this order was that instead of the Central Office in the service, the State Employment Center reappeared. This provision is valid;8) On December 5, 2019, the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning the Formation of State Policy in the Sphere of Labor, Labor Relations, Employment and Labor Migration" № 341-IX was adopted, pursuant to it the Resolution was adopted Of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine № 206 of March 3, 2020 "On Amendments to Certain Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Concerning the Transfer of Certain Powers from the Ministry of Social Policy to the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture in the Field of Employment population", which entered into force on March 12, 2020. In accordance with the provisions of this Resolution, taking into account the new priorities of public policy, the issue of public administration of the employment system is a component of economic rather than social policy. Also, this resolution, by amending the existing regulations, destroys the concept of "public employment service". Only the State Employment Center remains. At the same time, no changes were made to the Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine "On approval of the Regulations on the State Employment Service" № 945 of June 14, 2019, according to it the activities of the State Employment Service are directed and coordinated by the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine. is the main institution of the service. The new provision has not yet been approved. In connection with these conflicts in the law there is a question of legitimacy of the institution.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further researches. Institutional principles of public administration of the population employment system of Ukraine are a process that consists in defining and consolidating social norms, rules, statuses and roles, bringing them into a system capable of acting to reduce the negative impact of unemployment by identifying, eliminating and neutralizing the causes and conditions of unemployment. The result of this process is the creation of an institute of state employment service.The analysis makes it possible to identify in our country an imperfect institutional environment for employment and the labor market. First of all, it is related to the existing contradictions in the legislative system, the shortcomings of the current regulations on the state employment service in Ukraine, and the lack of a clearly defined development strategy.A clearly defined goal, a detailed presentation of the tasks and functions of the state employment service were not formed, in particular those that take into account new trends and realities of employment and the labor market, provide employment legislation with formalities that do not ensure effective activity of service, does not encourage new forms of cooperation of neither potential employees nor employers. ; Розглянуто співвідношення понять "інституціоналізація" та "інституалізація".Зроблено висновок, що ці поняття є тотожними. Доведено, що у контексті глобалізації, цифровізації, демографічних змін, міграції тощо проблема державного управління у сфері зайнятості населення упродовж останніх років суттєво актуалізується, що сильно впливає на стан світового і національного ринків праці. Наголошено, що значення інститутів ринку праці є критичним для подолання розбалансованості у секторі зайнятості. Досліджено інституціональні основи діяльності Державної служби зайнятості. Визначено, що інституціональне середовище зайнятості та ринку праці є недосконалим: існує велика кількість колізій у нормативно-правовому забезпеченні, відсутня чітко окреслена стратегія розвитку

A synchronous growth slowdown has been underway in emerging markets (EM) since 2010. Growth in these countries is now markedly slower than, not just the pre‐crisis average, but also the long‐term average. As a group, EM growth eased from 7.6 percent in 2010 to 4.5 percent in 2014, and is projected to slow further to below 4 percent in 2015. This moderation has affected all regions (except South Asia) and is the most severe in Latin America and the Caribbean. The deceleration is highly synchronous across countries, especially among large EM. By 2015, China, Russia, and South Africa had all experienced three consecutive years of slower growth. The EM‐AE growth differential has narrowed to two percentage points in 2015, well below the 2003‐08 average of 4.8 percentage points and near the long‐term average differential of 1990‐2008. The recent slowdown in EM has been a source of a lively debate, as evident from the quotations at the beginning of this note. Some economists paint a bleak picture for the future of EM and argue that the impressive growth performance of EM prior to the crisis was driven by temporary commodity booms and rapid debt accumulation, and will not be sustained. Others emphasize that a wide range of cyclical and structural factors are driving the slowdown: weakening macroeconomic fundamentals after the crisis; prospective tightening in financial conditions; resurfacing of deep‐rooted governance problems in EM; and difficulty adjusting to disruptive technological changes. Still others highlight differences across EM and claim that some of them are in a better position to weather the slowdown and will likely register strong growth in the future. This policy research note seeks to help move the debate forward by examining the main features, drivers, and implications of the recent EM slowdown and provides a comprehensive analysis of available policy options to counteract it.

The lessons learned from the implications of the global crisis for the Armenian economy led the Government of Armenia to refine its approach to economic development policy. The business environment, the market structure, and the incentive pattern had not fostered reallocation of resources into more productive areas or the emergence of internationally competitive products and services. Despite numerous initiatives and multiple efforts, there was no holistic approach or actionable roadmap for supporting private sector development. The pressing need to restore economic growth despite a small domestic market led the Armenian government to search for new sources of growth in export-oriented industries. At the end of 2011, the Government of Armenia adopted its export-led industrial development strategy. The strategy set as targets improving the general business environment and sector-specific initiatives to address market failures and expand exports. The strategy builds on both a general (crosscutting) and an industry-customized toolset.

This strategic framework serves to guide and support the operational response of the World Bank Group (WBG) to new development challenges posed by global climate change. Unabated, climate change threatens to reverse hard-earned development gains. The poorest countries and communities will suffer the earliest and the most. Yet they depend on actions by other nations, developed and developing. While climate change is an added cost and risk to development, a well-designed and implemented global climate policy can also bring new economic opportunities to developing countries. Climate change demands unprecedented global cooperation involving a concerted action by countries at different development stages supported by "measurable, reportable, and verifiable" transfer of finance and technology to developing countries. Trust of developing countries in equity and fairness of a global climate policy and neutrality of the supporting institutions is critical for such cooperation to succeed. Difficulties with mobilizing resources for achieving the millennium development goals and with agreeing on global agricultural trade underscore the political challenges. The framework will help the WBG maintain the effectiveness of its core mission of supporting growth and poverty reduction. While recognizing added costs and risks of climate change and an evolving global climate policy. The WBG top priority will be to build collaborative relations with developing country partners and provide them customized demand-driven support through its various instruments from financing to technical assistance to constructive advocacy. It will give considerable attention to strengthening resilience of economies and communities to increasing climate risks and adaptation. The operational focus will be on improving knowledge and capacity, including learning by doing. The framework will guide operational programs of WBG entities to support actions whose benefits to developing countries are robust under significant uncertainties about future climate policies and impacts-actions that have "no regrets."

The quality of articles submitted to Brazilian journals has been a source of criticism (Ferreira Falaster, 2016), not only in the International Journal of Innovation - IJI but also in other journals. Journals also usually receive work outside their scope. It motivated us to write this editorial comment. We aim to help the authors better understand the scope of the IJI and understand what we expect from the submitted works. Our concern is related to the format and the elements necessary for each type of work. In addition to the authors, the reviewers can also consult this editorial comment to guide their evaluations.The predominant field of IJI is innovation with a focus on emerging markets. Within innovation, the themes of interest to the journal are: Innovative Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Learning, Innovation and Sustainability, Internationalization of Innovation, Innovation Systems, Emerging Themes of Innovation and Digital Transformation. As scope, the IJI brings: Scientific research, theoretical essays, and reviews that advance the understanding and variety of innovation, improve its efficiency and critical approaches. We prioritize the development of new challenging theories, clarify existing theories, and identify new theoretical issues. Example: Systematic reviews, Bibliometrics, Theoretical essays, Reviews, among others.Empirical investigations or applied tests that, based on theories or references formulated, show state of the art and practical application in innovation; priority is given to unpublished technological contributions and their importance for studies in the area. Example: Empirical articles (quantitative and qualitative), Technological articles, Articles with guidelines for practice, among others.Perspectives that show the advance of established and emerging methodologies that are used in the area of innovation such as: Experimental, Technometrics, Text Mining, Data Mining, Modeling, Bibliometrics, Netnography, Neuroscientific Methods, Design Science Research, Grounded Theory and others.We will continue discussing what we expect from the papers submitted to IJI. We will contextualize some of the types of papers we accept: Articles, Technological articles, Perspectives, Reviews, and Editorial Comments. When submitting the work at IJI, the author must choose one of these options mentioned. We remind the authors that all types of papers must contain a structured summary in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. This structured summary can be adapted for reviews and perspectives, using only the elements that fit the study. Editorial commentLast year, we started the editorial comment section at IJI. This section is exclusively authored by the editors of IJI and their guests. Eventually, we invite members of the editorial board or scholars to contribute with their knowledge. Editorial comments do not go through peer review. Therefore, they are not considered articles.With the editorial comments from IJI, our goal is to assist authors and readers in understanding the various aspects related to scientific research, the publication of articles, and themes related to innovation. We want to help the researchers in their scholarly productions, orienting their articles in the best possible way. We intend to guide the IJI community through our editorial comments, minimizing the desks rejects of the articles, and maximizing authors' publications in the area of innovation. Articles[1]At the time of submission, authors who choose this type of work option may include empirical articles (qualitative and quantitative), theoretical and review articles (systematic literature reviews, bibliometric, theoretical essays)—always taking care of the scope of the IJI with a focus on innovation in emerging countries.In addition to the formatting guidelines that are found in the IJI, we suggest that the articles follow the following structure: Introduction; Literature review; Conceptual Development (Propositions or Hypotheses, when applicable); Methods; Results; Discussions and Conclusions. This structure, which will be suggested below, may undergo some changes depending on the article type. For example, a review article may not have a literature review section, as its results play this role. We suggest that an article has approximately 8000 (eight thousand) words.Introduction: When developing the introduction note the following aspects with greater specificity: if it is clear what the theoretical focus is used, present the research question that motivates the article, indicates the method, present the main results and the contributions or implications. Some failure possibilities deserve special attention from the authors: (1) the article indicates the research question, and (2) the article includes an explanation of the desired contribution.Literature review: Aspects to be considered by the authors: (1) the author is not limited to exposing a set of previous works on a theme with little connection to the current article; (2) links previous works to this article - the authors must clarify how previous referenced works relate to this article; and (3) it has a good balance in the inclusion of classic, or seminal, pertinent references, and more recent references.Conceptual development (propositions or hypotheses, when applicable): An article may or may not have propositions or hypotheses, but it must always have specific conceptual support that motivates the study. Authors should pay attention to the text of the propositions or hypotheses, the consistency between the various hypotheses, and whether they are adjusted to the research question. Authors should give special attention to the argument that supports each of the propositions or hypotheses. Check that it is consistent.Method: The method section needs to be elaborated on several aspects, especially on the data collection procedures and instruments, sample, variables, and data analysis procedures. Check if the data are appropriate to the objectives and if they are not biased. The article should include an adequate explanation of the data and sources used, given that primary data or lesser-known sources require further explanation. Likewise, it is important to understand the characteristics of the data and their representativeness, for which the sample description must be complete. An adequate description if an instrument is used is crucial, and it is not enough to send the questionnaire as an attachment to the article. The questionnaire items, the measurement method, and the source of the items are important. Finally, it is necessary to check the data analysis procedures. In empirical studies, the article must indicate which statistical technique is most effective for testing hypotheses.Results: The authors must include some descriptive elements. The descriptive component is relevant to observe the distribution of the data. A quantitative article should include the correlation table, for example. The article must contain tables with the statistical results, and in the text, the authors need to indicate sequentially if each hypothesis is verified. The text must contain an interpretation of at least the most important results.Discussion: It is a whole section for articles submitted to IJI. The authors must briefly mention the purpose of the article and how it was pursued throughout it. Here the authors must integrate the theory used in the theoretical framework, the hypotheses or propositions, and the results. It is time to show the contributions and/or implications of the study given the existing knowledge. Authors must present an analysis of the main results about the exposed theory. The discussion must be sustained in the analyzes so as not to run the risk of being speculative.Final considerations: the authors must pay special attention to some aspects. The conclusion does not need be too long. One can start by remembering the purpose of the article and how it was achieved. Authors should bring the limitations of the study and suggestions for future research. The ideal is a paragraph for each limitation and any future research. All of these elements must flow coherently and without ramblings for similar subjects or with references to other studies in progress. Technological articleWe will now conceptualize the technological article and show its difference from an academic article. The technological article is a production with a professional emphasis, with an approach mainly focused in problem-solving (Motta, 2017). It is the fundamental difference between a technological article and a production with an academic emphasis. The technological article generally describes experiences in organizations. Even so, authors must follow scientific and methodological rigor in their writing (Biancolino et al., 2012).We propose that the authors submit in this technological article section applied research that prioritizes the learning description, presenting the practical results experienced in the organizations. The CIMO logic (Van Aken, 2007) brings us some insights for a technical production:Context (problem situation);Intervention (intervention proposed to solve the problem presented);Mechanisms adopted (description of how the problem was solved);Results Obtained (objectively describe the results obtained in the organization).It is worth mentioning that in a technological article, reports of solutions implemented with results already obtained are expected. It does not make sense to report something that has not yet been implemented in the organization. So, it is expected that the technological article submitted to IJI will offer contributions to knowledge, as an example (Gregor and Hevner, 2013):Focus on innovation: new solutions to new problems;Focus on improvement: new solutions to known problems;Focus on extrapolation: known solutions to new problems.Another point that we would like to clarify is the size of a technological article. Even if some journals accept technological articles with fewer pages, we suggest that the submission to IJI has at least 6000 (six thousand) words. Also, authors should follow the format available in the guidelines for the author, including the structured abstract and adopting the structure[2] presented below.Introduction: its purpose is to present what the technological article is about briefly, and the intervention carried out, making it clear which problem situation will be solved. Quickly inform how the research was carried out and how the data collected to interpret the technological article were interpreted.Literature review: must be related to the intervention carried out in the organization. The theoretical framework will give theoretical support to the findings of the technological article and contribute to the discussion of the results obtained.Technical production method: despite being a technical production, the technological article must follow a method, which must be well detailed. It should contain a description of the procedures used to collect the data and information relevant to the technological article's realization. It needs to indicate whether it was a direct observation or direct participation, among other examples.Context and problem situation: the authors must present the problem or the opportunity and characterize the organization.Types of intervention and mechanisms adopted: the authors must analyze the problem situation and discuss the possible alternatives for its resolution: innovation, improvement or extrapolation, and describing the activities developed to solve the problem situation.Results obtained and analysis: the authors must bring the most relevant contributions according to the subjects dealt with in the technological article. Its relevance for similar cases with lessons from the reported experience should be emphasized. Describe the results obtained and analyze the data.Discussions and final considerations: the discussion is also welcome in the technological article. It is time to compare the analysis of the results with the researched theory. Show that the objectives of the technological article have been achieved. The authors can comment on the limitations for the research to be carried out and propose new ideas for studies of a technical nature that can continue what was presented.References: the authors must insert at the end all authors used in the theoretical framework, according to APA standards found in the IJI guidelines. Reviews[3]Review is the analysis of a work in an evaluative and critical way, exposing the summary of its main points. Authors who choose this option at the time of submission should exercise caution. They must remember that the review is an academic work to encourage authors and readers to understand and criticize the reviewed work.With this review section, the IJI proposes to provide, for its readers and the wider community of academics, interesting reviews that deal with topics relevant to research or the practice of innovation. The reviews can be, for example, of recently published books and seminal or classic books, which are important for the academic community and complement the training of graduate students.The suggested steps in the review, presented below, should make sense for the author and the reader. All of these elements must appear coherently and fluidly in the text of the review. We suggest that a review has at least 6000 (six thousand) words, depending on the work reviewed.Bibliographic reference: presents a brief description of the work's registration data, such as author's name, title/subtitle, edition (place of publication, publisher, edition, etc.), number of pages.References of the author of the work: this phase is dedicated to the author's data, such as date and place of birth and death (if applicable), his main works, and the works' main themes.What are the issues that mobilized the work being examined: explain why, according to the author, the work is important for studies in this field. This information is generally placed in the introduction and can be important to understand the meaning of the work.Context of the work: indicates the period and place in which the work was carried out, especially in the case of publications and works considered seminal.Methodology of the work (if it is the case especially works of a theoretical-practical nature): point out the main methodological axes described by the author.Summary of the work's main conclusions: this phase is dedicated to the conclusions/contributions of the work, according to the author.Most important bibliographic references of the reviewed work: identify the main references most cited in the work.Reviewer's Opinion: Main contributions of the work, according to the reviewer;For which target audience can this work be recommended?What is your opinion about the work? Strengths and weaknesses, specific limitations.The reviewer can complement the review with results from other research on the topic in question. For example, present the results of a systematic review or a bibliometric for possible additions to the theme or comparisons. PerspectiveIn the perspective section, we want to reach specialist readers who are not necessarily academic to disseminate ideas and concepts that can contribute to practice and reflection on their day-to-day activities in the scope of innovation. These articles seek to focus on evidence, much more than on the development of theory. However, they can demonstrate the advancement of established and emerging methodologies that are used in the area of innovation, such as Experimental, Technometrics, Text Mining, Data Mining, Modeling, Bibliometrics, Netnography, Neuroscientific Methods, Design Science Research, Grounded Theory, and others, as we mentioned earlier. Thus, this section proposes to receive articles reviewing concepts, articles that integrate theories and results, new ideas about the field, and integration of fields of study.Our intention with the perspectives section is to raise debates and increase the IJI community's discussion to attract the public to thoughts and reflections on the theme of innovation. In addition to having another channel to disseminate academic research progress, so distant from executives and undergraduate students, or even academics from other areas of knowledge. We suggest that a prospect has at least 6000 (six thousand) words. Main reasons for work failures at IJIWe will share with the IJI community the main reasons for rejection of the submitted works. The aim is to bring our experience as editors in the conduct of editorial processes. This way, we minimize rejections in the desk reviews and the works that peers are already evaluating. The desk review is a moment before peer review; it takes place before the editors send the submitted article to the reviewers. The IJI desk review takes place in two stages, which will be described below.In the first stage, as soon as the work is submitted to IJI, it undergoes a technical desk review to verify that the work is minimally in the journal's rules. It is at this point that many authors need to resubmit their work. The main reasons are:Authors forget to exclude the indication of their names in the file sent;The work goes through plagiarism identification software, and we often find similarities outside of good academic practices;The authors do not place the work within the rules presented in the submission guidelines. For example, the IJI only accepts papers within the APA standards, or with a certain maximum number of pages. Moreover, the authors do not adapt their article in our format.After the technical verification, we, the editors, carried out the second stage of the desk review. In this step, we assess the work scope as adherent to IJI, as presented at the beginning of this editorial comment. We also check if the work is adequate according to the suggestions we present in the articles we receive for submissions. The main reasons for rejections at this stage of the desk review are:The works are not within the scope established in the IJI;The works do not meet the suggested structure suggestions for each type of study. As an example: they do not have a discussion section; or do not have a literature review section in the empirical articles; they do not have a minimum number of words, making it a superficial job; they have serious method errors.After the works go through these two stages of desk review, we proceed with the editorial process, and the works are sent to the reviewers. Right now, there are several reasons for rejection. But most of the time, the works are rejected because the authors do not heed the suggestions of the reviewers. An important item that facilitates this process of rounds between the authors and the reviewers is the letter of reply from the authors regarding changes in the work. Our guideline is that when the authors send the revised paper, send a letter and all the changes suggested by the reviewers made in this new version.We take the opportunity to thank the authors for their confidence in submitting their work to the IJI. We also thank the efforts of all the reviewers, who were involved with the IJI, for their extraordinary work and to offer authors valuable suggestions for improvement. We hope that readers will appreciate our editorial comment and that the guidelines will be useful to further improve their submissions to IJI. And that they serve as an incentive to send your research papers on innovation to our journal.[1] (Adapted from Ferreira, 2014).[2] (Adapted from Biancolino et al., 2012).[3] (Adapted from Marconi Lakatos, 2010).

A review article devoted to the book of Andrzej
Blikle – Doktryna jakości. Rzecz o skutecznym
zarządzaniu. As pointed out by the Author,
the book is a case of a work rare on the Polish
publishing market, written by an outstanding
scientist, who successfully runs a business
activity. The combination of practical experience
with theoretical knowledge gave a result
that may be satisfying both for practitioners
as well as theorists, and also those who want
to get to know the ins and outs of an effective
and efficient business management. The Author
of the review believes that it is an important
voice for shaping an inclusive socio-economic
system, which constitutes a value in itself. Although
the book is mainly concerned with
business management, its message has a much
wider dimension and is concerned with real
measures of wealth, money and people's lives.
The book was awarded The SGH Collegium of
Business Administration Award "For the best
scientific work in the field of business administration
in the years 2014-2015".

Andrzej Jacek Blikle Doktryna jakości. Rzecz o skutecznym zarządzaniu (The Doctrine of Quality. On Effective Management) Gliwice, Helion Publishing Company, 2014, p. 546

Introduction

One of the distinctive features of the contemporary economy and contemporary world is a kind of obsession of quantity which is related to thoughtless consumerism, unfavourable to the care for the quality of the work and the quality of the produced and consumed goods and services. It is accompanied by culture (or rather non-culture) of singleness. Therefore, the book The Doctrine of Quality by Andrzej Blikle is like a breath of fresh air.

It is a different perspective on the economy and the model of operation of enterprises, on the model of work and life of people. A. Blikle proves that it can be done otherwise. He proves it on the basis of careful studies of the source literature – as expected from a professor of mathematics and an economist, but also on the basis of his own experience gained during the scientific and educational work, and most of all through the economic practice. In the world governed by the obsession of quantity, characterised by fragility, shortness of human relationships, including the relationship of the entrepreneur – employee, A. Blikle chooses durability of these relations, creativity, responsibility, quality of work and production, and ethics. The Doctrine of Quality is a rare example of the work on the Polish publishing market, whose author is a prominent scientist, successfully conducting a business activity for more than two decades, which has contributed to the development of the family company – a known confectionery brand "A. Blikle". The combination of practical experience with theoretical knowledge gave a result that may be satisfying both for practitioners as well as theorists, and also those who want to get to know the ins and outs of an effective and efficient business management, or develop the knowledge on this topic. In an attractive, clear narrative form, the author comprehensively presents the complexities of business management, indicating the sources of success, but also the reasons and the foundations of failures.

At the same time, he presents these issues with an interdisciplinary approach, which contributes to thoroughness of the arguments and deeper reflections.

Holism, typical to this book, is also expressed in the focus of A. Blikle not only on the economic, but also on social and ecological issues. Here, the author points to the possibility and need of reconciliation of the economic interests with social interests, and the care for the public good. Analyses of this subject are presented using the achievements of many areas of studies, in addition to economic sciences, including mathematics, sociology, psychology, medicine, and others. This gives a comprehensive picture of the complexity of business management – taking into account its close and distant environment.

There are no longueurs in the book, although extensive (over 500 pages), or lengthy, or even unnecessary reasoning overwhelming the reader, as the text is illustrated with a number of examples from practice, and coloured with anecdotes. At the same time, the author does not avoid using expressions popular in the world of (not only) business. He proves that a motivational system which is not based on the approach of "carrot and stick" and without a devastating competition of a "rat race" is possible. The author supports his arguments with references not only to the interdisciplinary scientific achievements, but also to the economic historical experiences and to a variety of older and newer business models.

There is a clear fascination with the reserves of creativity and productivity in the humanization of work. In fact, the author strongly exposes the potential of productivity and creativity in creating the conditions and atmosphere of work fostering elimination of fear of the future. He shows that such fear destroys creativity. It is not a coincidence that A. Blikle refers to the Fordist principles, including the warning that manufacturing and business do not consist of cheap buying and expensive selling. He reminds that Henry Ford, a legendary creator of the development of the automotive industry in the United States, put serving the public before the profit. The Doctrine of Quality is at the same time a book – proof that one of the most dangerous misconceptions or errors in the contemporary understanding of economics is finding that it is a science of making money, chremastics. Edmund Phelps and others warned against this in the year of the outbreak of the financial crisis in the USA in 2008, reminding that economics is not a science of making money but a science of relations between the economy and social life [Phelps, 2008]. Economics is a science of people in the process of management. Therefore, by definition, it applies to social values and ethos. Ethos is a general set of values, standards and models of proceedings adopted by a particular group of people. In this sense, ethos and economics as a science of people in the process of management are inseparable. Detaching economics from morality is in contradiction to the classical Smithian concept of economics, as Adam Smith combined the idea of the free market with morality. He treated his first work, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, as an inseparable basis for deliberations on the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, which was the subject of the subsequent work of this thinker [Smith, 1989; Smith, 2012]. Identifying economics with chremastics would then mean that all actions are acceptable and desired, if their outcome is earnings, profit, money. The book of A. Blikle denies it. It contains a number of case studies, which also stimulate broader reflections. Therefore, and also due to the features indicated above, it can be a very useful teaching aid in teaching entrepreneurship and management.

The appearance of a book promoting the doctrine of quality and exposing the meaning of ethos of work is especially important because today the phenomenon of product adulteration becomes increasingly widespread, which is ironically referred to in literature as the "gold-plating" of products [Sennett, 2010, pp. 115-118], and the trend as "antifeatures", that is intentionally limiting the efficiency and durability of products of daily use to create demand for new products. A model example of antifeature is a sim-lock installed in some telephones which makes it impossible to use SIM cards of foreign operators [Rohwetter, 2011, p. 48; Miszewski, 2013]. These types of negative phenomena are also promoted by the development of systemic solutions aiming at the diffusion of responsibility [Sennett, 2010]. This issue is presented among others by Nassim N.N. Taleb, in the book with a meaningful title Antifragile: How to Live in a World We Don't Understand? The author proves that the economy and society lose their natural durability as a result of the introduction of numerous tools and methods of insurance against risks, but mostly by shifting the burden of risks on other entities [Taleb, 2012]. N.N. Taleb illustrates his arguments with numerous convincing examples and references to history, recalling, inter alia, that in ancient times there was no building control, but the constructors, e.g. of bridges had to sleep under them for some time after their construction, and the ancient aqueducts are still working well until today. So, he shows that a contemporary world, focused on quantitative effects, does not create a sound base for ethical behaviours and the care for the quality of work and manufacturing.

Andrzej Blikle points to the need and possibility of opposing this, and opposing to what the Noble Price Winner for Economics, Joseph Stiglitz described as avarice triumphs over prudence [Stiglitz, 2015, p. 277]. The phrase emphasised in the book "Live and work with a purpose" is the opposition to the dangerous phenomena listed above, such as for example antifeatures.

convincing that although the business activity is essentially focused on profits, making money, limited to this, it would be led to the syndrome of King Midas, who wanted to turn everything he touched into gold, but he soon realised that he was at risk of dying of starvation, as even the food turned into gold. What distinguishes this book is that almost every part of it forces in-depth reflections on the social and economic relations and brings to mind the works of other authors, but at the same time, creates a new context for them.

So, A. Blikle clearly proves that both the economy and businesses need social rooting. This corresponds to the theses of the Hungarian intellectual Karl Polanyi, who in his renowned work The Great Transformation, already in 1944 argued that the economy is not rooted in the social relations [Polanyi, 2010, p. 70]. He pointed to the risk resulting from commodification of everything, and warned that allowing the market mechanism and competition to control the human life and environment would result in disintegration of society. Although K. Polanyi's warnings were concerned with the industrial civilization, they are still valid, even now – when the digital revolution brings fundamental changes, among others, on the labour market – they strengthen it. The dynamics of these changes is so high that it seems that the thesis of Jeremy Rifkin on the end of work [Rifkin, 2003] becomes more plausible. It is also confirmed by recent analyses included in the book of this author, concerning the society of zero marginal cost and sharing economy [Rifkin, 2016], and the analyses concerning uberisation [Uberworld, 2016].

The book of Andrzej Blikle also evokes one of the basic asymmetries of the contemporary world, which is the inadequacy of the dynamics and sizes of the supply of products and services to the dynamics and sizes of the demand for them. Insufficient demand collides with the rapidly increasing, as a result of technological changes, possibilities of growth of production and services. This leads to overproduction and related therewith large negative implications, with features of wasteful economy of excess [Kornai, 2014]. It is accompanied by phenomena with features of some kind of market bulimia, sick consumerism, detrimental both to people and the environment [Rist, 2015]. One of the more compromising signs of the economy of excess and wasting of resources is wasting of food by rich countries, when simultaneously, there are areas of hunger in some parts of the world [Stuart, 2009].

At the same time, the economy of excess does not translate to the comfort of the buyers of goods – as in theory attributed to the consumer market. It is indicated in the publication of Janos Kornai concerning a comparative analysis of the features of socio-economic systems. While exposing his deep critical evaluation of socialist non-market systems, as economies of constant deficiency, he does not spare critical opinions on the capitalist economy of excess, with its quest for the growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) and profits. As an example of the economy of excess, he indicates the pharmaceutical industry, with strong monopolistic competition, dynamic innovativeness, wide selection for the buyers, flood of advertisements, manipulation of customers, and often bribing the doctors prescribing products [Kornai 2014, p. 202]. This type of abnormalities is not alien to other industries. Although J. Konrai appreciates that in the economy of excess, including the excess of production capacities, the excess is "grease" calming down and soothing clashes that occur in the mechanisms of adaptation, he also sees that those who claim that in the economy of excess (or more generally in the market economy), sovereignty of consumers dominates, exaggerate [Kornai, 2014, pp. 171-172], as the manufacturers, creating the supply, manipulate the consumers. Thus, there is an excess of supply – both of values as well as junk [Kornai, 2014, p. 176]. Analysing the economy of excess, J. Kornai brings this issue to the question of domination and subordination. It corresponds with the opinion of Jerzy Wilkin, according to whom, the free market can also enslave, so take away individual freedom; on the other hand, the lack of the free market can lead to enslavement as well. Economists willingly talk about the free market, and less about the free man [Wilkin, 2014, p. 4].

The economy of excess is one of the consequences of making a fetish of the economic growth and its measure, which is the gross domestic product (GDP) and treating it as the basis of social and economic activity. In such a system, the pressure of growth is created, so you must grow to avoid death! The system is thus comparable to a cyclist, who has to move forwards to keep his balance [Rist, 2015, p. 181]. It corresponds with the known, unflattering to economists, saying of Kenneth E. Boulding [1956], criticising the focus of economics on the economic growth, while ignoring social implications and consequences to the environment: Anyone who believes in indefinite growth in anything physical, on a physically finite planet, is either mad or an economist. [from: Rist, 2015, p. 268].

GDP is a very much needed or even indispensable measure for evaluation of the material level of the economies of individual countries and for comparing their economic health. However, it is insufficient for evaluation of the real level of welfare and quality of life. It requires supplementation with other measures, as it takes into account only the values created by the market purchase and sale transactions. It reflects only the market results of the activity of enterprises and households. Additionally, the GDP account threats the socially desirable and not desirable activities equally. Thus, the market activity related to social pathologies (e.g. functioning of prisons, prostitution, and drug dealing) also increase the GDP. It was accurately expressed already in 1968 by Robert Kennedy, who concluded the discussion on this issue saying that: the gross national product does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages, the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country, it measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile [The Guardian, 2012].

While Grzegorz W. Kołodko even states that it should be surprising how it is possible that despite a number of alternative measures of social and economic progress, we are still in the corset of narrow measure of the gross product, which completely omits many significant aspects of the social process of reproduction [Kołodko, 2013, p. 44]. In this context he points to the necessity of triple sustainable growth – economic, social, and ecological [Kołodko, 2013, p. 377]. Transition from the industrial civilisation model to the new model of economy, to the age of information, causes a kind of cultural regression, a phenomenon of cultural anchoring in the old system. This type of lock-in effect - described in the source literature, that is the effect of locking in the existing frames and systemic solutions, is a barrier to development. The practice more and more often and clearer demonstrates that in the conditions of the new economy, the tools and traditional solutions turn out to be not only ineffective, but they even increase the risk of wrong social and economic decisions, made at different institutional levels.

All this proves that new development models must be searched for and implemented, to allow counteraction to dysfunctions of the contemporary economy and wasting the development potential, resulting from a variety of maladjustments generated by the crisis of civilisation. Polish authors who devote much of their work to these issues include G.W. Kołodko, Jerzy Kleer, or Maciej Bałtowski. Studies confirm that there is a need for a new pragmatism, new, proinclusive model of shaping the social and economic reality, a model which is more socially rooted, aiming at reconciling social, economic and ecological objectives, with simultaneous optimisation of the use of the social and economic potential [Kołodko, 2013; Bałtowski, 2016; Kleer, 2015]. There is more and more evidence that the barriers to economic development growing in the global economy are closely related with the rooting of the economy in social relations. The book of A. Blikle becomes a part of this trend in a new and original manner. Although the author concentrates on the analyses of social relations mainly at the level of an enterprise, at the same time, he comments them at a macroeconomic, sociological and ethical level, and interdisciplinary contexts constitute an original value of the book.

Conclusion

I treat the book of Andrzej Blike as an important voice in favour of shaping an inclusive social and economic system, in favour of shaping inclusive enterprises, that is oriented on an optimal absorption of knowledge, innovation and effective reconciliation of the interests of entrepreneurs with the interests of employees and the interests of society. Inclusiveness is indeed a value in itself. It is understood as a mechanism/system limiting wasting of material resources and human capital, and counteracting environmental degradation. An inclusive social and economic system is a system oriented on optimisation of the production resources and reducing the span between the actual and potential level of economic growth and social development [Reforma, 2015]. And this is the system addressed by Andrzej Blikle in his book. At least this is how I see it. Although the book is mainly concerned with business management, its message has a much wider dimension and is concerned with real measures of wealth, money and people's lives.

null

1. Contextual outline of the PhD Research Climate change is today often seen as one of the most challenging issue that our civilisation will have to face during the 21st century. This is especially so now that the most recent scientific data have led to the conclusion that the globally averaged net effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warming (IPCC 2007, p. 5) and that continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming (IPCC, 2007 p. 13). This unequivocal link between climate change and anthropogenic activities requires an urgent, world-wide shift towards a low carbon economy (STERN 2006 p. iv) and coordinated policies and measures to manage this transition. The climate issue is undoubtedly a typical policy question and as such, is considered amenable to economic scrutiny. Indeed, in today's world economics is inevitable when it comes to arbitrages in the field of policy making. From the very beginning of international talks on climate change, up until the most recent discussions on a post-Kyoto international framework, economic arguments have turned out to be crucial elements of the analysis that shapes policy responses to the climate threat. This can be illustrated by the prominent role that economics has played in the different analyses produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess the impact of climate change on society. The starting point and the core idea of this PhD research is the long-held observation that the threat of climate change calls for a change of climate in economics. Borrowing from the jargon used in climate policy, adaptation measures could also usefully target the academic discipline of economics. Given that inherent characteristics of the climate problem (e.g. complexity, irreversibility, deep uncertainty, etc.) challenge core economic assumptions, mainstream economic theory does not appear as appropriately equipped to deal with this crucial issue. This makes that new assumptions and analyses are needed in economics in order to comprehend and respond to the problem of climate change. In parallel (and without environmental considerations being specifically the driving force to it), the mainstream model in economics has also long been (and still is) strongly criticised and disputed by numerous scholars - both from within and outside the field of economics. For the sake of functionality, these criticisms - whether they relate to theoretical inconsistencies or are empirically-based - can be subsumed as all challenging part of the Cartesian/Newtonian legacy of economics. This legacy can be shown to have led to a model imprinted with what could be called "mechanistic reductionism". The mechanistic side refers to the Homo oeconomicus construct while reductionism refers to the quest for micro-foundations materialised with the representative agent hypothesis. These two hypotheses constitute, together with the conjecture of perfect markets, the building blocks of the framework of general equilibrium economics. Even though it is functional for the purpose of this work to present them separately, the flaws of economics in dealing with the specificities of the climate issue are not considered independent from the fundamental objections made to the theoretical framework of mainstream economics. The former only make the latter seem more pregnant while the current failure of traditional climate policies informed by mainstream economics render the need for complementary approaches more urgent. 2. Overview of the approach and its main insights for climate policy Starting from this observation, the main objective of this PhD is thus to assess the implications for climate policy that arise from adopting an alternative analytical economic framework. The stance is that the coupling of insights from the framework of evolutionary economics with the perspective of ecological economics provides a promising way forward both theoretically as well as on a more applied basis with respect to a better comprehension of the socioeconomic aspects related to the climate problem. As claimed in van den Bergh (2007, p. 521), ecological economics and evolutionary economics "share many characteristics and can be combined in a fruitful way" - which renders the coupling approach both legitimate and promising. The choice of an evolutionary line of thought initially stems from its core characteristic: given its focus on innovation and system change it provides a useful approach to start with for assessing and managing the needed transition towards a low carbon economy. Besides, its shift of focus towards a better understanding of economic dynamics together with its departure from the perfect rationality hypothesis renders evolutionary economics a suitable theoretical complement for designing environmental policies. The notions of path-dependence and lock-in can be seen as the core elements from this PhD research. They arise from adopting a framework which is founded on a different view of individual rationality and that allows for richer and more complex causalities to be accounted for. In a quest for surmounting the above-mentioned problem of reductionism, our framework builds on the idea of 'multi-level selection'. This means that our analytical framework should be able to accommodate not only for upward but also for downward causation, without giving analytical priority to any level over the other. One crucial implication of such a framework is that the notion of circularity becomes the core dynamic, highlighting the importance of historicity, feedbacks and emergent properties. More precisely, the added value of the perspective adopted in this PhD research is that it highlights the role played by inertia and path-dependence. Obviously, it is essential to have a good understanding of the underlying causes of that inertia prior to devising on how to enforce a change. Providing a clear picture of the socio-economic processes at play in shaping socio-technical systems is thus a necessary first step in order to usefully complement policy-making in the field of energy and climate change. In providing an analytical basis for this important diagnosis to be performed, the use of the evolutionary framework sheds a new light on the transition towards low-carbon socio-technical systems. The objective is to suggest strategies that could prove efficient in triggering the needed transition such as it has been the case in past "lock-in" stories. Most notably, the evolutionary framework allows us to depict the presence of two sources of inertia (i.e at the levels of individuals through "habits" and at the level of socio-technical systems) that mutually reinforce each other in a path-dependent manner. Within the broad perspective on path dependence and lock-in, this PhD research has first sketched the implications for climate policy of applying the concept of 'technological lock-in' in a systemic perspective. We then investigated in more details the notion of habits. This is important as the 'behavioural' part of the lock-in process, although explicitly acknowledged in the pioneer work of Paul David (David, 1985, p. 336), has been neglected in most of subsequent analyses. Throughout this study, the notion of habits has been studied at both the theoretical and applied level of analysis as well as from an empirical perspective. As shown in the first chapters of the PhD, the advantage of our approach is that it can incorporate theories that so far have been presented opposite, partial and incomplete perspectives. For instance, it is shown that our evolutionary approach not only is able to provide explanation to some of the puzzling questions in economics (e.g. the problem of strong reciprocity displayed by individual in anonymous one-shot situations) but also is very helpful in bringing a complementary explanation with respect to the famous debate on the 'no-regret' emission reduction potential which agitates the experts of climate policy. An emission reduction potential is said to be "no regret" when the costs of implementing a measure are more than offset by the benefits it generates such as, for instance, reduced energy bills. In explaining why individuals do not spontaneously implement those highly profitable energy-efficient investments , it appears that most prior analyses have neglected the importance of non-economic obstacle. They are often referred to as "barriers" and partly relate to the 'bounded rationality' of economic agent. As developed in the different chapters of this PhD research, the framework of evolutionary economics is very useful in that it is able to provide a two-fold account (i.e. relying on both individual and socio-technical sources of inertia) of this limited rationality that prevent individuals to act as purely optimising agents. Bearing this context in mind, the concept of habits, as defined and developed in this study, is essential in analysing the determinants of energy consumption. Indeed, this concept sheds an insightful light on the puzzling question of why energy consumption keeps rising even though there is an evident increase of awareness and concern about energy-related environmental issues such as climate change. Indeed, if we subscribe to the idea that energy-consuming behaviours are often guided by habits and that deeply ingrained habits can become "counter-intentional", it then follows that people may often display "locked-in" practices in their daily energy consumption behaviour. This hypothesis has been assessed in our empirical analysis whose results show how the presence of strong energy-consuming habitual practices can reduce the effectiveness of economic incentives such as energy subsidies. One additional delicate factor that appears crucial for our purpose is that habits are not fully conscious forms of behaviours. This makes that individuals do not really see habits as a problem given that it is viewed as easily changed. In sum, based on our evolutionary account of the situation, it follows that, to be more efficient, climate policies would have to both shift the incumbent carbon-based socio-technical systems (for it to shape decisions towards a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and also deconstruct habits that this same socio-technical has forged with time (as increased environmental awareness and intentions formulated accordingly are not sufficient in the presence of strong habits). Accordingly, decision-makers should design measures (e.g. commitment strategies, niche management, etc.) that, as explained in this research, specifically target those change-resisting factors and their key features. This is essential as these factors tend to reduce the efficiency of traditional instruments. Micro-level interventions are thus needed as much as macro-level ones. For instance, it is often the case that external improvements of energy efficiency do not lead to lower energy consumption due to the rebound effect arising from unchanged energy-consuming habits. Bearing this in mind and building on the insights from the evolutionary approach, policy-makers should go beyond the mere subsidisation of technologies. They should instead create conditions enabling the use of the multi-layered, cumulative and self-reinforcing character of economic change highlighted by evolutionary analyses. This means supporting both social and physical technologies with the aim of influencing the selection environment so that only the low-carbon technologies and practices will survive. ; De nos jours, la science économique est devenue une discipline incontournable dans le domaine de l'analyse politique. Les politiques environnementales, et notamment la politique de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique, n'échappent pas à la règle. Or, la théorie économique traditionnelle repose sur des postulats fortement contestés par de nombreux auteurs, tant du point de vue théorique que du point de vue empirique. Dans ce contexte, l'idée de la thèse est de voir quelles seraient les implications de l'adoption d'une grille de lecture économique alternative sur le processus de décision dans le domaine de la politique climatique. Le choix d'un autre modèle s'est porté logiquement sur l'économie évolutionniste dans la mesure où, d'une part, ce courant s'est construit sur l'idée qu'il fallait réconcilier la caractérisation de l'agent économique avec l'abondante littérature empirique et, d'autre part, il a opté pour la logique biologique, plus en phase les rythmes écologiques, comme métaphore inspiratrice. De par la nature même de la réflexion sous-tendant ses fondements théoriques, l'économie évolutionniste s'intéresse aux dynamiques économiques résultant des processus d'innovation, sélection et accumulation. En fait, ce qui est considéré comme exogène dans le modèle traditionnel, constitue le « cœur conceptuel » du modèle évolutionniste. Le choix de cette nouvelle grille de lecture a inévitablement comme conséquence d'envisager d'une autre manière l'économie politique portant sur les questions environnementales. La première partie de la recherche est consacrée à une analyse approfondie des critiques formulées à l'encontre du modèle économique traditionnel. Cette analyse, dont l'objectif est de contribuer à l'élaboration du cadre conceptuel de la thèse, consiste en l'exploration parallèle du champ de recherche concernant le fonctionnement des agents économiques et de la philosophie évolutionniste en général. Cette investigation conjointe, doublée d'un cadrage portant sur l'histoire et l'évolution de la science économique, permet d'aborder de front les deux faiblesses principales du modèle traditionnel, à savoir l'irréalisme empirique du paradigme de l'Homo Oeconomicus et le problème de la simple agrégation sous la forme de l'agent représentatif. Cette phase aboutit à la formulation d'un schéma analytique alternatif fondé sur le concept de « rationalité limitée » articulé dans un cadre reposant sur la notion d'évolution, définie comme un processus à causalité cumulative, double (ascendante et descendante) et interactive illustrant l'importance jouée par le niveau de groupe pour expliquer le fonctionnement des individus. Ce cadre et les préceptes qui en découlent seront utilisés d'une part, pour tenter d'apporter un éclairage différent sur la question du « paradoxe énergétique » et, d'autre part, pour analyser l'évolution technologique, élément central de la problématique du climat. Par exemple, la notion de causalité cumulative et interactive appliquée à la question de l'évolution technologique met lumière celle de « dépendance du sentier » qui exprime l'idée selon laquelle des évènements aléatoires insignifiants influencent fortement la direction et l'orientation d'une trajectoire technologique. De même, l'importance de la contingence historique et des interdépendances systémiques, qui découlent de notre choix d'adopter une approche évolutionniste, servent à expliquer le processus via lequel on a abouti à ce que l'on peut appeler le « carbon lock-in », selon lequel notre économie serait enfermée dans un régime sociotechnique « carbone » tant nos habitudes, nos institutions et nos réseaux technologiques sont adaptés à l'utilisation de combustibles fossiles (principale cause du problème de l'effet de serre). Cette notion d'enfermement technologique à laquelle notre analyse a mené est importante dans le sens où elle requiert des décideurs politiques de mettre en œuvre des mesures propres à déverrouiller nos trajectoires technologiques, si on veut respecter les engagements pris dans le cadre du Protocole de Kyoto. En conclusion, l'adoption d'une approche évolutionniste est susceptible de faire évoluer sensiblement le type de politiques et instrument utilisés pour lutter contre le problème du réchauffement. Notamment, elle questionne la pertinence des instruments économiques actuels, comme l'échange de quotas d'émissions, qui proviennent du modèle traditionnel (mettant l'accent sur l'efficience et reposant sur la parfaite rationalité des acteurs), dans la mesure où ils ne traitent pas des barrières structurelles responsables de l'enfermement technologique dans la filière fossile. Comme le souligne notre recherche, les politiques climatiques devraient plutôt créer un environnement permettant d'utiliser la nature cumulative et auto-renforçante de l'évolution des technologies.

The Resolution of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania on the Approval of the State Sports Development Strategy for 2011-2020 states that it is important to create and develop a horizontal structure of public administration of sport, which includes many state administration areas and municipal institutions, which would allow to develop cooperation with non-governmental sports organizations and private sector of sports activities. To create legal and economic conditions for the fast development of active and healthy lifestyle and universal sports clubs as primary subjects of the national sport system; to promote their contribution to non-formal sports education and employment of children and young people, development of various sports, interaction between amateur and professional sports. In this respect, the tasks have been set to create a multi-tier system of strategic cooperation with non-governmental sport organizations (federations) with public administration structures, to expand cooperation between municipal institutions in the field of sport, authorized by the Government of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the Government) so that these resolutions include the National Sport for All Development Program implementation, enhancing the vitality of communities through sport, ensuring healthy lifestyle conditions and developing sports infrastructure through territorial planning documents and investment programs; to create and develop a system of partnerships in the field of sport between public and private sectors; to develop cooperation between institutions of all fields of management by developing and implementing physical activity, healthy lifestyles and work ability, social cohesion through sport, leisure employment and social prevention and other interinstitutional programs, accordingly reorganizing and expanding functions of the institution authorized by the Government, strengthening its administrative capacity. The implementation of the strategy is particularly relevant, as is the case at the level of municipal administrations and councils, to which functions are delegated to implement the priority functions of sport policy. Problems in the implementation of sport policy are analyzed by scientists as well as representatives of sports policy legislators (Tukkula, 2016; Pollitt and Bouckaert, 2003, Houlihan, 2005, Grix et al, 2018, etc.). The aim of the research is to analyze how the sports policy of the Republic of Lithuania is formulated and implemented in the activities of municipal administrations and councils. Research methods -analysis of scientific literature, analysis of laws, analysis of sports management system. Research results and conclusions. The real role of municipalities and the priority to develop community sport, to promote the vitality of communities has not been realized yet. The role of private business for private investment in sports infrastructure for the development of sports movement and cooperation with socially responsible business representatives, the independent role of clubs and non-governmental organizations as a priority have also not been understood and finally not implemented. In the functional division of activities in the sport policy process, all chains of interaction between organizations, acting within the competence, must strive to implement laws and strategic goals of sports policy. In order to achieve these objectives, the activities of the institutions depend on the political decisions adopted jointly by the central government, public programs and projects. It is important that the executive structures are delegated the same kind of functions, so that the implementation of the policy is carried out consistently in all areas of the republic.Improvement of the process of implementing sports policy and the search for the improvement, trying to achieve the efficiency of activities of municipal administrations and councils must be the main goal of all institutions involved in it. The whole system of institutions involved in the development and implementation of sport policy is too centralized. Institutional differences in the management of interdependence and in the resolution of structural problems between national organizations and municipal organizations are very pronounced. This has a negative impact on the status of municipal territorial sports divisions, when grants are distributed from the state budget, selecting sportsmen, performing medical technological examination of promising sportsmen, setting up sports bases, and so on ; В постановлении Сейма Литовской Республики об утверждении Государственной стратегии развития спорта на 2011–2020 годы отмечается важность создания и совершенствования горизонтальной структуры государственного управления спортом, которая включает в себя многие направления государственного управления и муниципальные учреждения, что позволяет развивать сотрудничество с неправительственными спортивными организациями и частным сектором спортивной деятельности. Планируется создание правовых и экономических условий для развития активного и здорового образа жизни, быстрого развития универсальных спортивных клубов как основных субъектов национальной спортивной системы, чтобы содействовать их вкладу в неформальное спортивное образование и занятость детей и молодежи, развитие различных видов спорта, взаимодействие любительского и профессионального спорта. В связи с этим были поставлены задачи по созданию многоуровневой системы стратегического сотрудничества с неправительственными спортивными организациями (федерациями) со структурами государственного управления, расширения сотрудничества между муниципальными учреждениями в области спорта, уполномоченному Правительством Литовской Республики (далее именуемым правительством), с включением Национальной программы развития спорта для всех реализация, повышение жизнеспособности сообществ через спорт, обеспечение условий здорового образа жизни и развитие спортивной инфраструктуры через посредство подготовки документов территориального планирования и инвестиционных программ, чтобы создавать и развивать систему государственно-частного партнерства в сфере спорта; сотрудничество между учреждениями всех областей управления путем развития и реализации физической активности, здорового образа жизни и трудоспособности, социальной сплоченности посредством спорта, занятости досуга и социальной профилактики и других межведомственных программ, соответственно реорганизуя и расширяя функции уполномоченного правительством учреждения, укрепляя его административный потенциал. Реализация стратегии особенно актуальна на уровне деятельности муниципальных администраций и советов, которым делегированы функции для реализации приоритетных функций спортивной политики. Проблемы в реализации спортивной политики анализируются представителями ученых и законодателей спортивной политики (Tukkula, 2016; Pollitt and Bouckaert, 2003, Houlihan, 2005, Grix et al, 2018 и др.). Целью исследования является анализ того, как формируется и реализуется политика спорта Литовской Республики в деятельности муниципальных администраций и советов. Методы исследования - анализ научной литературы, анализ законов, анализ системы спортивного менеджмента. Результаты и выводы исследования. Реальная роль муниципалитетов и приоритетность развития общественного спорта, повышения жизнеспособности сообществ, не были реализованы. Роль частного бизнеса в спортивную инфраструктуру для развития спортивного движения и сотрудничество с социально ответственным бизнесом, независимая роль клубов и неправительственных организаций в качестве приоритета остается недостаточно осмысленна и неосуществлена. При функциональном разделении видов деятельности в процессе спортивной политики все цепи взаимодействия между организациями, действующими в пределах своей компетенции, должны стремиться к реализации законов и стратегических целей спортивной политики. В достижения этих целей деятельность учреждений зависит от принимаемых совместно центральным правительством политических решений, государственных программ и проектов. Важно, чтобы исполнительным структурам были делегированы одинаковые функции, а реализация политики осуществлялась последовательно во всех областях республики. Совершенствование процесса реализации спортивной политики и поиск повышения эффективности муниципальных администраций и советов должны быть главной целью всех учреждений, участвующих в нем. Вся система учреждений, занимающихся разработкой и реализацией спортивной политики, слишком централизована. Институциональные различия в управлении и в решении структурных проблем между национальными организациями и муниципальными организациями очень заметны. Это отрицательно сказывается на состоянии муниципальных территориальных спортивных подразделений, когда гранты распределяются из государственного бюджета в процесе отбора спортсменов, медико-технологических исследований перспективных спортсменов, создания спортивных баз. ; У Постанові Сейму Литовської Республіки про утвердження Державної стратегії розвитку спорту на 2011-2020 роки відмічається важливість створення і удосконалення горизонтальної структури державного управління спортом, яка включає в себе багато напрямків державного управління та муніципальні установи, що дозволить розширяти співпрацю з неурядовими спортивними організаціями і приватним сектором спортивної діяльності. Планується створення правових та економічних умов для розвитку активного і здорового образу життя, швидкого розвитку універсальних спортивних клубів і здорового образу життя, швидкого розвитку універсальних спортивних клубів як основних суб'єктів національної спортивної системи, щоб сприяти їх вкладу в неформальне спортивне товариство і зайнятість дітей і молоді, розвиток різних видів спорту, взаємодію аматорського і професійного спорту. У зв'язку з цим були поставлені завдання щодо створення багаторівневої системи стратегічної співпраці з неурядовими спортивними організаціями (федераціями), зі структурами державного управління, розширення співпраці між муніципальними установами у сфері спорту, уповноважених Урядом Литовської Республіки (далі урядом), з включенням Національної програми розвитку спорту для всіх, підвищення життєздатності товариств через спорт, забезпечення здорового образу життя і розвиток спортивної інфраструктури через посердництво територіального планування та інвестиційних програм; створення і ровиток системи державно-приватного партнерства у сфері спорту; співпраці між установами всіх областей управління шляхом розвитку і реалізації фізичної активності, здорового образу життя і працездатності, соціальної згуртованості черз посередництво спорту, зайнятості у сфері дозвілля і соціальної профілактики та інших міжвідомчих програм. Реалізація стратегії особливо актуальна на рівні діяльності муніципальних адміністрацій і рад, яким делеговані функції для реалізації спортивної політики. Проблеми у реалізації спортивної політики аналізуються вченими і законотворцями спортивної політики (Tukkula, 2016; Pollitt and Bouckaert, 2003, Houlihan, 2005, Grix et al, 2018 и др.). Метою дослідження є аналіз того, як формується і реалізується спортивна політика Литовської Республіки у діяльності муніципальних адміністрацій і рад. Методи дослідження - аналіз наукової літератури, аналіз законів системи спортивного менеджменту. Результати і висновки дослідження. Реальна роль муніципалітетів і пріоритетність розвитку суспільного спорту, підвищення життєздатності товариств, не були реалізовані. Роь приватного бізнесу у спортивній інфраструктурі з метою розвитку спортивного руху і співпраці з соціально відповідальним бізнесом, незалежна роль клубів і неурядових організацій у якості пріоритету залишається недостатньо осмисленою і нездійсненою. При функціональному розділенні видів діяльності у процесі спортивної політики всі ланцюги взаємодії між організаціями, що діють у межах своїх компетенцій, повинні діяти у межах реалізації законів і стратегічних цілей спортивної політики. Для досягнення цих цілей діяльність установ залежить від політчиних рішень, що приймаються сумісно з центральним урядом, державних програм і проектів. Важливо, щоб виконавчим структурам були делеговані рівні функції, а реалізація політики здійснювалась послідовно в усіх сферах республіки. Удосконалення процесу реалізації спортивної політики і пошук підвищення ефективності муніципальних адміністрацій і рад повинні бути головною метою всіх установ, що приймають в них участь. Вся система установ, що займаються розробкою і реалізацією спортивної політики, надзвичйно централізована. Інституційні відмінності в управлінні і вирішенні структурних проблем між національними і муніципальними організаціями є великими. Це негативно впливає на стан муніципальних територіальних спортивних підрозділів, коли гранти розподіляються з державного бюджету у процесі відбору спортсменів, медико-технологічних досліджень перспективних спортсменів, створення спортивних баз тощо.

The Resolution of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania on the Approval of the State Sports Development Strategy for 2011-2020 states that it is important to create and develop a horizontal structure of public administration of sport, which includes many state administration areas and municipal institutions, which would allow to develop cooperation with non-governmental sports organizations and private sector of sports activities. To create legal and economic conditions for the fast development of active and healthy lifestyle and universal sports clubs as primary subjects of the national sport system; to promote their contribution to non-formal sports education and employment of children and young people, development of various sports, interaction between amateur and professional sports. In this respect, the tasks have been set to create a multi-tier system of strategic cooperation with non-governmental sport organizations (federations) with public administration structures, to expand cooperation between municipal institutions in the field of sport, authorized by the Government of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the Government) so that these resolutions include the National Sport for All Development Program implementation, enhancing the vitality of communities through sport, ensuring healthy lifestyle conditions and developing sports infrastructure through territorial planning documents and investment programs; to create and develop a system of partnerships in the field of sport between public and private sectors; to develop cooperation between institutions of all fields of management by developing and implementing physical activity, healthy lifestyles and work ability, social cohesion through sport, leisure employment and social prevention and other interinstitutional programs, accordingly reorganizing and expanding functions of the institution authorized by the Government, strengthening its administrative capacity. The implementation of the strategy is particularly relevant, as is the case at the level of municipal administrations and councils, to which functions are delegated to implement the priority functions of sport policy. Problems in the implementation of sport policy are analyzed by scientists as well as representatives of sports policy legislators (Tukkula, 2016; Pollitt and Bouckaert, 2003, Houlihan, 2005, Grix et al, 2018, etc.). The aim of the research is to analyze how the sports policy of the Republic of Lithuania is formulated and implemented in the activities of municipal administrations and councils. Research methods -analysis of scientific literature, analysis of laws, analysis of sports management system. Research results and conclusions. The real role of municipalities and the priority to develop community sport, to promote the vitality of communities has not been realized yet. The role of private business for private investment in sports infrastructure for the development of sports movement and cooperation with socially responsible business representatives, the independent role of clubs and non-governmental organizations as a priority have also not been understood and finally not implemented. In the functional division of activities in the sport policy process, all chains of interaction between organizations, acting within the competence, must strive to implement laws and strategic goals of sports policy. In order to achieve these objectives, the activities of the institutions depend on the political decisions adopted jointly by the central government, public programs and projects. It is important that the executive structures are delegated the same kind of functions, so that the implementation of the policy is carried out consistently in all areas of the republic.Improvement of the process of implementing sports policy and the search for the improvement, trying to achieve the efficiency of activities of municipal administrations and councils must be the main goal of all institutions involved in it. The whole system of institutions involved in the development and implementation of sport policy is too centralized. Institutional differences in the management of interdependence and in the resolution of structural problems between national organizations and municipal organizations are very pronounced. This has a negative impact on the status of municipal territorial sports divisions, when grants are distributed from the state budget, selecting sportsmen, performing medical technological examination of promising sportsmen, setting up sports bases, and so on ; В постановлении Сейма Литовской Республики об утверждении Государственной стратегии развития спорта на 2011–2020 годы отмечается важность создания и совершенствования горизонтальной структуры государственного управления спортом, которая включает в себя многие направления государственного управления и муниципальные учреждения, что позволяет развивать сотрудничество с неправительственными спортивными организациями и частным сектором спортивной деятельности. Планируется создание правовых и экономических условий для развития активного и здорового образа жизни, быстрого развития универсальных спортивных клубов как основных субъектов национальной спортивной системы, чтобы содействовать их вкладу в неформальное спортивное образование и занятость детей и молодежи, развитие различных видов спорта, взаимодействие любительского и профессионального спорта. В связи с этим были поставлены задачи по созданию многоуровневой системы стратегического сотрудничества с неправительственными спортивными организациями (федерациями) со структурами государственного управления, расширения сотрудничества между муниципальными учреждениями в области спорта, уполномоченному Правительством Литовской Республики (далее именуемым правительством), с включением Национальной программы развития спорта для всех реализация, повышение жизнеспособности сообществ через спорт, обеспечение условий здорового образа жизни и развитие спортивной инфраструктуры через посредство подготовки документов территориального планирования и инвестиционных программ, чтобы создавать и развивать систему государственно-частного партнерства в сфере спорта; сотрудничество между учреждениями всех областей управления путем развития и реализации физической активности, здорового образа жизни и трудоспособности, социальной сплоченности посредством спорта, занятости досуга и социальной профилактики и других межведомственных программ, соответственно реорганизуя и расширяя функции уполномоченного правительством учреждения, укрепляя его административный потенциал. Реализация стратегии особенно актуальна на уровне деятельности муниципальных администраций и советов, которым делегированы функции для реализации приоритетных функций спортивной политики. Проблемы в реализации спортивной политики анализируются представителями ученых и законодателей спортивной политики (Tukkula, 2016; Pollitt and Bouckaert, 2003, Houlihan, 2005, Grix et al, 2018 и др.). Целью исследования является анализ того, как формируется и реализуется политика спорта Литовской Республики в деятельности муниципальных администраций и советов. Методы исследования - анализ научной литературы, анализ законов, анализ системы спортивного менеджмента. Результаты и выводы исследования. Реальная роль муниципалитетов и приоритетность развития общественного спорта, повышения жизнеспособности сообществ, не были реализованы. Роль частного бизнеса в спортивную инфраструктуру для развития спортивного движения и сотрудничество с социально ответственным бизнесом, независимая роль клубов и неправительственных организаций в качестве приоритета остается недостаточно осмысленна и неосуществлена. При функциональном разделении видов деятельности в процессе спортивной политики все цепи взаимодействия между организациями, действующими в пределах своей компетенции, должны стремиться к реализации законов и стратегических целей спортивной политики. В достижения этих целей деятельность учреждений зависит от принимаемых совместно центральным правительством политических решений, государственных программ и проектов. Важно, чтобы исполнительным структурам были делегированы одинаковые функции, а реализация политики осуществлялась последовательно во всех областях республики. Совершенствование процесса реализации спортивной политики и поиск повышения эффективности муниципальных администраций и советов должны быть главной целью всех учреждений, участвующих в нем. Вся система учреждений, занимающихся разработкой и реализацией спортивной политики, слишком централизована. Институциональные различия в управлении и в решении структурных проблем между национальными организациями и муниципальными организациями очень заметны. Это отрицательно сказывается на состоянии муниципальных территориальных спортивных подразделений, когда гранты распределяются из государственного бюджета в процесе отбора спортсменов, медико-технологических исследований перспективных спортсменов, создания спортивных баз. ; У Постанові Сейму Литовської Республіки про утвердження Державної стратегії розвитку спорту на 2011-2020 роки відмічається важливість створення і удосконалення горизонтальної структури державного управління спортом, яка включає в себе багато напрямків державного управління та муніципальні установи, що дозволить розширяти співпрацю з неурядовими спортивними організаціями і приватним сектором спортивної діяльності. Планується створення правових та економічних умов для розвитку активного і здорового образу життя, швидкого розвитку універсальних спортивних клубів і здорового образу життя, швидкого розвитку універсальних спортивних клубів як основних суб'єктів національної спортивної системи, щоб сприяти їх вкладу в неформальне спортивне товариство і зайнятість дітей і молоді, розвиток різних видів спорту, взаємодію аматорського і професійного спорту. У зв'язку з цим були поставлені завдання щодо створення багаторівневої системи стратегічної співпраці з неурядовими спортивними організаціями (федераціями), зі структурами державного управління, розширення співпраці між муніципальними установами у сфері спорту, уповноважених Урядом Литовської Республіки (далі урядом), з включенням Національної програми розвитку спорту для всіх, підвищення життєздатності товариств через спорт, забезпечення здорового образу життя і розвиток спортивної інфраструктури через посердництво територіального планування та інвестиційних програм; створення і ровиток системи державно-приватного партнерства у сфері спорту; співпраці між установами всіх областей управління шляхом розвитку і реалізації фізичної активності, здорового образу життя і працездатності, соціальної згуртованості черз посередництво спорту, зайнятості у сфері дозвілля і соціальної профілактики та інших міжвідомчих програм. Реалізація стратегії особливо актуальна на рівні діяльності муніципальних адміністрацій і рад, яким делеговані функції для реалізації спортивної політики. Проблеми у реалізації спортивної політики аналізуються вченими і законотворцями спортивної політики (Tukkula, 2016; Pollitt and Bouckaert, 2003, Houlihan, 2005, Grix et al, 2018 и др.). Метою дослідження є аналіз того, як формується і реалізується спортивна політика Литовської Республіки у діяльності муніципальних адміністрацій і рад. Методи дослідження - аналіз наукової літератури, аналіз законів системи спортивного менеджменту. Результати і висновки дослідження. Реальна роль муніципалітетів і пріоритетність розвитку суспільного спорту, підвищення життєздатності товариств, не були реалізовані. Роь приватного бізнесу у спортивній інфраструктурі з метою розвитку спортивного руху і співпраці з соціально відповідальним бізнесом, незалежна роль клубів і неурядових організацій у якості пріоритету залишається недостатньо осмисленою і нездійсненою. При функціональному розділенні видів діяльності у процесі спортивної політики всі ланцюги взаємодії між організаціями, що діють у межах своїх компетенцій, повинні діяти у межах реалізації законів і стратегічних цілей спортивної політики. Для досягнення цих цілей діяльність установ залежить від політчиних рішень, що приймаються сумісно з центральним урядом, державних програм і проектів. Важливо, щоб виконавчим структурам були делеговані рівні функції, а реалізація політики здійснювалась послідовно в усіх сферах республіки. Удосконалення процесу реалізації спортивної політики і пошук підвищення ефективності муніципальних адміністрацій і рад повинні бути головною метою всіх установ, що приймають в них участь. Вся система установ, що займаються розробкою і реалізацією спортивної політики, надзвичйно централізована. Інституційні відмінності в управлінні і вирішенні структурних проблем між національними і муніципальними організаціями є великими. Це негативно впливає на стан муніципальних територіальних спортивних підрозділів, коли гранти розподіляються з державного бюджету у процесі відбору спортсменів, медико-технологічних досліджень перспективних спортсменів, створення спортивних баз тощо.

La gobernanza ambiental es entendida más como un medio que como un fin en sí, para asegurar la conservación del medio ambiente (1), constituye un aspecto clave para el desarrollo de las políticas públicas ambientales del país; sin embargo, los esfuerzos por consolidarla todavía son mínimos en las autoridades de los distintos niveles de gobierno y, por el lado de la sociedad civil en los tomadores de decisiones de las diversas organizaciones sociales.Por la trascendencia del tema y nuestra responsabilidad con la sociedad como universidad, asumimos el compromiso de su fortalecimiento a través de la incorporación como una línea de investigación priorizada, esperando a futuro incrementar los aportes investigativos pertinentes socialmente desde la comunidad académica - científica, luego difundir los resultados de los diversos estudios para contribuir de este modo en la mejora del conocimiento y práctica de la gobernanza ambiental.Es claro que en materia de gobernanza ambiental poco hemos avanzado, pese a tener una normatividad muy comprometida con el medio ambiente y que otorga facultades a los gobiernos regionales y locales para impulsarla en busca de una mayor eficiencia. Las experiencias de Lima y Junín expresan en gran medida esta realidad. Según el Índice de Ciudades Verdes de Latinoamérica, estudio realizado por Siemens, la gobernanza ambiental de Lima se ubica "debajo del promedio" para la gobernanza ambiental a nivel de Latinoamérica. Esta ubicación se debe principalmente a la asignación fragmentada de recursos y responsabilidades para el manejo del medio ambiente entre múltiples instituciones y niveles de gobierno. En 2006 la municipalidad de Lima creó un departamento especializado en medio ambiente, sin embargo carece de competencia para implementar su propia legislación en este sentido. En los últimos cinco años la ciudad de Lima ha realizado una revisión básica de su sector de desechos, omitiendo agua, saneamiento y calidad del aire, entre otros factores. La mayor parte de las iniciativas de esta política se derivan del Ministerio del Ambiente, en donde se concentra la experticia técnica (2).La región Junín está constituida por nueve provincias. La ciudad de Huancayo desde la Comisión Ambiental Regional de Junín (CAR Junín), el Comité de Gestión del Área de Conservación Regional del Huaytapallana (CGACR-H), Grupo Técnico de Cambio Climático entre otras organizaciones sociales - con limitada participación y compromiso de representantes de otras provincias - desarrolla acciones de carácter ambiental con un impacto en la región poco valorada y reconocimiento por la población. Huancayo tiene como fortalezas la gestión de áreas verdes en la zona urbana, las iniciativas de sensibilización para la segregación de residuos sólidos en fuente y permanentes intentos de mejorar la cobertura de agua para consumo humano; todo un reto a futuro.La ciudad de Junín tiene en actividad la Comisión Ambiental Municipal (CAM). La Municipalidad Provincial de Junín con apoyo de la comunidad, han denunciado a las empresas mineras que contaminan las aguas del lago Chinchaycocha, y ya han judicializado el tema, en caso de no tener una pronta solución de las autoridades peruanas éstas serían denunciadas ante la Corte Inter-americana de Derechos Humanos de la OEA, asimismo, se procedería a plantear una medida cautelar para suspender las actividades mineras en Cerro de Pasco, sobre todo de las empresas El Brocal, Volcan y Panamerican Silver que son las responsables de la contaminación del segundo lago más grande del Perú, con relaves mineros afectando la biodiversidad del ecosistema del lago sin alguna medida de remediación; a la fecha se estima que un 30% del lago está contaminado poniendo en riesgo a unas 150 especies de aves endémicas y migratorias. Las aguas del lago Chinchaycocha también son fuente de agua del rio Mantaro, que contribuye en la generación de energía eléctrica a unos 14 departamentos de nuestro país. Entre sus fortalezas se encuentran la gestión adecuada de los residuos sólidos orgánicos orientándolos con fines de producción de compost para su uso en la agricultura y las acciones de conservación de los suelos con fines de un cultivo sostenible, un caso representativo es el de la Maca, producto de exportación de Junín.La ciudad de Concepción tiene en actividad la CAM de Concepción que administra información agraria para brindar información sobre costos de insumos, mercados y estadística que permita a los productores agrícolas decidir oportunamente respecto a oportunidades de negocios; también dispone de maquinaria agrícola que está al servicio de los productores. Entre sus fortalezas se encuentra la gestión adecuada de los residuos sólidos no orgánicos orientándolos con fines económicos y a través del Comité de Vigilancia Ambiental el desarrollo de monitoreos de la calidad del agua (3).Es oportuno destacar que en el Perú existen políticas y un marco legal ambiental que es el reflejo de los compromisos internacionales que asumimos, éstos instrumentos se encuentran en proceso de consolidación a partir del Ministerio del Ambiente, aunque con algunas deficiencias en su articulación con las organizaciones sociales existentes en las diversas regiones; asimismo existen mecanismos de resolución de conflictos incluido el fomento de conocimientos especializados en la determinación de causas ambientales, que sin embargo no están siendo aplicados adecuadamente en el contexto nacional y local. La gobernanza ambiental peruana, por lo demás tiene pendiente la solución de muchos problemas de carácter socio ambiental, en su mayoría vinculados al sector minero.Las ciudades de Huancayo, Junín y Concepción, en todo este panorama, exponen hasta hoy mejores desempeños en materia de gobernanza ambiental, aunque en proceso de mejora. Los mayores esfuerzos están concentrados en los temas de tratamiento y accesibilidad de agua para consumo humano, tratamiento de suelos e iniciativas para lograr a futuro el tratamiento de aguas residuales. ; Environmental governance is understood more as a way than a goal, to ensure the environment conservation (1), it's a key aspect to the environmental public policies development of the country; however, efforts to consolidate are still minimal in the various government levels authorities and, on the side of civil society in the decision-makers of various social organizations. United Nations' international agreements prompted it since the beginning of their decisions and today is an important dimension in peruvian law, as expressed in the General Environmental Law, its article XI gives category as a principle.On the issue significance and our responsibility to society as a university, we are committed to strengthening through incorporation as a prioritized research line, waiting for future increase socially relevant research contributions from the academic – scientific community, then spread the results of various studies to contribute in this way to improve the knowledge and environmental governance practice.It's clear that in environmental governance we have advanced very little, despite having strong regulations to the environment and empowers local and regional governments to promote it in search of greater efficiency. The Lima and Junin experiences largely express this reality.According to the Green Cities Index in Latin America, study realized by Siemens, Lima environmental governance is located "below average" for Latin America level environmental governance. This location is mainly due to the fragmented allocation of resources and responsibilities for environmental management among multiple institutions and government levels. In 2006 the Lima municipality created a specializing environment department, however it isn't competent to implement its own legislation in this regard. In the last five years Lima city has made a fundamental review of its waste sector, omitting water, sanitation and air quality, among other factors. Most policy initiatives arising from the Environment Ministry, where technical expertise is concentrated (2).The Junin region consists of nine provinces. Huancayo city from the Junin Regional Environmental Commission (CAR Junin), the Management Committee of the Huaytapallana Regional Conservation Area (CGACR-H), Technical Group on Climate Change and other social organizations - with limited participation and involvement of other provinces representatives – develop environmental character actions with an undervalued impact on the region and appreciation for population. Huancayo has as management strengths green areas in urban areas, sensitization initiatives for solid waste segregation at source and permanent attempts to improve water coverage for human consumption; a real challenge for the future.The Junín city has in operation the Municipal Environmental Commission (CAM). The Junin Provincial Municipality with the community support, have denounced mining companies which pollute Chinchaycocha lake waters, and they have already judicialized the issue, if they don't have an early settlement from peruvian authorities these would be reported to the Human Rights Inter-American Court of the OAS also they would proceed to raise an injunction to suspend mining activities in Cerro de Pasco, especially El Brocal, Volcan and Panamerican Silver companies which are responsible for pollution of the Peru's second largest lake, with mine tailings affecting the lake ecosystem's biodiversity without some remediation measure; to date it's estimated that 30 % of the lake is polluted jeopardizing 150 endemic and migratory birds species. Chinchaycocha lake waters are also a water source of Mantaro river, which contributes to the electricity generation to 14 departments of the country. Among its strengths are the proper management of organic solid waste directing for compost production to use it in agriculture and soil conservation actions with sustainable farming purposes, a representative case is the Maca, a Junin export product.The Concepción city has in operation the CAM Concepción which manages agricultural information to provide information on inputs costs, markets and statistics that allow farmers promptly decide on business opportunities; also it has farm machinery that serves producers. Among its strengths there is the proper solid non-organic waste management for economic purposes and through the Environmental Monitoring Committee the development of water quality monitoring (3).It should be emphasized that in Peru there are policies and an environmental legal framework that reflects international commitments we made, these instruments are being consolidated from the Environment Ministry, with some shortcomings in its articulation with existing social organizations in the various regions; there are also conflict resolution mechanisms including the expertise knowledge promotion in the environmental causes determination, which however are not being properly applied in the national and local context. Peruvian environmental governance, moreover is pending the solution for many social-environmental problems of character, mostly linked to the mining sector.The Huancayo, Junín and Concepción cities in all this panorama, until now, exhibited best performances in environmental governance, although in the improvement process. The main efforts are concentrated on topics such as treatment topics and water for human consumption accessibility, soil treatment and initiatives to achieve wastewater treatment in the future.

Water quality is a requirement of global markets, went to a trade pattern required by the development of quality criteria that value the man as a consumer par excellence, is one of the most sensitive issues in the provision of services sanitation. Poor water quality can have devastating effects on the population, which is why it is necessary to offer quality drinking water service to prevent any problems. Similarly, the professionals responsible for this task should be aware of existing legislation on water quality and its implementation, as well as techniques and procedures of treatment and control of water quality is subject to continuous improvement, which should be properly disseminated among the professionals responsible for this task. The commitment to improve the knowledge base on all aspects involving maintaining adequate levels of coverage and quality of drinking water service provided by the company EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA For that reason, the object of our research is aimed at studying "INFLUENCE OF THE COVERAGE AND QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER SERVICE COMPANY THAT OFFERS EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA The Company Municipal Potable Water Supply and Sewerage of San Martín, is a private law firm, subject to the laws of public internal control. Its administrative, technical and economic is subject to public control laws and the rules of sanitation. His goal is to provide water service to optimal levels of efficiency and safety to each and every one of the residents who live in their jurisdiction. This framed by the law of state enterprises, its regulations approved by DS N ° 23 853 Organic Law of Municipalities, General Corporation Law, Act No. 26 338 Sanitation Act and the regulations adopted to by DS No. 09-95-PRE, by the provisions of the Statute of the Company, as amended on December 28, 1999. EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA has a coverage of potable water household connections active to December 2009, according to the document management indicators 31.304 house connections and sewerage coverage of 26 531 for an estimated urban population of 169.339 inhabitants. Potable water production to that date was 1,091,388.00 m3 and Continuity of service 11.31 hours / day. There are several principles to be followed to carry out customer service, they can provide the vision that has about the most important aspect of the service, the customer. Make quality a habit and a framework, set specifications for the products and services in agreement with all staff and with customers and suppliers, anticipate and consistently meet customer needs, give freedom of action at all employees who have dealings with customers, ie authority to address their complaints, customers always expect the fulfillment of his word. Promise less, do more, to show respect for people and be attentive to them, explicitly acknowledge any effort of implementing a quality culture. Paying your employees as if they were his partners (incentives). Do as the Japanese. In other words, investigate who are the best and how they do things, to usurp their systems, then improve them. Quality service must meet the following characteristics: fulfill your goals. Serve for what it was designed, addressing the needs, provide results. The objective is to determine the level of influence of the coverage and quality of drinking water service provided by the company EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA to: • Know the procedure that follows the company for potable water coverage provided EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA • Develop strategies to quality and service coverage of drinking water provided by the company EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA to meet user requirements. • Suggest measures to reduce water loss in EMAPA SAN MARTIN SA It will use the following research methods: • Inductive Method. - This is the method of obtaining knowledge that leads from the particular to the general, the facts on the causes and the discovery of the laws. Such a method may be able to establish general laws from empirical facts. • Deductive Method. - Acquiring expertise of the company EMAPA through nationwide general situations. According to their application Application . It is concerned with collecting information from reality to enrich the scientific theoretical knowledge. We will obtain new knowledge about the quality of coverage and water service. According to the level of depth: Descriptive Research. As its name suggests describes situations and facts of how certain phenomena are manifested. It specifies the main characteristics of individuals or groups, phenomena that are tested. In this type of research is measured precisely as possible. It requires knowledge of the study area. Includes the account of the reality in terms of coverage of drinking water Company in the region of San Martín. The universe of the population is 34,000 users of the Municipal Water and Sewer and the sample was obtained according to the application of the formula of the cluster with the following results will be implemented structured survey to Tarapoto 200 120 Bellavista Lamas 20 Saposoa 20 and San José de Sisa 20 respectively. ; La calidad del agua es una exigencia de los mercados globales, pasó hacer una pauta comercial obligada junto a la evolución de los criterios de calidad que valorizan al hombre como consumidor por excelencia; es uno de los aspectos más sensibles en la prestación de los servicios de saneamiento. Una mala calidad del agua puede tener efectos devastadores sobre la población, razón por la cual es necesario ofertar con calidad el servicio de agua potable a fin de prevenir cualquier problema. Del mismo modo, los profesionales responsables de esta tarea deben conocer la normativa vigente sobre la calidad del agua y su aplicación, además los procedimientos y técnicas del tratamiento y control de la calidad de agua, esta sujeto a constantes mejoras, las cuales deben ser adecuadamente difundidas entre los profesionales responsables de esta tarea. Por esa razón, el objeto de nuestra investigación se orienta a estudiar "INFLUENCIA DE LA CALIDAD EN LA COBERTURA Y EL SERVICIO DE AGUA POTABLE QUE BRINDA LA EMPRESA EMAPA SAN MARTÍN S.A." La Empresa Municipal del Servicio de Agua Potable y alcantarillado de San Martín, es una empresa de derecho privado, sujeta a las leyes de control público interno. Su autonomía administrativa, técnica y económica esta sujeta a las leyes de control público y a las normas de saneamiento. Su objetivo es brindar un servicio de agua potable en niveles óptimos de eficiencia y salubridad a todos y cada uno de los pobladores que habitan en su jurisdicción. Esta enmarcada en la ley de la actividad empresarial del Estado, su reglamento aprobado por D.S. N° 23853 Ley Orgánica de Municipalidades, Ley general de Sociedades, Ley N° 26338 Ley General de Saneamiento y su reglamento aprobada a por D.S. N° 09-95-PRE, por las disposiciones del Estatuto de la Empresa, modificado el 28 de diciembre de 1999. EMAPA SAN MARTÍN S.A. tiene una cobertura de conexiones domiciliarias de agua potable activas a Diciembre del 2009, según el documento de indicadores de gestión de 31,304 conexiones domiciliarias y una cobertura de alcantarillado del 26.531 para una población urbana estimada de 169,339 habitantes. La producción de agua potable a esa fecha fue de 1.091.388,00 m3 y La continuidad de servicio de 11.31 hora/día. Existen diversos principios que se deben seguir para llevar a cabo el servicio al cliente, estos pueden facilitar la visión que se tiene acerca del aspecto más importante del servicio, el cliente. Hacer de la calidad un hábito y un marco de referencia, establecer las especificaciones de los productos y servicios de común acuerdo con todo el personal y con los clientes y proveedores, anticipar y satisfacer consistentemente las necesidades de los clientes, dar libertad de acción a todos los empleados que tengan trato con los clientes, es decir autoridad para atender sus quejas, Los clientes siempre esperan el cumplimiento de su palabra. Prometer menos, dar más, mostrar respeto por las personas y ser atentos con ellas, reconocer en forma explícita todo esfuerzo de implantación de una cultura de calidad. Remunerar a sus empleados como si fueran sus socios (incentivos). Hacer como los japoneses. Es decir, investigar quiénes son los mejores y cómo hacen las cosas, para apropiarse de sus sistemas, para después mejorarlos. Un servicio de calidad debe cumplir con las siguientes características: cumplir los objetivos. Servir para lo que se diseñó, solucionar las necesidades, proporcionar resultados. El objetivo es, determinar el nivel de influencia de la calidad en la cobertura y el servicio del agua potable que brinda la empresa EMAPA SAN MARTÍN S.A. para: •Conocer el procedimiento que sigue la empresa para la Cobertura de agua potable que brinda EMAPA SAN MARTÍN S.A. •Diseñar estrategias de calidad en la cobertura y el servicio del agua potable que brinda la empresa EMAPA SAN MARTÍN S.A para satisfacer exigencias de los usuarios. •Sugerir medidas para la reducción de perdida de agua potable en EMAPA SAN MARTÍN S.A. Se utilizará los siguientes métodos de investigación: •Método Inductivo.- Es el método de obtención de conocimientos que conduce de lo particular a lo general, de los hechos a las causas y al descubrimiento de las leyes. Este tipo de método puede llegar a establecer leyes generales a partir de hechos empíricos. •Método Deductivo.- Adquirir conocimientos particulares de la Empresa de EMAPA a través de situaciones generales a nivel nacional. De acuerdo a su aplicación Investigación Aplicada. Se preocupa de recoger información de la realidad Obtendremos conocimientos nuevos sobre la calidad en la cobertura y servicio de agua potable. De acuerdo al nivel de profundidad: Investigación Descriptiva. Como su nombre lo indica se describe situaciones y hechos de cómo se manifiestan determinados fenómenos. Se especifica las características más importantes de personas o grupos, fenómenos que sean sometidos a análisis. En este tipo de investigación se mide con mayor precisión posible. Requiere conocimientos del área de estudio. Comprende la narración de la realidad en cuanto a la cobertura de la empresa de agua potable de la Región de San Martín. El universo de la población es de 34.000 usuarios de la Empresa Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado y la muestra se obtuvo de acuerdo a la aplicación de la fórmula del conglomerado obteniendo los siguientes resultados que se aplicará la encuesta estructurada, para Tarapoto 200 Lamas 120 Bellavista 20, Saposoa 20 y San José de Sisa 20 respectivamente. ; Tesis

Die Situation, die zur Herausbildung der TVT im Jahr 1985 führte, war dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bevölkerung tierärztliches Engagement zum Schutz der Tiere erwartete. Das Bemühen um Verantwortung für unsere Mitgeschöpfe ging jedoch zu jener Zeit hauptsächlich von Tierschutzverbänden aus. Bei etablierten veterinärmedizinischen Organisationen standen andere Aufgaben im Vordergrund und der Stellenwert des Tierschutzes wurde nicht gebührend beachtet oder nicht umfassend berücksichtigt. Die Dissertation soll dazu beitragen, den Einfluß, den die TVT seither auf den Tierschutz in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland genommen hat, zu analysieren. Dazu wurden die Protokolle, Mitschriften, Stellungnahmen, Informationsblätter, Verlautbarungen, Resolutionen, Gutachten, sowie der Schriftverkehr der Organisation seit ihrer Gründung eingesehen und ausgewertet. Das spezielle Informationsmaterial, die Merkblätter, Checklisten und die Empfehlungen der Arbeitskreise zu bestimmten Gebieten des Tierschutzes gaben Aufschlüsse über die von der Vereinigung untersuchten Problemstellungen. Die unter der Rubrik Tierschutz in der Zeitschrift "Amtstierärztlicher Dienst und Lebensmittelkontrolle" bzw. in den "TVT-Nachrichten" veröffentlichten Berichte von Autoren der Vereinigung, seit der Herausgabe dieser Publikationen, wurden kurz beschrieben und Artikel über die TVT in anderen Fachzeitschriften ausgewertet. Die Aufnahme der Aussagen von 22 Zeitzeugen vermittelte einen aufschlußreichen Einblick in die Vereinsarbeit und half, Zusammenhänge herzustellen. Die Tierschutzgesetzgebung wurde einbezogen, da sie die Grundlage für das Engagement des Vereins bildet. Die TVT ist der Tierschutzverein der Veterinärmediziner, ein Zusammenschluß von Tierärzten, die ihr Fachwissen als Sachverständige zur Verfügung stellen und den Leitspruch wählten: "In dubio pro animale". Die Vereinigung setzt sich dafür ein, Diskussionen über Tierschutz sachlich zu führen, Anforderungen zu formulieren, um auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage gewonnene Erkenntnisse sowohl für die Legislative und die Exekutive zur Verfügung zu stellen als auch andere Interessierte in allen Tierschutzfragen zu beraten. Die Initiative zur Konstitution der Tierschutzorganisation der Veterinärmediziner entwickelten in den Jahren 1982-1985 zum überwiegenden Teil praktizierende Tierärzte. Sie wollten ihrem standespolitischen Anspruch, "Anwalt der Tiere" zu sein, gerecht werden und mit ihrem Fachwissen sowie ihrer Praxiserfahrung zur Umsetzung des Tierschutzgesetzes beitragen. Gegenwärtig gehören lediglich etwa 25% der Mitglieder der TVT dieser Berufsgruppe an. Den größten Anteil bilden inzwischen amtliche Tierärzte. Die TVT ist keine Massenorganisation, sondern als ein Zusammenschluß von Fachkundigen konzipiert. Tierärzte und Personen mit Spezialkenntnissen (Fördermitglieder) bearbeiten bestimmte Schwerpunkte des Tierschutzes. Zur Gründung, am 30.11.1985, gehörten der Vereinigung ca. 150 Tierärzte an. Heute gibt es etwa 800 Mitglieder, von denen 270 aktiv tätig sind, darunter 27 Berater. Die Vereinigung hat elf Arbeitskreise, die relativ selbständig wirken und nach Fachgebieten oder bestimmten Schwerpunkten gegliedert wurden. Die Spezialisten der TVT befassen sich, in der Reihenfolge der Arbeitskreise genannt, mit folgenden Themen: Nutztierhaltung, Kleintiere, Betäubung und Schlachtung, Tierversuche, Handel und Transport, Jagd und Fischerei, Zirkus und Zoo, Zoofachhandel, Tierschutzethik, Tierzucht und Pferde. Damit umfaßt ihr Tätigkeitsfeld das gesamte Spektrum des Tierschutzes für Wirbeltiere. Im Gegensatz zur TVT beschäftigen sich andere Organisationen, die sich für Tiere einsetzen, mit einzelnen Bereichen. Bis zum Ende des Jahres 2000 hat die TVT 81 Informationsblätter für die praktische Tierschutzarbeit angefertigt und herausgegeben. In Merkblättern erfolgt eine umfassende Erläuterung der Themen. Checklisten enthalten wesentliche Belange als Übersicht, die bei der amtstierärztlichen Überprüfung Beachtung finden. Aus dem umfangreichen Bereich der Leistungen der TVT können hier inhaltlich nur wenige aufgeführt werden. Für die weitere Entwicklung der Vereinigung war im Jahre 1988 die "Grundsatzerklärung der TVT" von entscheidender Bedeutung. Eine der wichtigsten Schriften der TVT ist der "Codex veterinarius", eine Analogie zum Hippokratischen Eid der Humanmediziner. Er liegt auch in englischer Fassung vor und soll in die italienische Sprache übersetzt werden. Schwerpunkte waren weiterhin: Forderungen nach Lehrstühlen für Tierschutz, Protest gegen Massentötungen gesunder Schweine im Rahmen der Schweinepestbekämpfung, Forderung einer Genehmigungspflicht für Haltungssysteme bei landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren, Stellungnahme bei der Anhörung im Deutschen Bundestag zu Qualzüchtungen landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere, Eintreten für tierschutzgerechten Ablauf von Trabrennen, Richtlinien für Tierbörsen, Informationsschriften zum Ersatz bzw. zur schonenden Durchführung von Tierversuchen, zur Haltung von Zirkustieren und Tieren im Zoofachhandel, Engagement für Tierschutz beim Transport, Schlachtung und Tötung von Tieren sowie Tierschutzproblematik bei Wild. Ferner wurden folgende Ziele erreicht: Das Bewußtsein für die standespolitische Bedeutung des Tierschutzes bei Tiermedizinern wurde geweckt, die Frontstellung zwischen den Tierärzten und dem organisierten Tierschutz ist zumindest auf der Leitungsebene der Vereine bzw. Verbände beendet, die TVT wird in wichtigen Ausschüssen der Bundesregierung bei Tierschutzfragen angehört und ist in der Standesorganisation vertreten. Im Sinne des Tierschutzes gab es Ansätze der Zusammenarbeit mit dem Vieh- und Fleischhandelsverband, dem Zentralverband Zoologischer Fachbetriebe Deutschlands e.V. und der Vereinigung der Tierlehrer. Als zukünftige Aufgaben, Entwicklung und Perspektiven der TVT sind zu nennen: Koordination mit anderen im Tierschutz engagierten Verbänden der Tierärzte und Hilfe bei der Gründung sowie für den Aufbau von Schwesterorganisationen in europäischen Ländern. Die Organisation ist gegenwärtig im Einklang mit anderen Tierschutzverbänden bemüht, den Tierschutz im Grundgesetz zu verankern, votiert gegen Qualzüchtungen, engagiert sich für artgerechte Tierhaltung und befaßt sich mit Problemen gefährlicher Hunde. Die Leistungen der TVT sind anhand der großen Nachfrage an Publikationen der Vereinigung (Informationsblätter, Arbeitsmaterialien für Ausbildung und Prüfung bestimmter Berufsgruppen), der Vielzahl von Veröffentlichungen ihrer Mitglieder, bei Vorträgen, Meinungsäußerungen auf Tagungen, Seminaren sowie bei Anhörungen im Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten oder Deutschen Bundestag erkennbar. Bei der Bevölkerung hat sich das Ansehen des Berufsstandes in Hinblick auf die Frage, ob Tierärzte "Anwälte der Tiere" sind, durch die TVT entscheidend verbessert. Zuschriften zu aktuellen Problemen des Tierschutzes zeigen, daß Rat von der Organisation eingeholt wird. Die Effektivität des Vereins spiegelt sich in der Tatsache wider, daß lediglich etwa 1% der Tierärzte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in dieser Organisation für jegliche Belange des Tierschutzes tätig sind. Die TVT ist als Tierschutzverein der Veterinärmediziner anerkannt, nimmt auf den Tierschutz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland großen Einfluß und kann ihn durch Präsenz im Internet und Aktivität an den tierärztlichen Ausbildungsstätten erweitern. ; The situation which led to the establishment of TVT in 1985 was characterized by the fact that the population expected commitment of veterinarians for the welfare of animals. But the efforts for responsibility for our fellow creatures at that time mainly came from societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals. In established veterinary-medical organizations other tasks were in the foreground and the role of animal welfare was not duly observed or not comprehensively taken into account. The dissertation shall contribute to the analyzation of the influence TVT has had since then on animal welfare in the Federal Republic of Germany. For that purpose, protocols, notes, comments, information sheets, announcements, resolutions, expert opinions, and the correspondence of the organization since its establishment were analyzed and evaluated. The special information material, the leaflets, check lists and the recommendations of the study groups regarding certain areas of animal welfare provided explanations on the problems investigated by the association. Since these publications started, the reports by authors from within the association which were published under the rubric animal welfare in the magazine"Official Veterinarian Service and Foodstuff Control" and/or in the "TVT-News" were briefly described and articles on TVT in other technical magazines were evaluated. The inclusion of statements of 22 eye-witnesses provided informative insight into the associations' work and helped to establish connections. Animal welfare legislation was included since it forms the basis for the associaton's commitment. TVT is the animal welfare association of the veterinarians, an association of veterinarians who contribute their specialized knowledge as experts and chose the motto: "In dubio pro animale". The association supports the objective conduct of discussions on animal welfare, formulates requirements in order to place at disposal recognitions won on a scientific basis for both, the legislative and the executive, and all who are interested in issues concerning animal welfare. The initiative for the constitution of the animal welfare association of the veterinarians was mainly developed by practising veterinarians during the years 1982-1985. They wanted to do justice to their ethical claim to represent the interests of animals and contribute with their technical know-how and practical experience to the implementation of the Animal Welfare Act. At present only about 25% of TVT members belong to this professional group. The largest portion are veterinarians who are, in the meantime, in the civil service. TVT is no mass organization, it was conceived as an association of competent veterinarians and persons with special knowledge (promotional members) who deal with certain main points of animal welfare. About 150 veterinarians belonged to the association on the date of its establishment on November 30, 1985. Today it has about 800 members of which 270 are active, among whom 27 are consultants. The association has eleven study groups which act relatively independent and were divided in accordance with special fields or certain points of main emphasis. TVT specialists deal with the following subjects whereby they are listed in the sequence of the study groups: Livestock farming, small animals; stunning and slaughter, animal experiments, trade and transport, hunting and fishing, circus and zoo, the pet supply trade, animal welfare ethics, animal breeding, and horses. Their field of activity thereby composes the whole spectrum of animal welfare for vertebrates. In contrary to TVT, other organizations which support animals, deal with individual areas. Until the end of 2000, TVT prepared and published 81 information sheets for practical animal welfare work. A comprehensive explanation of the subjects is publicized in leaflets. Checklists contain essential concerns as overviews which attract attention at the official veterinary review. As regards content, only a few can be cited here from the comprehensive area of TVT's services. For the further development of the association, the "Policy Statement of TVT" in 1988 was of decisive importance. One of the most important papers of TVT is the "Codex veterinarius", an analogy to the Hippocratic oath of medical doctors. It is also available in English and will be translated into Italian. Points of main empasis were in addition: Requests for chairs for animal welfare, protest against mass slaughter of healthy pigs to combat outbreaks of swine fever, requests for official approvals concerning agricultural livestock systems, commenting at hearings in the lower house of the German Parliament on arbitrary breeding of agricultural livestock, support for the conduct of trotting races in a manner which does justice to animal welfare, guidelines for animal exchange, information papers on the replacement and/or the conduct of tests at animals in a caring manner, the maintenance of circus animals, and animals in the the pet supply trade, commitment for animal welfare during transports, slaughter and killing of animals as well as animal welfare problems with regard to game. Furthermore, the following goals were achieved: Awareness for the ethical meaning of animal welfare in veterinarians was awoken, the confrontation between veterinarians and organized animal welfare was at least ended on the management level of associations and/or societies, TVT is heard at important committees of the Federal Government on animal welfare issues and it is also represented in the ethical professional organization. In the sense of animal welfare, the beginnings of co-operation with the Livestock and Meat Trade Association, the Zentralverband Zoologischer Fachbetriebe Deutschlands e.V. (central association of specialized zoo companies) and the association of animal trainers began to show. As future tasks development and perspectives of TVT have to be cited: Co-ordination with other associations of veterinarians who are committed to animal welfare and provide help for the establishment and setup of sister-organizations in European countries. Presently, the organization, in line with other societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals, endeavours to anchor animal welfare in the constitutional law, it votes against breedings which are a crime against nature, commits itself to livestock farming methods which are appropriate for each species and deals with the problems of dangerous dogs. The achievements of TVT are recognizable because of the great demand for publications of the association (information sheets, work materials for education and examination of certain professional groups), the large number of publications of its members, at lectures, the expression of opinions at meetings, seminars and hearings in the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forests or in the lower house of the German Parliament. Because of TVT, the reputation of the profession has considerably improved with regard to the question whether veterinarians are representing animals' interests. Comments on actual problems of animal welfare show that advice is obtained from the organization. The efficiency of the society is reflected by the fact that only about 1% of veterinarians in the Federal Republic of Germany are active in this organization for any and all concerns of animal welfare. TVT is recognized as society of veterinarians for the prevention of cruelty to animals, it exerts much influence on animal welfare in the Federal Republic of Germany and can expand its influence by presence in the internet and actitivies in veterinarian educational establishments.

The thesis provides a complex analysis of the technologies of political marketing in the activities of political parties. Theoretical and methodological basis of research of problem fields are identified and patterns of formation and development of political marketing in political science are defined. The aim of the research was to determine the patterns of political marketing in Ukraine and specifics use of marketing techniques in political parties. The differences of scientific categories «marketing technologies of political party» and «technologies of political marketing» which are using by political parties are highlighted. The marketing technologies of political parties is meant as the totality of methods and means for promoting political products. The technologies of political marketing are defined as a set of practices in creating, maintaining and developing political relations between political actors by using political market products.According to the marketing strategy of positioning the Ukrainian political parties and key party product (ideology / «package of programs» / image ideology) the essence of technologies of political marketing that are used by political parties in their work, namely in design of party image, definition of party people, naming, creating ideological platform, design of party symbols and branding, are singled out in the research. Delimitation between scientific categories «party goods» and «party brand» is proposed. The term «party brand» provides for rooting in the public consciousness, symbolic content, emotional load and is the possibility to combine in itself few political goods. Party brand as result of political marketing is interpreted by the author as a unique offer of specific political party. Acquisition of traits of this unique offer in the marketing party strategy helps to create lasting image and form stable political reputation on the market. The author emphasized that the party proposals are updated by the election campaigns because the main function of political parties is electoral and the essence of parties is defined as organizations designed to gain and exercise of state power. Elections as a concentrated expression of the political market is a mechanism of legitimation of power to political parties. It is proposed the author's synthesis of areas of general marketing principles and Jean Baudrillard's concept of postmodern. It allowed investigating features of political marketing at essentially new level: the change from rational forms of symbolization to branding and sensory-emotional forms of symbolic exchange.It is proved that to the forefront of the political market political product should get, efficiency which is due not so much situational expectations as authentic mental peculiarities of the people combined with the current trends of global political market.The author identified four stages of political marketing in Ukraine that are determined by the characteristics of the party and electoral systems, the level of competition on the political market, the choice of means and methods of party activity:- stage of nucleation of political market (1991–1997);- stage of formation and development of political marketing technologies (1998–2003);- stage of amplification technologizing and virtualization election campaigns (2004–2009);- stage of expansion of technologies and their diversity (from 2010 – till now).It is substantiated that using of technologies of political marketing in the activities of political parties leads to the changes in their form and content, demonstrates successful participation of the same party in three electoral cycles, which is the evidence of party's institutionalization. As a result, specific partypolitical structuring from atomized to systems of almost large parties took place. In this regard, necessity to create brands in the party-political space of modern Ukraine, that driven by the desire of parties to ensure strategic planning for political product in the long term, is argued. The author proved dependence of dynamics of political marketing technologies in the activities of political parties with correlation between the type of party system, electoral law and the polarization of Ukrainian society.In the research, it is stressed that in the election campaigns in the late XX - XXI centuries in Ukraine ideological factor plays less important role than in the elections early 1990s. The current electoral process is not a competition of ideologies but a competition of symbols which main task is to engage to the side of the candidate a significant number of voters. The features of party proposals during parliamentary campaigns 2012, 2014 is analysed. The specific of personal factors and party imaging products in the design of the brand party is revealed. It is emphasized that party products and brands are the carriers of information. For example, names of political parties not only provide for information about specific political party, but about the laws of functioning of the political life in Ukrainian society, political power, the level of political culture.The role of the names and symbols of Ukrainian political parties is found out. It is concluded that by using symbolic form political party decrypts the meaning of the name, identifies itself ideologically, recalls the essence of their programmatic objectives, says the goal of the current campaign and immediate tasks. The content invested in party symbols is revealed. The author analyses its colours, which are powerful way of manipulating the human psyche. It is proved that the party proposals acquire symbolic and cease to carry a meaning and be based on real public demand. Political symbols become tools of manipulation and suggestion of populist ideas. On the one hand, it brings instant benefits to political parties, but on the other - leads to a decline in political culture and civic activity. The research substantiated that for design of effective symbolism must consider the level of political culture of the electorate, traditions, level of political education, voter mentality. It is emphasized that Ukrainian society tend to personalize perception of political power, which reduces the totality of power relations to a figure of specific political leader. The author highlighted that political parties are mass political organizations in which leadership can be distributed among several politicians.It was found that the challenges in 2014 led to new tendencies in the party system in Ukraine, namely the enhancing the process creation of parties, also inclusion in party lists ATO members, civil society activists, journalists, volunteers. It was due to public demand for «new faces», new alliances between political forces. A high level of personalization for Ukrainian politics connected primarily with the fact that most voters are not able to make a political choice, based on their own real interests. Ordinary citizens associate realization their life aspirations and dreams with the active leader of political force who is trying to act as a hero, a saviour. It is accentuated attention that political parties do not compete for the effective implementation of social development programs, but compete for the distribution of power. In their activities, profitable for a narrow circle of persons, but not national interests are dominated. Populism and excessive social orientation of the election programs of political parties are typical characteristics of modern political market in Ukraine.It is concluded that during the current transitional period the domestic party market has not reached a level that would satisfy the needs of society, political goods have not met the expectations and hopes. They are made without targeting consumers and based on stereotypical thinking. The party market does not match a model of «free competition», which makes it difficult to promote party products. Political parties are not associated with specific results of which should be designed to meet the most important values and needs of citizens. The research presents practical recommendations to improve political marketing technologies considering domestic political consumer. ; В исследовании осуществлен комплексный анализ технологий политического маркетинга в деятельности политических партий. Определены теоретико-методологические основы исследования проблемного поля, закономерности становления и развития политического маркетинга в политической науке.Выяснены теоретические основы изучения и использования в политической практике технологий политического маркетинга политическими партиями; обобщены и указано на расхождение содержания научных категорий «технологии политического маркетинга» и «маркетинговые технологии политической партии».Согласно маркетинговой стратегии позиционирования украинских политических партий и ключевого партийного продукта, предложено систематизировать технологии, которые используют политические партии в своей деятельности: конструирование имиджа партии; нейминг (разработка названия политической партии); определение бренд-персон политической партии; создание идеологической платформы и формирования программы партии; разработка дизайна партийной символики и рекламной продукции; партийный брендинг.Предложена целесообразность сочетания основ общего маркетинга и постмодернистской концепции Ж. Бодрийяра, что позволило исследовать особенности технологий политического маркетинга на принципиально новом уровне: замена рациональных форм символизации имиджевыми и чувственно-эмоциональными формами символического обмена.Обосновано, что на первый план партийного рынка должен выйти политический продукт, дееспособность которого обусловливается не столько ситуационными ожиданиями граждан, сколько аутентичными ментальными особенностями народа в сочетании с актуальными тенденциями мирового политического рынка. Указано на различия научных категорий «партийный товар» и «партийный бренд», суть последнего заключается в его укорененности в массовом сознании, символическом наполнении, эмоциональной нагрузке и возможности объединять в себе несколько политических товаров.Выделены четыре этапа динамики украинского политико-партийного рынка в условиях независимости. Обосновано, что использование технологий политического маркетинга в деятельности политических партий приводит к изменению их формы и содержания, демонстрируя успешное выступление одной и той же партийной силы в течение трех электоральных циклов, что свидетельствует о партийной институционализации, и обусловливает определенное партийно-политическое структурирование от авторизированной к системе почти крупных политических партий.Раскрыта специфика персонального фактора и визуализации партийных продуктов в конструировании бренда партии. Проанализированы особенности партийных предложений парламентских кампаний 2012, 2014 гг. Доказано, что в условиях нынешнего переходного периода отечественный партийный рынок не достиг того уровня, который бы удовлетворял потребности общества, политические товары не соответствуют ожиданиям и надеждам, создаются без ориентации на потребителя, базируются на стереотипном мышлении. ; У дослідженні здійснено комплексний аналіз технологій політичного маркетингу в діяльності політичних партій. Визначено теоретико- методологічні засади дослідження проблемного поля, закономірності становлення та розвитку політичного маркетингу в політичній науці. Метою дисертаційного дослідження було з'ясування закономірності розвитку політичного маркетингу в Україні та специфіку використання маркетингових технологій у діяльності політичних партій. Виділено розбіжності змісту наукових категорій: «маркетингові технології політичної партії» і «технології політичного маркетингу», що використовують політичні партії. Під маркетинговими технологіями політичних партій розуміється сукупність прийомів і засобів просування політичних продуктів, а технології політичного маркетингу визначаються як сукупність практик створення, підтримки та розвитку політичних взаємовідносин між акторами політичного ринку за допомогою політичних продуктів.Згідно маркетингової стратегії позиціонування українськими політичними партіями та ключового партійного продукту (ідеологія / «пакет програм» / іміджева ідеологія), у дослідженні виокремлено та розкрито зміст технологій політичного маркетингу, які використовують політичні партії у своїй діяльності, а саме: неймінг, конструювання іміджу партії, визначення партійних персон, створення ідеологічної платформи, розробка дизайну партійної символіки, брендинг. Запропоновано розмежовувати наукові категорії «партійного товару» та «партійного бренду», зміст останнього полягає в його вкоріненості у масовій свідомості, символічному наповненні, емоційному навантаженні та можливості об'єднувати у собі декілька політичних товарів. Партійний бренд, як результат політичного маркетингу, тлумачиться автором як своєрідна унікальна пропозиція конкретної політичної партії. Набуття її ознак в маркетинговій стратегії партії сприяє створенню довготривалого іміджу, формуванню її стабільної репутації на політичному ринку. Автором наголошено, що партійні пропозиції актуалізуються виборчими кампаніями, бо головна функція політичних партій – електоральна – визначається самою сутністю їх як організацій, призначених для завоювання й здійснення державної влади. Саме вибори як концентроване вираження політичного ринку є механізмом легітимації влади для політичної партії.Запропоновано доцільність поєднання основ загального маркетингу та постмодерністської концепції Ж. Бодрійяра, що дозволило дослідити особливості технологій політичного маркетингу на принципово новому рівні: заміна раціональних форм символізації іміджевими та чуттєво- емоційними формами символічного обміну. Доведено, що на перший план партійного ринку повинен вийти політичний продукт, дієздатність якого обумовлюється не стільки ситуаційними очікуваннями громадян, скільки аутентичними ментальними особливостями народу в поєднанні з актуальними тенденціями світового політичного ринку.Виокремлено чотири етапи політичного маркетингу в діяльності політичних партій України, які визначаються особливостями партійної та виборчої систем, рівнем конкуренції на політичному ринку, вибором засобів і методів партійної діяльності:- етап зародження політичного ринку (1991–1997 рр.);- етап формування та розвитку технологій політичного маркетингу (1998–2003 рр.);- етап посилення технологізації та віртуалізації передвиборчих кампаній (2004–2009 рр.);- етап розширення технологій та їх урізноманітнення (з 2010 р. – по теперішній час).Обґрунтовано, що використання технологій політичного маркетингу у діяльності політичних партій призводить до зміни їх форми і змісту, демонструючи успішний виступ однієї і тієї ж партійної сили протягом трьох електоральних циклів, що є свідченням партійної інституціоналізації, та обумовлює певне партійно-політичне структурування: від атомізованої до майже системи крупних партій. Можна говорити про певні перспективи щодо стабілізації української партійної системи: маємо зменшення фрагментації партійної системи у поєднанні зі зростанням ролі партійних організацій. У зв'язку з цим аргументовано необхідність створення брендів у партійно-політичному просторі сучасної Україні, щ обумовлюється прагненням партій до забезпечення стратегічного планування політичного продукту на довгострокову перспективу. Доведена залежність динаміки розвитку технологій політичного маркетингу в діяльності політичних партій від кореляції між типом партійної системи, виборчим законодавством і поляризацією українського суспільства.У роботі підкреслено, що у виборних кампаніях кінця ХХ – початку ХХІ ст. в Україні ідеологічний чинник відіграє менше значення, ніж на виборах початку 1990-х років. Сучасний виборчий процес – це змагання не ідеологій, а символів, основним завданням яких є залучати на сторону кандидата значну кількість виборців. Проаналізовано особливості партійних пропозицій парламентських кампаній 2012, 2014 рр. Розкрито специфіку персонального чиннику та візуалізації партійних продуктів у конструюванні бренду партії. Наголошено, що партійні товари та бренди є носіями інформації. Наприклад, назви політичних партій дають відомості не тільки про конкретну політичну силу, а й про закономірності функціонування політичного життя українського суспільства, політичної влади, рівень політичної культури. З'ясовано роль назви та символіки українських політичних партій. Зроблено висновок, що через символічні форми політична партія розшифровує значення своєї назви, ідеологічно ідентифікує себе, нагадує про суть своїх програмових завдань, заявляє про мету поточної кампанії і найближчі цілі. Розкрито зміст, вкладений в партійну символіку. Аналізується її колірна гама, яка є потужним засобом маніпулювання людської психіки.Доведено, що партійні пропозиції набувають символічності та перестають нести у собі смислове навантаження, спиратися на реальний суспільний попит. Політичні символи стають інструментами маніпулювання та навіювання популістських ідей, що, з одного боку, приносить миттєву вигоду політичним партіям, з іншого – веде до зниження рівня політичної культури та громадської активності. У дослідженні обґрунтовано, що при розробці ефективної символіки необхідно враховувати рівень політичної культури електорату, традиції, рівень політичної освіченості, менталітет виборця.Наголошено, що для українського суспільства притаманне персоніфіковане сприйняття політичної влади, яке редукує всю сукупність владних відносин до фігури конкретного політичного лідера. Підкреслено, що політичні партії – це масові політичні організації, в яких лідерство може бути розподілено серед кількох політиків. З'ясовано, що виклики 2014 р. призвели до нових тенденцій у партійній системі України, а саме активізації процесу партієтворення, включення у партійні списки учасників АТО, громадських активістів, журналістів, волонтерів, що було зумовлено суспільним запитом на «нові обличчя», створення нових союзів між політичними силами. Характерний високий рівень персоніфікації для української політики пов'язується, насамперед, з тим, що більшість не здатна здійснити політичний вибір, що заснований на їх власних реальних інтересах. Пересічні громадяни пов'язують втілення своїх життєвих сподівань та мрій з політичною активністю лідера сили, який намагається виступати в ролі героя, рятівника. Акцентовано увагу, що політичні партії змагаються не за втілення ефективніших програм розвитку суспільства, а за розподіл владних повноважень; у їх діяльності переважають вузькопартійні, а не загальнонаціональні інтереси. Популізм, надмірна соціальна орієнтованість передвиборчих програм політичних партій – типова характеристика сучасного політичного ринку України.Зроблено висновок, що за умов нинішнього перехідного періоду, вітчизняний партійний ринок не досяг того рівня, який би задовольняв потреби суспільства, політичні товари не відповідають очікуванням та надіям, створюються без орієнтації на споживача, базуються на стереотипному мисленні. Партійний ринок не відповідає моделі «вільної конкуренції», що зумовлює труднощі просування на ньому партійних продуктів. Партії не асоціюються з конкретними результатами діяльності, що мають бути спрямовані на задоволення найбільш значимих цінностей, потреб громадян.У роботі запропоновано практичні рекомендації щодо вдосконалення технологій політичного маркетингу з урахуванням споживача вітчизняного політичного товару.

Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia Química, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra ; Water resources are not infinite. If even nowadays some people do not have proper access to this vital supply, humanity must do much more effort aiming its preservation in consideration with the future of the generations to come. Avoiding all types of pollutants from contaminating water cycles is currently one of the current utmost matters to be faced by government policies. Research on wastewaters treatment have been dealing this regard over many years now, strongly contributing with solutions to the related problems. The most frequently remediation techniques to several kinds of effluents are the biological treatments, where microorganisms consume the organic charge – thus requiring biomass adaptation when there are changes on substrates composition. Drawbacks emerge when non-biodegradable or toxic effluents must be dealt with. This, sometimes, makes it impossible to treat effluents by activated sludge, especially when the effluent is not available all over the year for bacteria to have time to get acclimated. Therefore, accordingly to the kind or content of the residues requiring remediation before discharge, different approaches may be considered instead. Portugal alone produced 80 kilotons of olive oil in 2012. In the same year, the World's production exceeded 3.3 megatons, produced from fruits gathered from over 750 million trees spread all over the globe (most of it at the Mediterranean region). This elevated and concentrated production generates huge amounts of different effluents, summing up the so called olive mills wastewaters (OMW). These rejects simultaneously present the two imperative characteristics that renders biological option unsuccessful for environmental legislation achievement: toxicity to microorganisms (due to the presence of phenolic acids) and seasonality (since the crop of the fruits occur for approximately four months of the year). Consequently, it is necessary to find alternative treatments capable of abating these wastewaters' organic charge at any period for as long as it is necessary. Solution circumventing the mentioned inconveniences are chemical treatment technologies, where the advanced oxidation technologies (AOPs) are included. These last are based on an oxidative reagent able to degrade the aimed compounds, either by complete elimination or by reducing their environmental harmfulness. Parameters such as chemical oxygen demands (COD), total organic carbon levels (TOC), total phenolic content (TPh), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), eco-toxicity (EC20 and EC50), amongst others, supply key information for these processes' efficiency assessment, that may be presented as remediation alternatives after proper judgment of experimental results. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a common reactant when it comes to wastewater oxidative treatments. Although it is a highly oxidative specie, further activation by cleavage into hydroxyl radicals (•OH) can be achieved by the presence of ozone, UV-light or transition metals. In particular, when this excitation is caused by iron ions (usually Fe2+) it is called Fenton's process, which has several industrial applications involving wastewater treatment with great economic advantages, especially for occurring under normal conditions of pressure and temperature. Besides, the non-selectivity of the Fenton's radicals assures that several kinds of effluents can be oxidized by these systems. The Fenton's oxidation of a synthetic solution comprised by a few phenolic acids commonly found in OMW was studied. New results were introduced to the scientific community, obtained by the use of ceramic solids and low cost materials tested as heterogeneous catalysts. The classical process, in homogeneous phase, was also appraised and compared with a different approach of it, achieving interesting results regarding the reduction of sludge formation and reactants yields. Continuous operation modes were also performed in a tubular reactor, reaching good organic charge removals. The operating conditions were planned in a way to allow comparisons amongst several experiments. In this thesis, the calcination temperature of ceramic catalysts is the first subject to be evaluated. Its study shows that the temperature of 300 °C produced the most active solids. An iron-cerium solid at the molar proportion of 70/30 can be highlighted amongst the other ceramic solids by its superior oxidative promotion (which might be related to its higher surface area, 188 m2.g-1): complete phenolic destruction, 49 % COD removal and 45 % TOC abatement. Moreover, the effluent's biodegradability was greatly enhanced and had its toxicity removed. Other researches using the same methodology of catalyst preparation comprised iron-copper and iron cobalt solids used at the same operation conditions, but without such success. Low cost materials recycling is another theme presented in this document. The attempt of using Fenton's sludge as catalyst (directly, after calcination and as iron precursor), although resulting in active solids, did not succeed on the biodegradability enhancement, being discarded. On the other hand, zero valent iron (ZVI) gathered from two sources presented outstanding catalytic performances in batch (from 10 minutes to 2 hours) and continuous reactions (stable organic charge removals up to 168 hours of operation). Finally, the homogeneous Fenton's reaction is appraised in order to generate results linking it to the heterogeneous process. In the same chapter, a different approach for the classical Fenton's oxidation is performed, showing a great enhancement of the overall efficiency considering the sludge formation reduction and reactants yields augment. ; Os recursos d'água não são infinitos. Se até hoje em dia algumas populações não têm um acesso decente a este recurso vital, a humanidade precisa se esforçar mais com o objetivo de preservá-lo em consideração às gerações vindouras. Evitar a contaminação dos ciclos aquáticos por qualquer tipo de poluente é uma das grandes preocupações atuais. Pesquisas sobre tratamento de águas residuais têm lidado com esse assunto ao longo dos últimos anos, contribuindo fortemente com soluções para os problemas relacionados. As técnicas de remediação de diversos efluentes que são mais frequentemente utilizadas são os tratamentos biológicos, nos quais microrganismos consomem a matéria orgânica – requerendo, assim, adaptação da biomassa quando existem variações na composição do substrato. As desvantagens destes processos surgem quando águas residuais não biodegradáveis ou tóxicas precisam ser tratadas. Isto, algumas vezes, torna impossível a utilização dos sistemas de depuração por lamas ativadas (especialmente quando o efluente não está disponível durante todo o ano para que as bactérias tenham tempo de se aclimatarem a ele). Portanto, de acordo com o tipo e conteúdo dos resíduos que exigem remediação antes de serem descarregados, abordagens diferentes precisam ser consideradas. Portugal sozinho produziu 80 mil toneladas de azeite de oliva em 2012. No mesmo ano, a produção mundial excedeu as 3.300 mil toneladas, produzidas com frutas colhidas de mais de 750 milhões de oliveiras espalhadas por todo o mundo (a sua maioria na região do Mediterrâneo). Esta produção elevada e concentrada conduz a quantidades enormes de diferentes efluentes que, juntos, geram os efluentes de lagares de azeite. Estes rejeitos apresentam, simultaneamente, duas características que tornam inviáveis as opções biológicas na obtenção de parâmetros legislativos relativos ao meio ambiente: toxicidade a microrganismos (pela presença de ácidos fenólicos) e sazonalidade (uma vez que a colheita das azeitonas ocorre por, aproximadamente, quatro meses ao ano). Consequentemente, é necessário encontrar tratamentos alternativos que sejam capazes de reduzir a carga orgânica destes efluentes em todos os momentos que forem necessários. Soluções que contornam as inconveniências referidas são as tecnologias de tratamento químicos, nas quais estão incluídos os processos avançados de oxidação. Estes últimos são baseados em um reagente oxidante capaz de degradar os compostos alvo, tanto pela sua completa eliminação como pela redução da sua periculosidade ambiental. Parâmetros como a demanda química de oxigênio, carbono orgânico total, conteúdo fenólico total, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, eco toxicidade, entre outros, fornecem informações chave para medir a eficiência destes processos, que podem ser apresentados como alternativas de remediação após uma análise adequada dos resultados experimentais. O peróxido de hidrogênio é um reagente frequentemente utilizado quando se trata de processos oxidativos de águas residuais. Embora ele já possua uma capacidade reativa elevada, o seu potencial oxidativo pode ser aumentado ainda mais pela sua quebra em radicais hidroxila – o que pode ser alcançado na presença de ozônio, luz ultravioleta ou metais de transição. Em particular, quando esta excitação é causada por íons de ferro (geralmente Fe2+), dá-se o nome de processo de Fenton. Tal operação tem diversas aplicações industriais envolvendo o tratamento efluentes com grandes vantagens econômicas, especialmente por ocorrer sob condições normais de temperatura e pressão. Além disso, a não-seletividade do reagente de Fenton assegura que contaminantes bastante distintos sejam igualmente oxidados. No presente trabalho, foi estudada a oxidação de Fenton aplicada a uma solução sintética composta por alguns ácidos fenólicos comumente encontrados em efluentes de lagares de azeite, obtendo novos resultados à comunidade científica, com o recurso a sólidos cerâmicos e materiais de baixo custo testados como catalisadores heterogêneos. O processo, na sua forma clássica (fase homogênea), também foi avaliado e comparado usando-se uma abordagem diferente que permitiu alcançar resultados interessantes no que diz respeito à redução da formação de lamas e rendimento dos reagentes. O modo de operação em contínuo foi testado com o uso de um reator tubular, mostrando boas remoções de carga orgânica. As condições de operação foram planejadas de forma a permitir comparações entre as diversas experiências. Nesta tese, a temperatura de calcinação aplicada na produção de catalisadores cerâmicos é o primeiro assunto a ser avaliado. O seu estudo mostrou que a temperatura de 300 °C é a mais propícia para gerar sólidos mais ativos. Um catalisador composto por ferro e cério na proporção molar de 70/30 pode ser realçado entre os demais sólidos cerâmicos pela sua promoção de graus de oxidação superiores (que pode ser associada à sua maior área de superfície: 188 m2.g-1): destruição completa dos ácidos fenólicos, 49 % de redução de demanda química de oxigênio e 45 % de remoção de carbono orgânico total. Para além disso, a biodegradabilidade do efluente foi grandemente aumentada, verificando-se a eliminação da sua toxicidade. Outras pesquisas foram realizadas usando a mesma metodologia de preparação de catalisadores compostos por ferro/cobre e ferro/cobalto sob as mesmas condições operacionais, mas sem o mesmo sucesso. A reciclagem de materiais de baixo custo é outro tema apresentado neste documento. A tentativa de se utilizar lamas de Fenton como catalisadores (diretamente, depois de serem calcinadas e como precursoras de ferro), mostrou que apesar de estas tratarem-se de sólidos cataliticamente ativos, a sua interferência na biodegradabilidade compromete a sua utilização, sendo, por isso, descartadas. Por outro lado, ferro zero-valente obtido de diferentes procedências teve excelentes performances catalíticas em regimes descontínuo (com tempos de reação de 10 a 120 minutos) e contínuo (apresentando remoções de carga orgânica estáveis até 168 horas de operação). Finalmente, a reação de Fenton em fase homogênea foi estudada com o intuito de gerar resultados relacionáveis ao processo heterogêneo. Neste mesmo capítulo, é abordada uma metodologia diferente da oxidação clássica de Fenton, demonstrando uma melhora expressiva na eficiência geral do processo (considerando a redução da formação de lamas e aumento do rendimento dos reagentes). ; Los recursos de agua disponible son limitados. Si hasta los días de hoy algunos no tienen acceso a este recurso vital, la humanidad hay que pelear más para preservarlo en consideración a las generaciones del futuro. Evitar cualquier tipo de contaminación de los ciclos acuáticos es una de las grandes preocupaciones actuales. Investigaciones sobre el tratamiento de aguas residuales tiene contribuido fuertemente con soluciones relacionadas a esta cuestión. Las técnicas de remediación de diversos efluentes más frecuentemente utilizadas son los tratamientos biológicos, en los cuales microorganismos consumen la materia orgánica – necesitando, así, adaptación de la biomasa cuando existen variaciones en la constitución del substrato. Desventajas surgen cuando aguas residuales que no son biodegradables o tóxicas necesitan tratamiento. Esto, algunas veces, torna imposible la utilización de sistemas de depuración por lamas activadas (especialmente cuando el efluente no está disponible por todo el año para que las bacterias tengan el tiempo necesario para aclimatarse a él). Luego, de acuerdo con el tipo e lo que está contenido en los residuos, diferentes soluciones han que ser consideradas. Portugal solo produjo 80 mil toneladas de aceite de oliva en 2012. En el mismo año, la producción mundial excedió las 3300 toneladas, producidas con frutas cosechadas en más de 750 millones de oliveras (localizadas, en su grande mayoría, en la región Mediterránea). Esta grandiosa y concentrada fabricación genera enormes cuantidades de diferentes efluentes que presentan, simultáneamente, dos características que inhiben la utilización de tratamientos biológicos para obtener parámetros legislativos considerando el ambiente: toxicidad para los microorganismos (garantida por los ácidos fenólicos) y estacionalidad (una vez que las aceitunas son cogidas por cuatro meses al año). Como consecuencia, es preciso encontrar tratamientos alternativos capaces de reducir la carga orgánica de estos efluentes a cualquier momento y por tanto tiempo cuanto necesario. Soluciones que contornan las inconveniencias mencionadas son las tecnologías de tratamientos químicos, en las cuales están incluidos los procesos avanzados de oxidación. Estos se basan en un reactivo oxidativo que degrada los componentes deseados, o por su completa eliminación como por la reducción de su peligrosidad ambiental. Parámetros como la demanda química de oxígeno, carbono orgánico total, contenido fenólico total, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, eco toxicidad y otros, proveen informaciones para medir la eficiencia de estos procesos. El peróxido de hidrógeno es un reactivo muy utilizado por los procesos oxidativos de aguas residuales. Su potencial de oxidación puede ser aumentado con su transformación en radicales hidroxilo – lo que puede ocurrir en la presencia de ozono, luz ultravioleta o metales de transición. Cuando esta reacción es causada por iones de hierro (usualmente Fe2+), es llamada de proceso de Fenton. Esta operación tiene muchas aplicaciones industriales ligadas al tratamiento de efluentes con ventajas económicas, especialmente por no necesitar aumentos de temperatura y presión. Además, la non-selectividad del reactivo de Fenton hace con que los contaminantes muy distintos sean igualmente destruidos. La oxidación de Fenton aplicada a una solución sintética composta por algunos ácidos fenólicos que pueden ser encontrados en efluentes de la producción de aceite fue estudiada. Nuevos resultados son presentados a la comunidad científica, obtenidos por el uso de sólidos cerámicos y materiales de bajo precio testados como catalizadores heterogéneos. El proceso en forma clásica, en fase homogénea, también fue investigado y comparado con un nuevo enfoque diferente del propio, alcanzando resultados interesantes con respecto a la reducción de formación de lamas y rendimiento de reactivos. La manera de operación en continuo fue testada en un reactor tubular, mostrando buenas remociones de carga orgánica. Las condiciones de operación fueron planeadas de forma a permitir comparaciones entre los diversos experimentos. En esta tesis, la temperatura de calcinación utilizada en la producción de catalizadores cerámicos es el primer asunto a ser considerado. Su estudio muestra que la temperatura de 300 °C es la más propicia a generar sólidos más activos. Un catalizador compuesto por hierro y cerio en la proporción molar de 70/30 puede ser apuntado entre los demás sólidos cerámicos por la superior promoción de oxidación (que puede ser ligada a su más grande área de superficie: 188 m2.g-1): completa destruición de los ácidos fenólicos, 49 % de reducción de la demanda química de oxígeno y 45 % de remoción del carbono orgánico total. Además, la biodegradabilidad del efluente fue aumentada y su toxicidad fue eliminada. Otras pesquisas utilizando la misma metodología de preparación de catalizadores compuestos por hierro/cobre y hierro/cobalto y las mismas condiciones operacionales, pero sin el mismo suceso. La reciclaje de materiales de bajo precio es otro tema presentado en este documento. La tentativa de utilizar lamas de Fenton como catalizadores (directamente, después de calcinadas y como precursoras de hierro), mostró que la actividad catalítica no compensa su interferencia en la biodegradabilidad. Por otro lado, hierro cero-valiente obtenido de diferentes maneras presentó excelentes performances catalíticas en régimen discontinuo (con tiempos de reacción entre 10 y 120 minutos) y continuo (presentando remociones de carga orgánica estables hasta 168 horas de operación). Finalmente, la reacción homogénea de Fenton fue estudiada con el intuito de generar resultados que la relacionasen al proceso heterogéneo. En este mismo capítulo, una metodología diferente de la oxidación clásica de Fenton es aplicada, mostrando una expresiva mejora en la eficiencia global del proceso (considerando la reducción de la formación de lamas y aumento del rendimiento de los reactivos).