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Looking back on Yugoslavia's break-up and the subsequent warfare involving Bosnian Muslims, Croats, Albanians (Kosovars), and Serbs, two constants seem fundamental over the past two decades: Slobodan Milosevic and the ascension of Islam to independent statehood. Most academic and popular accounts, as well as official US and European positions, have placed emphasis on Milosevic's machinations to build Great Serbia, yet in the Serbian narrative itself the rebirth of Islamic power in Bosnia and Kosovo proved fundamental. This essay examines both narratives and concludes with some observations about writing contemporary history and certain risks from a hasty, inadequately prepared foreign policy consensus.

An important but little-studied act in the history of postwar Singapore was played out at the margins of the city. Here, the state was involved in a major campaign to socialise the 'squatters' of urbankamponginto citizens of a high modernist state. The fire hazard in these settlements also contributed significantly to the process, as the residents were mobilised into fire-fighting squads and politicians acted on behalf of the victims of infernos by rehousing them in emergency public housing. This article proposes a new approach to postwar Singapore historiography at the interface between politics and social developments. It underlines the social agents, spatial dimension and historical continuity uncovered in the venture.

The events leading to the rise of Stalin to sole prominence in the Soviet Union and the general political picture of the totalitarian Stalinist regime are now familiar, but specific forms of the evolution of "Stalinism" are often not adequately understood. Evolving Soviet historiography is an unusually informative mirror of these developments, since it not only attempts to describe them, but implicitly embodies them as well. The present article is an analysis of one theme from early Soviet history, treatment of which in Soviet historiography exemplifies both the trend of Soviet historiography as a whole, and the trend of Stalinism as an emergent totalitarian ideology based on Bolshevism.

In 1961 the Italian nation‐state celebrated one hundred years of unification with an official celebration held in the northern capital of Turin. Named Italia'61, the purpose of the event was to display what comprised and composed a united Italy in 1961 and to showcase what was bringing about a post‐war Italian "renascence". However, the 1961 celebration could not deliver the new beginning hoped for, as in the tradition of previous celebrations the organisers presented a narrative of the nation that was in support of the party and administration in power and in service of their geopolitical interests. Such intent and purpose become clear by looking at the evolution of the planning of what began as a solitary celebration specific to Turin and became the official national commemoration event for the 1961 Centennial.

This volume traces the history of the Edinburgh Incorporation of Mary's Chapel, which sought to control the capital's building trades and defend their privileges. By utilising a range of previously missing charters and archival documents, the author offers a new perspective on the prestigious craft guild in its 542 years of existence.

Outcome of a workshop held at the Dept. of History, University of Calcutta, in January 1996

The just war tradition and America's wars / J. Daryl Charles and Mark David Hall -- "Fear, honor, and interest": the unjust motivations and outcomes of the American Revolutionary War / John D. Roche -- The War of 1812 / Jonathan Den Hartog -- James K. Polk and the War with Mexico / Daniel Walker Howe -- The fractured Union and the justification for war / Gregory R. Jones -- Just war and the Spanish-American war / Timothy J. Demy -- The Great War, the United States, and just war thought / Jonathan H. Ebel -- The United States and Japan in the Second World War: a just war perspective / Kerry E. Irish -- America's ambiguous "police action": the Korean Conflict / Laura Jane Gifford -- Vietnam and the just war tradition / Mackubin Thomas Owens -- The First and Second Gulf Wars / Darrell Cole -- The War on Terror and Afghanistan / Rouven Steeves.

The most important principle of the monopoly capital tradition is that of "the present as history"—a focus on the historical specificity that separates the various modes, stages, and phases of production and accumulation, and its application to our understanding of the present.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Institution: designed system faced by Ming merchants -- Chapter 3: Monopoly: merchants and monarchy -- Chapter 4: Taxation: levy on merchants -- Chapter 5: International Trade: merchants' predicament and opportunities -- Chapter 6: Consumption: two pairs of thought involving merchants -- Chapter 7: Ranking: scholars, merchants, craftsmen and peasants -- Chapter 8: Conclusion.

The direct origin of the structure of the Japanese education system must be understood within the American occupation in the mid-twentieth century. So, from mid-1980s, Japanese state has feared losing its collective political identity and its cultural identity; increasing tension between being "Japanese citizen" and "world citizen". A historical review will allow us to understand contemporary educational contrasts that directly affects the construction of young Japanese citizenship and the teaching of History. In general, we try to understand the educational activities carried out in the political and social context of the Tokugawa shogunate, actions that led to a cultural maturity and a high level of literacy; all under the heritage of traditional education and the separation of social classes. We board the identity shock and changes in citizenship and society from the Edo Period to the Meiji Era after the Boshin War (1968-1969). We review some of the most important changes that have taken place in the Japanese education system since the promulgation of the Law of the Educational System in 1872, focusing on the teaching of History. Finally, it is approached the status of academic internationalization and the search for balance between cosmopolitan citizenship and Japanese citizenship. ; Estrategia Política Científica. Vicerrectorado de Investigación de la Universidad de Huelva.

The problem of reception of the concept "res publica" is complex and multifaceted. It has been thoroughly studied in relation to the period of the Middle Ages. The task of the author is to demonstrate, that the possibilities of applying the information approach in the field of cognitive surveying to reveal the content of receptions and Latin-Greek transliterations of the concept "res publica" with the help of the Expert System "Byzantine Law and Acts". The comparisons of Greek translations and compilations with their Latin prototypes of Byzantine law prove: their compilations did not necessarily follow their prototypes in conveying the notion of "res publica". It, as a rule, was replaced by other Greek concepts and word-combinations. For them, as well as their Latin prototypes, a certain semantic ambiguity is evident. Accordingly, the medieval Byzantine jurists felt the need to use the direct reception of the Latin concept "res publica", in particular "rei publicae causa". It served as the subject of attention and professional lawyers used this concept to interpret and explain the content of the sources of medieval Byzantine law. Noticeable discrepancies in the recording forms of the identified receptions and Greek transliterations of the concept "res publica" are probably due to individual characteristics of Medieval Byzantine lawyers and their professional qualifications. The direct borrowings of the concept "res publica causa" or its transliterations, revealed in medieval Byzantine law monuments, were purely terminological in most cases. It, if it is admissible, may be considered as a kind of cultural phenomenon. The article includes the parts: Introduction, The Receptions and Transliterations, Theophili Antecessoris "Paraphrasis Institutionum", "Librorum Basilicorum LX", Scholia in "Librorum Basilicorum LX", Other Compilations, Conclusions, as well as too additions: Appendix 1. Direct Receptions and Transliterations of the Concept "Res Publica" and Terminology Ascending to It and Appendix 2. Distribution of Receptions and Transliterations of the Concept "Rei Publicae causa".