The 21st century has seen an unprecedented expansion of urban rail as a response to urban congestion, low carbon mobility and as a seed for urban regeneration. Many cities would like to do much more rail in their futures to create knowledge economy centres but cannot find the funding, including Australian cities that are the focus for this paper. Four approaches to funding are outlined from fully government to fully private with two in between. The Entrepreneur Rail Model suggests a majority private sector funding can facilitate the new markets for urban regeneration as well as providing integrated rail that government's usually find difficult to fund. The process requires transit planning to be seen primarily as a land development tool rather than a transport system. This was the historical function of urban rail in the nineteenth and early twentieth century and signals a significant new 21st century rail market as well as the need for new procurement and governance systems for land assembly and transport planning that can ensure network integration, new assessment models and public good outcomes.
Das Projekt «Civic Education» hat im Rahmen des National Center of Competence in Research – Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century (NCCR Democracy) zwei Websites entwickelt: www.politikzyklus.ch und www.politiklernen.ch. Die beiden Sites werden vorgestellt und in den historischen Kontext der politischen Bildung eingeordnet. Konzeptionen von politischer Bildung werden oft von der politischen Grosswetterlage beeinflusst. In der Sichtweise des NCCR Democracy wird die Demokratie im 21. Jahrhundert von Globalisierung und Mediatisierung herausgefordert. Schliesslich wird auf die Verwendungsweise der beiden Websites in der Aus- und Weiterbildung von Lehrpersonen und im schulischen Unterricht hingewiesen. Damit wird ein Beispiel gezeigt, das dem Anspruch der pädagogischen Hochschulen folgt, Forschung, Entwicklung und Lehre zu koppeln. ; The project «Civic Education» which is part of the National Center of Competence in Research – Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century (NCCR Democracy) has developed two websites: www.politikzyklus.ch and www.politiklernen.ch. Both websites are presented and related to the historical context of civic education in Switzerland. Concepts of civic education are often influenced by political tendencies on a macro level. NCCR Democracy has identified two main challenges to democracy in the 21st century – globalization and mediatization. Ways of using the two learning and teaching tools in teacher education and civic education in secondary schools are outlined so as to give an example of how to achieve the ambition of universities of teacher education to link research, the development of learning tools, and teacher education.
AbstractRecently, historians of the international system have called into question the significance of the Treaties of Westphalia in 1648 as the moment when the international system formed. One of their primary arguments is that the non-intervention norm typically associated with Westphalian notions of sovereignty developed much later. This paper will examine the early 17th-century debates over the right of the Pope to depose monarchs in the defense of spiritual matters. I read Part III and Part IV of Hobbes'Leviathanin its intellectual context to see how his theory of sovereignty was partially developed to support a theory of non-intervention. This reading leads to two important contributions to current political science debates. First, it refutes the growing consensus that non-intervention developed as an aspect of sovereignty only in the late 18th and early 19th century. Second, the paper addresses current attempts to assert a right of humanitarian intervention. By exploring similarities between these recent debates and those between Bellarmine and Hobbes in the 17th century, I offer a fresh perspective on what is at stake in current claims to international community.
The purpose of this article is to estimate the workforce involved in spinning from the late sixteenth century until the eve of mechanization. In addition, the potential contribution to family earnings from spinning will be examined. Just about all of the millions of yards of woollen yarn that went into making English cloth had to be spun by women and children, but this activity has not been investigated to the extent that it deserves. Spinning was a skilled occupation where there was a great demand for the best quality product. Sources exist which make it possible to make general estimates of the amount of spinning needed in the economy, and its cost. This evidence shows that employment in spinning increased dramatically from the late seventeenth century, and continued to increase until there were probably over one million women and children employed in spinning by the mid‐eighteenth century. In addition earnings increased to the extent whereby earnings from spinning could contribute over 30 per cent of household income for poorer families. This has implications for looking at trends in real wages over time, as well as for the concept of the industrious revolution.
The Twentieth century man's life is full of various problems. According tophilosophers, the source of this complexity is the way some thinks. Therefore,they are very concerned to see man"s life through the scientific method carefully.They began to study language, meaning, and symbols. They also examine the emotions that exist in humans as well as the attitude of human life. Therefore, the study of Contemporary Western philosophy is related to contemporary issues that are resolved fundamental answer by philosophers. Period of contemporary philosophy is usually still refers to the period of the nineteenth century to the present. Contemporary philosophy is still continuing major issues in modern philosophy, but with a different perspective altogether. Issues that include metaphysics, epistemology, anthropology (humanism) and others. In addition, a growing issue in contemporary philosophy extends to issues of capitalism, alienation, environment, democratization, human rights, and so forth. Many thinkers of the twentieth century thought has its own characteristics, namely "decentralization" of man. Human subjects are no longer regarded as the center of reality, but replace "anthropocentrism", the decentralization of human language as well as the subject of special attention to the fact.
CONTENTS LETTERS vii ARTICLES --Polygamy and Prostitution: Comparative Morality in Salt Lake City, 1847-1911 Jeffrey D. Nichols, 1 --"Called by a New Name": Mission, Identity, and the Reorganized Church Mark A. Scherer, 40 --Samuel Woolley Taylor: Mormon Maverick Historian Richard H. Cracroft, 64 --Fish and the Famine of 1855-56 D. Robert Carter, 92 --"As Ugly as Evil" and "As Wicked as Hell": Gadianton Robbers and the Legend Process among the Mormons W.Paul Reeve, 125 --The East India Mission of 1851-1856: Crossing the Boundaries of Culture, Religion, and Law R. Lanier Britsch, 150 --Steel Rails and the Utah Saints Richard O. Cowan, 177 --"That Canny Scotsman": John Sharp and the Negotiations with the Union Pacific Railroad, 1869-1872 Craig L. Foster, 197 --Charles S. Whitney: A Nineteenth-Century Salt Lake City Teenager's Life Kenneth W. Godfrey, 215 REVIEWS --Michael K. Winder, John R. Winder: Member of the First Presidency, Pioneer, Temple Builder, Dairyman Boyd Petersen, 252 --Gene A. Sessions, ed., Mormon Democrat: The Religious and Political Memoirs of James Henry Moyle Richard D. Ouellette, 255 --Mark Fiege, Irrigated Eden: The Making of an Agricultural Landscape in the American West Thomas G. Alexander, 260 --Jan Shipps, Sojourner in the Promised Land: Forty Years among the Mormons Lavina Fielding Anderson, 262 --Davis Bitton, ed., Historical Dictionary of Mormonism John Hatch, 265 --Myrtle Stevens Hyde, Orson Hyde: The Olive Branch of Israel Gary James Bergera, 267 --Susan Arrington Madsen, I Walked to Zion; Susan Arrington Madsen, Growing Up in Zion; and Susan Arrington Madsen and Fred E. Woods, I Sailed to Zion Dean Hughes, 274 --John Forres O'Donnal, Pioneer in Guatemala: The Personal History of John Forres O'Donnal, Including the History of the Church of Jesus-Christ of Latter-day Saints in Guatemala Henri P. P. Gooren, 277 --Arnold K. Garr, Donald Q. Cannon, and Richard O. Cowan, eds., Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History Brian S. Stuy, 280 --Donald G. Godfrey, Philo T. Farnsworth: The Father of Television Val E. Limburg, 283 BOOK NOTICES --Colleen Whitley, ed., Worth Their Salt, Too: More Notable But Often Unnoted Women of Utah, 286 --Gladys Knight, Between Each Line of Pain and Glory: My Life Story, 287 --Douglas J. Davies, Mormon Identities in Transition: Latter Day Saints in Wales and Zion, 288 --Barbara B. Smith and Blythe Darlyn Thatcher, eds., Heroines of the Restoration, 289 --[no editor], Heroes of the Restoration, 289 --Bryan Waterman, ed., The Prophet Puzzle: Interpretive Essays on Joseph Smith, 291 --Michael S. Durham, Desert Between the Mountains: The Mormons, Miners, Padres, Mountain Men, and the Opening of the Great Basin, 1772-1869, 292 --Ogden Kraut,John H. Koyle's Relief Mine; and Ogden Kraut, Relief Mine II: Through Others' Eyes, 293 --Orson Pratt, The Seer, 294 --Mary Bywater Cross, Quilts and Women of the Mormon Migrations: Treasures of Transition; and Kae Covington, Gathered in Time: Utah Quilts and Their Makers, Settlement to 1950, 295 --Lawrence R. Flake, George Q. Cannon: His Missionary Years, 297 --Heidi S. S win ton, Pioneer Spirit: Modern-Day Stories of Courage and Conviction, 298 --Bruce A. Van Orden, D. Brent Smith, and Everett Smith Jr., Pioneers in Every Land, 299 --Linda Allred Steele, James and Elizabeth Allred, 300 --Stan Larson, Quest for the Gold Plates: Thomas Stuart Ferguson's Archaeological Search for the Book of Mormon, 301 --Lynda Cory Robinson, Boys Who Became Prophets ,302 --Cary Austin and Greg Newbold, illus., The Prophet Joseph's Own Account, 303 -Michael W. Johnson with Robert E. Parson and Daniel A. Stebbins, A History ofDaggett County: A Modern Frontier, 304 --Miriam B. Murphy, A History of Wayne County, 305
Since the fifteenth century, when Tacitus' Germania was discovered, the Teutonic Forest has been the central mythologeme of the German imagined community created by successive generations of philosophers, theologians and artists. The interest in multiple relationships between the prototype native landscape of the forest and the Germanic national character grew throughout the nineteenth century, the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the interwar period, up to the times of Nazism.
Underlying so much of the economic and ecological turmoil unfolding in California and the rest of the world now is a slow collision between the operating systems of the resource-wasting, vertically managed twentieth century and the much more volatile ecological and economic conditions of the twenty-first century. This essay argues that California is leading the way in defining a new code to deal responsibly-and profitably-with climate change and its effects.
The article deals with the experience and results of China's foreign policy in a changing world order of the XXth century. The author examines China's foreign policy outlook and opportunities in the context of force balance between world major political players of the first decade of the XXIst century. Also the prospects of the multipolar world and possibilities of international cooperation in order to maintain peace and security in the world are estimated.
Рассмотрены особенности формирования науки трудового права и законодательства о труде в XVIII в., обращается внимание на правовые, экономические, исторические исследования горного дела и горнозаводской промышленности России XVIII в. в дореволюционный, советский и современный периоды. ; Science formation of labour law and labour legislation in XVIII century are reviewed, attention is paid to legal, economical, historical researches of mining and miningfactory industry in Russia of XVIII century in pre-revolutionary, soviet and modern periods.
Amidst the trend of globalisation, this paper is focused squarely on the most fundamental and urgent problem for the twenty-first century: the relationship between man and nature. It explores this question by analyzing traditional Chinese Confucian thinking regarding the relationship between man and nature in the hope of utilizing this traditional wisdom to show in what ways traditional Chinese culture offers new insights into this and related twenty-first-century issues.
The peculiar nature of fleet capability and performance was a defining characteristic of sea warfare in the eighteenth century, determining both tactics and strategy. While this significance has time and again captured the attention of historians, the accuracy of the facts themselves has escaped scrutiny. S.B.A. Willis draws on contemporary sources to demonstrate that our accepted understanding of fleet capability and performance in the eighteenth-century navy is in need of revision.
Richly descriptive and well documented, Steel and Steelworkers: Race and Class Struggle in Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh by John Hinshaw makes a significant contribution to the growing body of historical research on steel unionism in the twentieth century. Over the past few years, a number of new studies have broadened our understanding of unionization and work practices in the nation's steel mills, by examining in greater detail the patterns of organization in specific mills and mill towns.
During the 18th Century, the French masonic lodges gather several hundreds of middle rank civil officers. Their files surveyed in the data base "50000 freemasons in 18th Century France" contribute to precise our knowledge of this key category of the urban elites. Their personal writings bring light on the relational spaces in which they live and move and their "social networking ". This article presents some of the orientations of a promising research project.
