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"A "choral history" of African Americans covering 400 years of history in the voices of 80 writers, edited by the bestselling, National Book Award-winning historian Ibram X. Kendi and Keisha N. Blain. Last year marked the four hundredth anniversary of the first African presence in the Americas--and also launched the Four Hundred Souls project, spearheaded by Ibram X. Kendi, director of the Antiracism Institute of American University, and Keisha Blain, editor of The North Star. They've gathered together eighty black writers from all disciplines -- historians and artists, journalists and novelists--each of whom has contributed an entry about one five-year period to create a dynamic multivoiced single-volume history of black people in America"--

Introduction : Beyond Revisionism : Rethinking Antifascism in the Twenty-First Century / Hugo García, Mercedes Yusta, Xavier Tabet, Cristina Clímaco -- Freedom for Thälmann! The Comintern and the Orchestration of the Campaign to Free Ernst Thälmann, 1933-39 / Anson Rabinbach -- Was the French Popular Front Antifascist? / Michael Seidman -- "Beyond Cable Street" : New Approaches to the Historiography of Antifascism in Britain in the 1930s / Tom Buchanan -- Searching for Antifascism: Historiography, the Crisis of the Liberal State and the Birth of Fascism and Antifascism in Italy, Spain and Portugal / Giulia Albanese -- Was there an Antifascist Culture in Spain during the 1930s? / Hugo García -- Portugal within the European Antifascist Movement, 1922-39 / Cristina Clímaco -- The Argentine Antifascist Movement and the Building of a Tempting Domestic Appeal, 1922-46 / Andrés Bisso -- Women and Antifascism : Historiographical and Methodological Approaches / Isabelle Richet -- The Strained Courtship between Antifascism and Feminism: from the Women's World Committee (1934) to the Women's International Democratic Federation (1945) / Mercedes Yusta -- From Antifascistas to PAF : Lexical and Political Interpretations of American International Brigaders in Spain and World War II / Robert S. Coale -- An Antifascist Political Identity? : On the Cult of Antifascism in the Soviet Union and post-Socialist Russia / José María Faraldo -- The Burden of the Rear-view Mirror: Myth and Historiography of Republican Antifascism in France / Gilles Vergnon -- Did Revisionism Win? : Italy between Loss of Historical Consciousness and Nostalgia for the Past / Stéphanie Prezioso -- Antifascism and the Resistance : Public Debates and Politics of Memory in Italy from the 1990s to Today / Filippo Focardi -- In Search of the Lost Narrative : Antifascism and Democracy in Present Day Spain / Javier Muñoz Soro -- Dictatorship and Revolution : Disputes over Collective Memory in Post-Authoritarian Portugal / Manuel Loff and Luciana Soutelo -- Antifascism between Collective Memory and Historical Revisions / Enzo Traverso.

The history of St. Petersburg school of psychology has not been sufficiently studied if compared to foreign and Moscow scientific schools. The article provides new specific information on the institutionalization of psychology in Leningrad in the postwar period due to the establishment of the department and division, and later on, in 1966, the Faculty of Psychology at Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) State University. The author specifies the facts regarding the influence of historical cataclysms, postwar political events, ideological campaigns on the deve­lopment of psychological science and education: The Great Patriotic war, "the struggle against cosmopolitanism", Joint Session of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences focused on the teachings of I.P. Pavlov, changes in the country's situation and sciences during the "Soviet thaw", etc. The consequences of these events resulted in the abrupt suspension of communications with foreign colleagues in 1948. The reestablishment and expansion of international contacts occurred in the second half of the 1950s.
The information concerning the scientific school staff and B.G. Ananyev's remarkable contribution to the school focused establishment in the course of his hard daily work as Head of Psychology Department at the university, Dean of the Faculty of Psychology, and Director of the Research Institute of Pedagogy has been supplemented. The facts about B.G. Ananyev's initiatives to create the Institute of Comprehensive Social Studies within Leningrad University, the laboratory of differential psychology and anthropology, and to organize comprehensive studies of human individuality have been documented. The author establishes the date when Ananyev began vigo­rously writing his book "Man as a Subject of Cognition" (1963).
The development of St. Petersburg school of psychology was uneven, often against the odds. The collective work style at school was democratic and creative. The school educated professional psychologists; the best of them became prominent figures in the national science. The article presents a new periodization of St. Petersburg school of psychology, which identifies the Bekhterev, post-Bekhterev, Ananyev and post-Ananyev development periods.

Public power establishes, in a more or less transitory or sustained manner, the objective conditions for the development of art. Specifically, power allows the emergence of a type of specialization that drives the dynamic development of "professional" art, as a trade, to which the artist can dedicate, it ensures the conditions for financing, obtaining raw materials and importing innovations. In this way it allows art to evolve. Even though official art can be very conservative, it has the inclination or inertia to preserve. Let us talk then about the art that, since the down of history, is made at the request of power and for its own purposes, most art, because most of the artistic phenomena of our civilization originate from the demand of power: political, ecclesiastic o economic. ; El poder público establece, de manera más o menos transitoria o sostenida, las condiciones objetivas para el desarrollo del arte. El poder específicamente permite que se produzca el tipo de especialización que impulsa el desarrollo dinámico del arte "profesional", como un oficio, al que el artista puede dedicarse, asegura las condiciones en las cuales se puede financiar, conseguir materias primas e importar innovaciones. De ese modo permite que el arte evolucione. Aunque también puede ser muy conservador el arte oficial, tiene esa inclinación o inercia, de conservar. Hablemos pues del arte que, desde los albores de la historia, se hace a solicitud del poder y para sus fines, casi todo el arte, porque la mayoría de los fenómenos artísticos de nuestra civilización se originan en esa demanda del poder: político, eclesiástico o económico.

Preserving forest legacy was an important objective throughout Romanian history and so is today. Artificial forest regeneration (including both reforestation and afforestation) was widely used to ensure the forest continuity, following forest harvesting, or to create new forests on non-forest lands. As Romania has undergone various political changes that affected the socio-economic environment, these changes also left significant marks on forest cover dynamics. In this paper, we chronologically present the historical initiatives to preserve and increase forest cover in Romania, the current practices, available funding and future perspectives on artificial forest regeneration. Increasing forest cover from the current level of 27% to, and beyond European average of 33% seems an ambitious target for Romania. However, that may be achievable if the sources of funding for afforestation would diversify and increase, the available funds would be more effectively accessed, national forestry regulations would be less bureaucratic and the guidelines on artificial forest regeneration would be up to date and less restrictive. The whole framework of forestation should be revised to comply with recent social, economic and environmental realities, and modern criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management should be explicitly included. The new goals should also be tailored to the changes regarding the property type, climate related trends and new requirements of the forest certification systems.

Preserving forest legacy was an important objective throughout Romanian history and so is today. Artificial forest regeneration (including both reforestation and afforestation) was widely used to ensure the forest continuity, following forest harvesting, or to create new forests on non-forest lands. As Romania has undergone various political changes that affected the socio-economic environment, these changes also left significant marks on forest cover dynamics. In this paper, we chronologically present the historical initiatives to preserve and increase forest cover in Romania, the current practices, available funding and future perspectives on artificial forest regeneration. Increasing forest cover from the current level of 27% to, and beyond European average of 33% seems an ambitious target for Romania. However, that may be achievable if the sources of funding for afforestation would diversify and increase, the available funds would be more effectively accessed, national forestry regulations would be less bureaucratic and the guidelines on artificial forest regeneration would be up to date and less restrictive. The whole framework of forestation should be revised to comply with recent social, economic and environmental realities, and modern criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management should be explicitly included. The new goals should also be tailored to the changes regarding the property type, climate related trends and new requirements of the forest certification systems.

This innovative interdisciplinary study focuses on the history, science, and policy of tree planting and water conservation in South Africa. South Africa's forestry sector has sat—often controversially—at the crossroads of policy and scientific debates regarding water conservation, economic development, and biodiversity protection. Bennett and Kruger show how debates about the hydrological impact of exotic tree planting in South Africa shaped the development of modern scientific ideas and state policies relating to timber plantations, water conservation, invasive species control, and biodiversity management within South Africa as well as elsewhere in the world. Forestry and Water Conservation in South Africa shows how scientific research on the impact of exotic and native vegetation led to the development of a comprehensive national policy for conserving water, producing timber, and protecting indigenous species from invasive alien plants. Policies and laws relating to forests and water began to change in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a result of political and administrative changes within South Africa. This book suggests that the country's contemporary policies towards timber plantations, guided by the National Water Act of 1998, need to be reconsidered in light of the authors' findings. Bennett and Kruger also call for more interdisciplinary research and greater emphasis on integrated policies and management plans for forestry, invasive alien plants, water conservation, and biodiversity preservation.

Der Beitrag befaßt sich mit einer wichtigen Verschiebung der Forschungsinteressen in der jüngeren Arbeitergeschichte, die unter dem Schlagwort "Alltagsgeschichte" stärker darauf insistiert, daß der Historiker auch zu untersuchen hat, wie Strukturen und Prozesse die Menschen betrafen, von ihnen erlebt und beeinflußt wurden. Die Erschließung der Welt der Wahrnehmungen und Erfahrungen, der Deutungen und Sichtweisen, der "Kultur" in einem weiten Sinn, die man im "Alltag" der Arbeiter aufzuspüren versucht, versetzen den Historiker in die Lage, Wirklichkeitsdimensionen zu thematisieren, die in vielen sozialgeschichtlichen Arbeiten der letzten Jahrzehnte wenig berücksichtigt wurden: Rituale und Feste, Gebräuche und ungeschriebene Verhaltensregeln, Gesten und Symbole, Leiden und Freuden, Emotionen und Affekte, Affektkontrollen und Wahrnehmungsformen, Arbeitsverhältnisse, Herrschaftsstrukturen, soziale Beziehungen aller Art. Zwar wurde diese Entwicklung vom Autor als willkommene Erweiterung und auch als manchmal berechtigte Korrektur anerkannt. Als neo-historistischer Rückfall und Flucht vor der Anstrengung des Begriffs, ja als Sackgasse wurde die "Alltagsgeschichte" jedoch dann kritisiert, wenn sie die Geschichte auf die "Abfolge von vielen Alltagen" reduziert, wenn sie Strukturgeschichte durch Erfahrungsgeschichte nicht ergänzt, sondern ersetzt, wenn sie die begriffliche Analyse von Strukturen und Prozessen als repressiv verwirft und die sympathisierende Erzählung von der Welt der kleinen Leute für ausreichend, ja besonders demokratisch hält ("Geschichte von unten"). Mikrohistorisierung und die emphatische Ablehnung gesamtgesellschaftlicher Analysen, überhaupt eine anti-analytische Stimmung wurde Teilen der heutigen "Alltagsgeschichte" vorgeworfen, wobei als Grundstimmung eine Sicht der Modernisierung als Zerstörung und Verlust statt als Aufbau und Fortschritt diagnostiziert wurde.

"This book is a concise but comprehensive guide to the history, present and possible futures of carbon capture and storage policy and action in the United Kingdom. There have been multiple failed starts, promises and 'last chances' for carbon capture and storage (CCS) in Europe, North America, China and Australia, but thus far it has repeatedly collided with the political and economic realities that the technology is too expensive and complicated to gain and keep policymakers' support. However, in the UK that might be changing, with explicit government support for CCS to help decarbonise industry. Set within the broader context of global interest in CCS, this book first outlines the technologies involved in the types of capture technology, transport options and storage options in the UK. It then briefly introduces an overarching policy analysis framework (John Kingdon's Multiple Streams Approach) and uses it to give an account of the long history of CCS interest and efforts in three chapters covering the 1970s to 2002, 2003 to 2015, and 2016 to the present day. Marc Hudson focuses on the various arguments made for the introduction of CCS, and the slowly shifting coalitions of actors who make those arguments, while contrasting these with the perspectives of those opposed to CCS. This book will be of great interest to students, scholars and policymakers researching and working in the field, as well as the related areas of energy policy, energy transitions and climate change"--

Intro -- CONTENTS -- List of Maps -- Iminombo (Genealogical) Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- Note on Terminology -- 01 Introduction -- 02 Precolonial and early history of AbaThembuland,1650‑1828 -- 03 Internal and external pressures on the AbaThembu polity,1828‑1848 -- 04 The origins of emigrant AbaThembuland,1848‑1865 -- 05 The division of AbaThembuland into magisterial districts,1865‑1881 -- European Interference in the AbaThembu-Gcaleka Relations, 1866‑1875 -- The Weakening of the Ties between the East and the West, 1875‑1877 -- The Troubled Years, 1877‑1881 -- 06 Tile and the formation of the African Separatist Church movement in AbaThembuland,1881‑1894 -- 07 Colonial assault on the House of Ngubengcuka,1894‑1920 -- 08 Conclusion -- Appendices -- Appendix 1: National anthem (uMhobe weSizwe) in its original form -- Appendix 2: National anthem, a combined version of 'Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika', 'The Call of South Africa' and 'Die Stem van Suid-Afrika' -- Appendix 3: The Treaty of Vereeniging, 31 May 1902 -- Appendix 4: The Afrikaner: 'Civilised' Christian or 'brutal' savage? -- Appendix 5: Abraham Esau, the Calvinia martyr -- Reference List -- 1. Primary Sources -- A. Manuscript and Archives Collections -- B. Newspapers -- 2. Oral Sources -- 3. Secondary Sources -- A. Books -- B. Dissertations -- C. Articles and Papers.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- EDITORS' INTRODUCTION -- PART I. WHY HISTORY MATTERS: PATH DEPENDENCE AND ECONOMIC THOUGHT -- 1. PATH DEPENDENCE AND COMPETITIVE EQUILIBRIUM -- 2. PATH DEPENDENCE AND RESWITCHING IN A MODEL OF MULTl-TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION -- 3. PATH DEPENDENCE, NETWORK FORM, AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE -- 4. THE TENSION BETWEEN STRONG HISTORY AND STRONG ECONOMICS -- PART II. PATH DEPENDENCE IN PRACTICE -- 5. FINANCIAL HISTORY AND THE LONG REACH OF THE SECOND THIRTY-YEARS' WAR -- 6. PATH DEPENDENCE IN ACTION: THE ADOPTION AND PERSISTENCE OF THE KOREAN MODEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT -- 7. CONTINUING CONFUSION: ENTRY PRICES IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS -- 8. AFTER THE WAR BOOM: RECONVERSION ON THE PACIFIC COAST, 1943-1949 -- 9. STANDARDIZATION, DIVERSITY, AND LEARNING IN CHINA'S NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAM -- PART III. CONTEXT MATTERS: THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE, GEOGRAPHY, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ON ECONOMIES AND POLICIES -- 10. INCENTIVES, INFORMATION, AND WELFARE: ENGLAND'S NEW POOR LAW AND THE WORKHOUSE TEST -- 11. FAMILY MATTERS: THE LIFE-CYCLE TRANSITION AND THE ANTEBELLUM AMERICAN FERTILITY DECLINE -- 12. BUILDING "UNIVERSAL SERVICE" IN THE EARLY BELL SYSTEM: THE COEVOLUTION OF REGIONAL URBAN SYSTEMS AND LONGDISTANCE TELEPHONE NETWORKS -- 13. INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION FOR TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENTS: DOES NATIONAL OWNERSHIP MATTER? -- PART IV. EVIDENCE MATTERS: MEASURING HISTORICAL ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE -- 14. CONJECTURAL ESTIMATES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE LOWER SOUTH, 1720 TO 1800 -- 15. THE VALUE-ADDED APPROACH TO THE MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH -- 16. A USER'S GUIDE TO THE JOYS AND PITFALLS OF COHORT PARITY ANALYSIS -- 17. STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION MODELS WITH RANDOM EFFECTS IN PARAMETERS: AN APPLICATION TO AGE AT MARRIAGE AND LIFE -CYCLE FERTILITY CONTROL IN FRANCE UNDER THE OLD REGIME -- NOTES AND REFERENCES