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AbstractThe Water Framework Directive was implemented in December 2000 and has to be transposed into Scottish legislation by 2003. The Directive provides a major opportunity to enhance the water environment of Scotland and to improve its management through the implementation of river‐basin management planning with stakeholder and public engagement and the delivery of a programme of environmental‐improvement measures to deliver good ecological status. Whilst the Directive provides unparalleled opportunities, there are significant challenges to its successful implementation in Scotland, where a step‐change in managing the water environment will be required. This paper explores some of the challenges which include technical aspects, scale and timing issues, and capacity limitations.

The purpose of this Comment is to put the current debate regarding testing necessary conditions into perspective and to point out a particularly troubling aspect of the "all cases" research design (Seawright 2002).Prior to the recent spate of books and articles in the social sciences (Ragin 1987; Dion 1988; Braumoeller and Goertz 2000), the debate over the testing or the confirmation of necessary conditions took place in the philosophical literature, mainly in terms of Hempel's (1945) paradox of the ravens. In what follows, I briefly review Hempel's paradox and the Bayesian solution to it. I argue that Seawright's account, while Bayesian in nature, relies on an assumption that no Bayesian would be willing to make.

P.L. 104-193 (the 1996 welfare reform legislation) made major changes to the Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program. Some of the changes include requiring states to increase the percentage of fathers identified, establishing an integrated, automated network linking all states to information about the location and assets of parents, and requiring states to implement more enforcement techniques to obtain collections from debtor parents. Additional legislative changes were made in 1997, 1998, and 1999, but not in 2000. This report describes several aspects of the revised CSE program and discusses three issues that probably will be reexamined by the 107th Congress — CSE financing, parental access by noncustodial parents, and distribution of support payments.

A commonly found feature in many parliamentary democracies is the power of the government to call elections before the completion of a full term of office. Based on an examination of British & Canadian general elections during the 1940 to 2000 period, we find that it is not a good decision for the governing parties to wait the full term allowable between elections. The general pattern is that the longer the government waits to call an election, the worse its chances for gaining seats. This is a parliamentary effect similar to the honeymoon period commonly associated with presidential regimes. 8 Tables, 18 References. Adapted from the source document.

P.L. 104-193 (the 1996 welfare reform legislation) made major changes to the Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program. Some of the changes include requiring states to increase the percentage of fathers identified, establishing an integrated, automated network linking all states to information about the location and assets of parents, and requiring states to implement more enforcement techniques to obtain collections from debtor parents. Additional legislative changes were made in 1997, 1998, and 1999, but not in 2000 or 2001. This report describes several aspects of the revised CSE program and discusses three issues that probably will be reexamined by the 107th Congress — CSE financing, parental access by noncustodial parents, and distribution of support payments.

P.L. 104-193 (the 1996 welfare reform legislation) made major changes to the Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program. Some of the changes include requiring states to increase the percentage of fathers identified, establishing an integrated, automated network linking all states to information about the location and assets of parents, and requiring states to implement more enforcement techniques to obtain collections from debtor parents. Additional legislative changes were made in 1997, 1998, and 1999, but not in 2000, 2001, or 2002. This report describes several aspects of the revised CSE program and discusses three issues that probably will be reexamined by the 108th Congress — CSE financing, parental access by noncustodial parents, and distribution of support payments.

This study examines candidate discourse across four media types: television spots, radio spots, debates, and Web sites in the 2000 presidential primaries. The purpose of the analysis was to determine whether there is a relationship between candidate discourse on certain issues and the level of importance assigned to those issues by voters. The analysis indicates that some candidates are more effective than are others at addressing the issues most important to voters. The analysis also indicates that two message forms—debates and television spots—were modestly successful at adapting to audience preferences and two forms—radio spots and Web sites—were somewhat less successful at adapting to audience preferences.

"Forging the Didactics of Sefardic Language and Literature" attempts to
establish criteria for the instruction of Judeo-Spanish and its literature
as a didactic unit. The problem of the future of the Sefardic language
lies, among other factors, in our capacity to develop adequate projects
for the language learning process. From February to April 2000 a course
was given at the University of Tartu, Estonia, thanks to the generosity
of the Soros Foundation. This article establishes the objectives,
the methodology, and the themes for classroom instruction. The final
objective of the course is to demonstrate that the Judeo- Spanish language
and its culture are suitable material for instruction at any university.

It is a daunting assignment to review a book after it has
garnered a major award bestowed by the organization that
publishes this journal. Judith Baer's Our Lives before the Law
not only is a very worthy recipient of the 2000 Victoria
Schuck Award for the best book on women in politics but also
is an erudite and wide-ranging critique of feminist thought
with the goal of "forc[ing] feminists to confront mainstream
discourse and mainstream discourse to confront feminism"
(p. 175). This goal is in the service of Baer's desire to
construct a new jurisprudence of sexual equality, one that
avoids the pitfalls Baer perceives as inherent in the efforts of
others to date.

The Federal/Provincial/Territorial Advisory Committee on Health Manpower has projected a surplus of 4,870 family physicians in Canada by the year 2000. Among the committee's recommendations are proposals to reduce the number of family physicians in the future, and to decrease the undergraduate enrollment in Canadian medical schools by 17%. Too many physicians could lead to excessive costs for the government, and to overservicing, underemployment, low morale, and decreased incomes for physicians themselves. A shortfall in physician supply is easily overcome by opening the doors to immigrant physicians. However, quality of care may be sacrificed. The status and quality of family practice will be directly affected by the action ensuing from the advisory committee's report.

The need for rapid access to current, relevant, and accurate information is at an all-time premium — especially for military operations. Many new Information Technology (IT) Tools were introduced to facilitate these information-related interactions in the Global Wargame 2000, held at the Naval War College, in Newport, RI. A web-based architecture, called the Wargame Information Grid System (WIGS), and a collaborative planning and operational environment, the Information Work Space (IWS), provided an alternative means to communicate, collaborate, and share information among decisionmakers than is seen in today's current operational environments. In addition to WIGS and IWS, the following tools were provided to participants: Text Documents, the Knowledge Wall, Email, Text Chat, Voice, and Video Teleconferencing. Developing an understanding of the implications and effects of distributed gaming was a key goal of Global 2000 with one objective being to provide insight into future operations for a distributed, network-centric joint force. A sub-objective was to obtain empirical data as to the effectiveness of these new tools, and to identify user defined enhancements that would better meet the decisionmakers' requirements. In order to collect the data with which to assess user perceptions of the utility of IT Tools, an IT Tool Functionality Questionnaire was developed. This paper presents the results of analysis of data from 112 respondents' replies to the questionnaire designed to assess the utility of the IT Tools with respect to supporting the users accessing and sharing of information, decision-making, collaboration, and how they might be improved in future versions. ; This work was supported by both the Office of Naval Research, Cognitive, Neural and Biomolecular S&T Division and the NPS Institute for Joint Warfare Analysis (IJWA).

"With the rapid economic development of China and the overall shift in the global political economy, there is now the emergence of new Chinese on the move. These new Chinese migrants and diasporas are pioneers in the establishment of multiple homes in new geographical locations, the development of new (global and hybrid) Chinese identities, and the creation of new (political, economic and social) inspirations through their mobile lives. This book identifies and examines new forms and paths of Chinese migration since the 1980s. It provides updated trends of migration movements of the Chinese, including their emergent geographies. With chapters highlighting the diversities and complexities of these new waves of Chinese migration, this volume offers novel insights to enrich our undiferstanding of Asian mobility in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The book will be of interest to academics examining migration, mobility, diaspora, Chinese identity, overseas Chinese studies and Asian diaspora studies."--Provided by publisher

Gloria Steinem had an itinerant childhood. Every fall, her father would pack the family into the car and they would drive across the country, in search of their next adventure. The seeds were planted: Steinem would spend much of her life on the road, as a journalist, organizer, activist, and speaker. In vivid stories that span an entire career, Steinem writes about her time on the campaign trail, from Bobby Kennedy to Hillary Clinton; her early exposure to social activism in India; organizing ground-up movements in America; the taxi drivers who were "vectors of modern myths" and the airline stewardesses who embraced feminism; and the infinite contrasts, the "surrealism in everyday life" that Steinem encountered as she travelled back and forth across the country. With the unique perspective of one of the greatest feminist icons of the 20th and 21st centuries, here is an inspiring, profound, enlightening memoir of one woman's life-long journey.

Lying on the border between eastern and western Christendom, Orthodox Karelia preserved its unique religious culture into the 19th and 20th centuries, when it was described and recorded by Finnish and Karelian folklore collectors. This colorful array of ritulas and beliefs involving nature spirits, saints, the dead, and pilgrimage to monasteries represented a unigue fusion of official Church ritual and doctrine and pre-Christian ethnic folk belief. This book undertakes a fascinating exploration into many aspects of Orthodox Karelian ritual life: beliefs in supernatural forces, folk models of illness, body concepts, divination, holy icons, the role of the ritual specialist and healer, the divide between nature and culture, images of forest, the cult of the dead, and the popular image of monasteries and holy hermits. It will appeal to anyone interested in popular religion, the cognitive study of religion, ritual studies, medical anthropology, and the folk traditions and symbolism of the Balto-Finnic peoples.